Dzungarian Gate

Dzungarian Gate
Alataw Pass
Satellite photograph of the Dzungarian Gate, the pale, fault-lined valley running between Lake Alakol and Lake Ebinur through the Dzungarian Alatau mountain range.
Location	China–Kazakhstan border
Range	Dzungarian Alatau
Coordinates	45°21′N82°25′E / 45.35°N 82.42°E / 45.35; 82.42
Dzungarian Gate Show map of Dzungaria Dzungarian Gate Show map of Kazakhstan

Main article: Silk Road

One of the earliest mentions of the Dzungaria region dates to when Emperor Wu of Han (reigning 141–87 BCE), dispatched the Han Chinese diplomat Zhang Qian to investigate lands to the west. The northernmost Silk Road trackway, about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length, connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerged in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia. ^[20]

Dzungaria is named after a Mongolian kingdom which existed in Central Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It derived its name from the Dzungars, who were so called because they formed the left wing (züün, left; gar, hand) of the Mongolian army, the self-named Oirats. It was raised to its greatest prominence by Galdan (also known as Galdan Boshigtu Khan) in the latter half of the 17th century, who made repeated incursions on the territory of the Kazakh state, until Galdan was wiped out by the Qing government in about 1757–1759. It played an important part in the history of Mongolia and the great westward Mongolian migrations. After 1761 its territory fell mostly to the Qing dynasty (Xinjiang and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (earlier the Kazakh state provinces of Semirechye- Jetysu and Irtysh river).

A traveler going west from China must go either north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria or south of the Tian Shan through the Tarim Basin. Trade usually took the southern route and migrations the northern. This is most likely because the Tarim leads to the Ferghana Valley and Iran, while Dzungaria leads only to the open steppe. The difficulty with the southern route was the high mountains between the Tarim and Ferghana. There is also another reason. The Taklamakan Desert of the Tarim is too dry to support much grass, and therefore lacked nomads likely to rob caravans. Its inhabitants lived mostly in oases formed where rivers ran out of the mountains into the desert. These were inhabited by peasants who were unwarlike and merchants who had an interest in keeping trade running smoothly. On the other hand, Dzungaria had a fair amount of grass, few towns to base soldiers in and no significant mountain barriers to the west. Therefore, trade went south and migrations north. ^[21]

Modern development

A freight train entering the Alashankou station

The Chinese city of Alashankou lies on the eastern end of the valley in the Börtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang. To the west, in the Almaty Province of Kazakhstan, lies its smaller counterpart, Dostyk, or Druzhba in Russian.

Modern development of the pass for its economic potential was delayed by political considerations. An agreement between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China to connect Kazakhstan with Western China by rail had been reached in 1954. On the Soviet side, the railway reached the border town of Druzhba (Dostyk) (whose names, both Russian and Kazakh, mean 'friendship') in 1959. On the Chinese side, however, the westward construction of the Lanzhou-Xinjiang railway was stopped once it reached Urumqi in 1962. Due to the Sino-Soviet Split, the border town remained a sleepy backwater for some 30 years, until the Alashankou railway station was finally completed on September 12, 1990. Since the 2010s, freight trains to Russia, Germany or Poland are sent over the pass. ^[22]

Hyperborean connection

World map according to Herodotus. Top right are the countries of the Issedones, Arimaspi, and, in the extreme northeast, the Hyperboreans. Click the map for a larger view.

Dzungarian Gate

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The Dzungarian Gate on the Chinese-Kazakhstan border.

The Dzungarian Gate has been noted in modern history as the most convenient pass for horseback riders between the western Eurasian steppe and lands further east, and for its fierce and almost constant winds. ^[23] The area has also become known for its gold deposits and for producing prodigious numbers of dinosaur fossils, especially Protoceratops . Given that Herodotus relates a story of a traveller to the East who visited a land where griffins guard gold and east of which live the Hyperboreans, modern scholars have theorized that the Dzungarian Gate may be the real-world location of the home of Boreas, the North Wind of Greek Legend. ^{[8] [24]}

The Greek writer Herodotus writes in his Histories (4.13) that the explorer Aristeas, a native of Proconnesus in Asia Minor active circa 7th century BC, had written a hexameter poem (now lost) about a journey to the Issedones of the far north. Aristeas reported that beyond them lived the one-eyed Arimaspians, further on were the gold-guarding griffins, and beyond these the Hyperboreans.

