List of United Kingdom by-elections (1847–57)

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This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom held between 1847 and 1857, with the names of the previous incumbent and the victor in the by-election and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: light blue for a Conservative gain, orange for a Whig (including their Peelite allies) gain and green for Irish Repeal gain.

By-elections, also spelled bye-elections, are used to fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections.

A political party is an organized group of people, often with common views, who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the collective good or furthering their supporters' interests.

Conservative Party (UK) Political party in the United Kingdom

The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. The governing party since 2010, it is the largest in the House of Commons, with 313 Members of Parliament, and also has 249 members of the House of Lords, 18 members of the European Parliament, 31 Members of the Scottish Parliament, 12 members of the Welsh Assembly, eight members of the London Assembly and 8,916 local councillors.

Contents

Resignations

See Resignation from the British House of Commons for more details.

Where the cause of by-election is given as "resignation" or "seeks re-election", this indicates that the incumbent was appointed on his own request to an "office of profit under the Crown", either the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, the Steward of the Manor of Northstead or the Steward of the Manor of Hempholme. These appointments are made as a constitutional device for leaving the House of Commons, whose Members are not permitted to resign.

By-elections

16th Parliament (1852–1857)

By-electionDateFormer incumbentPartyWinnerPartyCause
Tipperary 16 March 1857 James Sadleir Independent Irish Daniel O'Donoghue Independent Irish Expulsion (Absconded to avoid charges for fraud)
County Londonderry 9 March 1857 Thomas Bateson Conservative James Johnston Clark Conservative Resignation
East Sussex 7 March 1857 Charles Frewen Conservative Viscount Pevensey Conservative Resignation (intended to contest North Leicestershire)
Glasgow 6 March 1857 John MacGregor Whig Walter Buchanan Whig Resignation
North Leicestershire 2 March 1857 [16 1] Marquess of Granby Conservative Lord John Manners Conservative Succession to a peerage
Colchester 24 February 1857 [16 1] Lord John Manners Conservative John Gurdon Rebow Whig Resignation in order to contest North Leicestershire
County Limerick 17 February 1857 [16 1] William Monsell Whig William Monsell Whig President of the Board of Health [16 2]
Clonmel 17 February 1857 John O'Connell Whig John Bagwell Whig Resignation (Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Ireland)
West Kent 16 February 1857 [16 1] Sir Edmund Filmer Conservative Charles Wykeham Martin Whig Death
Hereford 14 February 1857 Sir Robert Price Whig George Clive Whig Resignation
Bandon 14 February 1857 Viscount Bernard Conservative William Smyth Bernard Conservative Succession to an Irish peerage
Dumfriesshire 12 February 1857 [16 1] Viscount Drumlanrig Conservative John Hope-Johnstone Conservative Succession to a Scottish peerage
Downpatrick 12 February 1857 Charles Hardinge Conservative Richard Ker Conservative Succession to a peerage
Buteshire 12 February 1857 [16 1] James Stuart-Wortley Peelite James Stuart-Wortley Peelite Solicitor General for England and Wales [16 2]
Southampton 11 February 1857 Alexander Cockburn Whig Thomas Matthias Weguelin Whig Resignation (Chief Justice of the Common Pleas)
Newport (I.O.W.) 11 February 1857 William Biggs Whig Robert Kennard Conservative Resignation
Kingston upon Hull 11 February 1857 [16 1] William Henry Watson Whig James Clay Whig Resignation (Baron of the Court of Exchequer)