This Aristeas, possessed by Phoibos, visited the Issedones; beyond these live the one-eyed Arimaspoi, beyond whom are the Grypes that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreoi, whose territory reaches to the sea. Except for the Hyperboreoi, all these nations are always at war with their neighbors... ^[25]

Based on Greek and Scythian sources, Herodotus describes the Issedones as living east of Scythia and north of the Massagetae, while the geographer Ptolemy (VI.16.7) appears to place the trading stations of Issedon Scythica and Issedon Serica in the Tarim Basin. ^[26] They may have been identical with the people described in Chinese sources as the Wusun . ^[27] According to E. D. Phillips, the Issedones are "placed by some in Western Siberia and by others in Xinjiang." ^[28] J. D. P. Bolton places them on the south-western slopes of the Altai Mountains. ^[29]

Since Herodotus places the Hyperboreans beyond the Massagetae and Issedones, both Central Asian peoples, it appears that his Hyperboreans may have lived in Siberia. Heracles sought the golden-antlered hind of Artemis in Hyperborea. As the reindeer is the only deer species of which females bear antlers, this would suggest an arctic or subarctic region. Following Bolton's location of the Issedones on the south-western slopes of the Altay Mountains, Ruck places Hyperborea beyond the Dzungarian Gate into northern Xinjiang.

Griffin

Scythian vs griffin on a Greek vase

Protoceratops skeletons are often found disarticulated. Unconnected to the skull, the plates of the head shield could be misinterpreted as wings.

The griffin (Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn), a legendary creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle, ^[30] is a common heraldic theme of Central Asia. ^[31] According to modern theory, the griffin was an ancient misconception derived from fossilized remains of the Protoceratops found in conjunction with gold mining in the mountains of Scythia, present day eastern Kazakhstan. ^{[32] [33] [34]}

According to Mayor and Dodson the association of the Dzungarian Gate with gold and griffin ( Protoceratops ) skeletons spanned a thousand years of classical history: ^[35]

The second-century A.D. Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy and ancient Chinese sources agree in locating the issedonians along the old trade routes from China to the West, from the western Gobi desert to the Dzungarian (or Junggarian) Gate, the mountain pass between modern Kazakhstan and north-western China. Recent linguistic and archaeological studies confirm that Greek and Roman trade with Saka-Scythian nomads flourished in that region from Aristeas's day to about A.D. 300—exactly the period during which griffins were most prominently featured in Greco-Roman art and literature. ^[36]

North Wind

Rape of Oreithyia by Boreas. Detail from an Apulian red-figure oinochoe, 360 BC

The story of Boreas, the personified cold north winter wind of Greek legend who lived in a cave north of Greece, parallels that of the buran , a strong winter wind said to blow into the Kazakh Steppe out of a hole in a mountainside in the Dzungarian Gate. ^{[37] [38]}

Buran

Ildikó Lehtinen writes that "the story of the cave of the stormwinds somewhere near the Dzungarian Gate" has been known for 2500 years, by travelers from Aristeas in the classic era, to Giovanni di Piano Carpini in the Middle Ages (before Marco Polo), and to Gustaf John Ramstedt in the 20th Century. ^[39]

Carruthers reports the story of the buran, a ferocious winter wind said to sally from a hole in the side of a mountain:

We had frequently heard of the terrors, dangers, and winds of the Dzungarian Gate... The natives relate the usual traditions as to the origin of the winds in this locality. In the myths of Central Asia a "hole in the mountain," or "an iron gate in a lake" is the usual explanation of the origin of winds. In the case of which I am writing the island called Ala-tyube—a small extinct volcano in Ala Kul—is made responsible for the furious winds which sweep through the depression; the wind is called "ebe," or "yube" by the Kirghiz, and in special cases, when it reaches its maximum velocity, the term "buran" is applied. ^[40]

Boreas

Boreas (Greek : Βορέας, Boréas) was the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter. (Mallory and Adams speculate that the name may derive from a Proto-Indo-European root *gworh- meaning mountain. ^[41] ) Boreas is depicted as being very strong, with a violent temper to match. He was frequently shown as a winged old man with shaggy hair and beard, holding a conch shell and wearing a billowing cloak. Pausanias wrote that Boreas had snakes instead of feet, though in art he was usually depicted with winged human feet. Closely associated with horses (native to the Eurasian steppe; see Przewalski's horse, also known as the Dzungarian horse), Boreas was said to have fathered twelve colts after taking the form of a stallion, to the mares of Erichthonius, king of Troy. Pliny (Natural History iv.35 and viii.67) thought that mares might stand with their hindquarters to the North Wind, and bear foals without a stallion. Przwalski's mares are noted for turning their hindquarters to strong winds. ^[42] The Greeks believed that Boreas's home was in Thrace, and Herodotus and Pliny both describe a northern land known as Hyperborea ("Beyond the North Wind"), where people lived in complete happiness and had extraordinarily long lifespans.

Gallery

• 
  Map of various Iranic populations of Central Asia during the Iron Age highlighted in green.)
• 
  Przewalski's horse, native to the Dzungarian Basin

See also

• Jordan Rift Valley
• Tarim basin
• Tarim mummies
• Pole of inaccessibility

References

1. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K.; Twitchett, Denis (1991). Cambridge History of China: The People's Republic, Part 2 : Revolutions Within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. ISBN   9780521243377.
2. Three thousand miles equal to about 4,800 kilometers. The exact distance from where to where to which Carruthers is referring is unclear. Carruthers, Douglas. Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia. p. 415.
3. Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. p. 44. ISBN   0-500-05101-1.
4. "Astronaut Photo STS085-503-61 KAZAKHSTAN". eol.jsc.nasa.gov. Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA Johnson Space Center. August 1997.
5. Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia p415
6. Adrienne Mayor, Peter Dodson, The first fossil hunters: paleontology in Greek and Roman times, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 27 (See also map, p. 28)
7. "Considering that Pliny, referring to Aristeas, says that the Arimaspeans lived very near 'the Earth's gate' and the 'cave of the North Wind', we must seek them somewhere near the Dzungarian Gate, and not in the Urals or Tibet." Ildikó Lehtinen, Traces of the Central Asian culture in the North: Finnish-Soviet Joint Scientific Symposium held in Hanasaari, Espoo, 14–21 January 1985 Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 1986 p180
8. Wasson, R.G.; Kramrisch, Stella; Ott, Jonathan; et al. (1986), Persephone's Quest - Entheogens and the origins of Religion, Yale University Press, pp. 227–230, ISBN   0-300-05266-9
9. Bolton, J.D.P. (1962). Aristeas of Proconnesus
10. "Considering that Pliny, referring to Aristeas, says that the Arimaspeans lived very near 'the Earth's gate' and the 'cave of the North Wind', we must seek them somewhere near the Dzungarian Gate, and not in the Urals or Tibet." Ildikó Lehtinen, Traces of the Central Asian culture in the North: Finnish-Soviet Joint Scientific Symposium held in Hanasaari, Espoo, pp. 14–21 January 1985 Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 1986 p180
11. Paul E. Lydolph, Climates of the Soviet Union, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., 1977, p. 174
12. "Astronaut Photo STS085-755-38 KAZAKHSTAN". eol.jsc.nasa.gov. Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA Johnson Space Center. 16 August 1997.
13. Carruthers, Douglas (1914). Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia. p. 415.
14. Buckman, S.; Aitchison, C. (2004). "Tectonic evolution of Palaeozoic terranes in West Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China". In Malpas J.; Fletcher C.J.N.; Ali J.R.; Aitchison (eds.). Aspects of the Tectonic Evolution of China. Special Publications. Vol. 226. London: Geological Society. pp. 101–129. ISBN   978-1-86239-156-7 . Retrieved 16 July 2010.
15. Allen, Mark B.; Vincent, Stephen J. (1997). "Fault reactivation in the Junggar region, northwest China: the role of basement structures during Mesozoic-Cenozoic compression". Journal of the Geological Society. 154 (1): 151–155. Bibcode:1997JGSoc.154..151A. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.1.0151. S2CID   129336799.
16. Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia p. 416–417
17. Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia p417
18. Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia pp. 417–418 "This was probably in the recent Quaternary and also in the Tertiary times. Deep deposits of fine mud, now carved out by streams into rolling downs, are to be seen on the north side of the Barlik Mountains. There deposits containing marine shells, which will probably prove to be Quaternary, rise to the altitude of 3,100 feet (945 m). Near the Barlik Range there is abundant evidence of marine glaciation,—the debris of icebergs from a frozen sea. Nearer to the gorge the muddeposits begin; they contain seams of pebbles,—falsebedded, showing that the currents and tides must have been strong... . "
19. Price's brief summary of his observations, as published in the Geographical Journal for February 1911
20. "Silk Road, North China". The Megalithic Portal.
21. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia René Grousset Rutgers University Press, 1970 p. xxii,
22. "Xinjiang's Alataw Pass port sees more freight train routes | english.scio.gov.cn". english.scio.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
23. Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia p. 415
24. Given certain historical clues and parallels in legends, scholars like Carl Ruck have speculated on a connection between the Dzungarian Gate and the home of Boreas, the North Wind of Greek mythology. Difficulties and conflations, such as the claim that they sleep six months out of the year, remain. Yet the Hyperboreans, who live beyond the home of the North Wind have been identified by some as the Chinese. J. P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, Thames & Hudson, 2000, p. 44
25. Herodotus 4.13.1
26. Ptolemy's information appears to come at several removes from a Han guide of the first century CE, according to Phillips (Phillips 1955:170); it would have been translated from Persian to Greek by the traveller Maes Titianus for his itinerary, used by Marinus of Tyre as well as Ptolemy.
27. Golden (1992), p. 51
28. Phillips, "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia" Artibus Asiae18.2 (1955, pp. 161–177) p. 166.
29. Bolton, J.D.P. (1962). Aristeas of Proconnesus. pp. 104–118.
30. There are depictions of wingless and even crested griffins.
31. Friar, Stephen (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry. London: Alphabooks/A & C Black. p. 173. ISBN   0-906670-44-6.
32. Adrienne Mayor, Archeology Magazine, Nov-Dec 1994, pp. 53–59.
33. Dougal Dixon, The Pocket Book of Dinosaurs: An Illustrated Guide to the Dinosaur Kingdom, Salamander Company, 2004, p 133
34. Peter Gwynn-Jones, The art of heraldry: origins, symbols and designs, Barnes and Noble, 1998, p 61
35. (See also map, p. 28) Adrienne Mayor, Peter Dodson, The first fossil hunters: paleontology in Greek and Roman times, Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. 27–28
36. (See also map, p 28) Adrienne Mayor, Peter Dodson, The first fossil hunters: paleontology in Greek and Roman times, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 27
37. "We had frequently heard of the terrors, dangers, and winds of the Dzungarian Gate." ... "The natives relate the usual traditions as to the origin of the winds in this locality. In the myths of Central Asia a "hole in the mountain," or "an iron gate in a lake" is the usual explanation of the origin of winds. In the case of which I am writing the island called Ala-tyube—a small extinct volcano in Ala Kul—is made responsible for the furious winds which sweep through the depression; the wind is called "ebe," or "yube" by the Kirghiz, and in special cases, when it reaches its maximum velocity, the term "buran" is applied. From autumn to spring the prevailing wind is from the south-east. Carruthers, pp411-414
38. Boreas was said to dwell near the Hyperboreans, in a cave of the Thracian Hcemus, to which he carried Orithyia, the daughter of the Athenian King Erechtheus, who bore him Zetes and Calais —employed as the symbols of swiftness—and Cleopatra, the wife of Fhineus. According to Homeric fable, he begat, with the mares of Erichthonius, 12 horses of extraordinary fleetness. ["Boreas" New international Encyclopedia, Volume 3, Dodd, Mead, 1914]
39. Ildikó Lehtinen, Traces of the Central Asian culture in the North: Finnish-Soviet Joint Scientific Symposium held in Hanasaari, Espoo, 14–21 January 1985, Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 1986, p 180
40. Carruthers, Alexander Douglas Mitchell; Carruthers, Douglas (September 26, 1914). "Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-west Mongolia and Dzungaria". Hutchinson & Company – via Google Books.
41. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Oxford University Press, 2006 p121
42. "In high wind, takhi "turn tail" and tuck their tails tightly between the back legs" Model Horse Reference: The Takhi (Przewalski's Horse, Asiatic Wild Horse) Equus ferus przewalkskii by Melissa Gaulding http://www.mhref.com/breeds/takhi/

Bibliography

• Bolton, James David Pennington (1962) Aristeas of Proconnesus Clarendon Press, Oxford, OCLC   1907787
• Douglas Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia : a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, with three chapters on sport by J. H. Miller, and a foreword by Earl Curzon of Kedleston - London: Hutchinson, 1914. Volume I Volume II

External links

• Images of the Dzungarian Gate from space at the Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center

Dzungarian Gate
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	阿拉山口
Simplified Chinese	阿拉山口
Literal meaning	Alataw Pass
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Ālā Shānkǒu

v t e Mountain passes of China
Geography of China
On the border	Kazakhstan Dzungarian Gate   Kyrgyzstan Bedel Pass Irkeshtam Pass Torugart Pass   Tajikistan Beyik Pass Kulma Pass Nezatash Pass   Afghanistan Wakhjir Pass Tegermansu Pass   Pakistan Khunjerab Pass Kilik Pass Mintaka Pass Mustagh Pass   India Bum La Pass Cho La Diphu Pass Dongkha La Indira Col Jelep La Karakoram Pass Kepang La Kongka Pass Lipulekh Pass Mana Pass Nathu La Rezang La Shipki La Spanggur Gap Tulung La     Nepal Korala Lho La Nangpa La South Col   Myanmar Diphu Pass Isu Razi Pass   Vietnam Friendship Pass
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