Hertford 9 February 1857 [16 1] William Cowper Whig William Cowper Whig Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education [16 2]
Greenwich 9 February 1857 Peter Rolt Conservative William John Codrington Whig Resignation
Aylesbury 9 February 1857 [16 1] Richard Bethell Whig Richard Bethell Whig Attorney General for England and Wales [16 2]
Salford 2 February 1857 [16 1] Joseph Brotherton Whig Edward Ryley Langworthy Whig Death
Lanarkshire 9 January 1857 [16 1] William Lockhart Conservative Alexander Baillie-Cochrane Conservative Death
East Suffolk 26 December 1856 [16 1] Sir Edward Gooch Conservative The Lord Henniker Conservative Death
Kerry 9 August 1856 [16 1] Viscount Castlerosse Whig Viscount Castlerosse Whig Comptroller of the Household [16 2]
Nottingham 30 July 1856 [16 1] Edward Strutt Whig Charles Paget Whig Resignation and elevation to the peerage
Dorset 26 July 1856 [16 1] George Bankes Conservative Henry Sturt Conservative Death
Frome 23 July 1856 Viscount Dungarvan Whig William George Boyle Whig Succession to a peerage
Dorchester 22 July 1856 [16 1] Henry Sturt Conservative Charles Napier Sturt Conservative Resignation in order to contest Dorset
Calne 9 July 1856 [16 1] Earl of Shelburne Whig Sir William Fenwick Williams Whig Resignation and elevation to the House of Lords through a Writ of acceleration
Leicester 18 June 1856 [16 1] Richard Gardner Whig John Biggs Whig Death
Lichfield 30 May 1856 [16 1] Lord Waterpark Whig Viscount Sandon Whig Resignation
Longford 13 May 1856 [16 1] Richard Maxwell Fox Whig Henry George Hughes Whig Death
Cheltenham 8 May 1856 Grenville Berkeley Whig Francis Berkeley Whig Resignation
Athlone 14 April 1856 William Keogh Whig Henry Handcock Conservative Resignation (Judge of the Court of Common Pleas)
Chippenham 9 April 1856 [16 1] Joseph Neeld Conservative Robert Parry Nisbet Conservative Death
Ennis 8 April 1856 [16 1] John David FitzGerald Whig John David FitzGerald Whig Attorney-General for Ireland [16 2]
Boston 7 March 1856 Gilbert Heathcote Whig Herbert Ingram Whig Resignation in order to contest Rutlandshire
Rutlandshire 4 March 1856 [16 1] Sir Gilbert Heathcote Whig Gilbert Heathcote Whig Resignation and elevation to the peerage
Leominster 19 February 1856 George Arkwright Conservative Gathorne Hardy Conservative Death
New Ross 18 February 1856 Charles Gavan Duffy Independent Irish Charles Tottenham Conservative Resignation
Cambridge University 11 February 1856 Henry Goulburn Conservative Spencer Horatio Walpole Conservative Death
Wigtownshire 9 February 1856 [16 1] Viscount Dalrymple Whig Sir Andrew Agnew Whig Resignation
Edinburgh 9 February 1856 Thomas Babington Macaulay Whig Adam Black Whig Resignation
Sligo Borough 8 February 1856 John Sadleir Whig John Arthur Wynne Conservative Death
Rochester 8 February 1856 Francis Child Villiers Conservative Philip Wykeham Martin Whig Resignation
Tamworth 7 February 1856 [16 1] John Townshend Whig Viscount Raynham Whig Succession to a peerage
Midhurst 7 February 1856 [16 1] Spencer Horatio Walpole Conservative Samuel Warren Conservative Resignation in order to contest Cambridge University
Leeds 6 February 1856 [16 1] Matthew Talbot Baines Whig Matthew Talbot Baines Whig Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster [16 2]
Taunton 5 February 1856 [16 1] Henry Labouchere Whig Henry Labouchere Whig Secretary of State for the Colonies [16 2]
Newcastle upon Tyne 5 February 1856 [16 1] John Fenwick Burgoyne Blackett Whig George Ridley Whig Resignation
Lincoln 16 January 1856 [16 1] Charles Delaet Waldo Sibthorp Conservative Gervaise Tottenham Waldo Sibthorp Conservative Death
Meath 17 December 1855 Frederick Lucas Independent Irish Edward McEvoy Independent Irish Death
Armagh City 6 December 1855 Ross Stephenson Moore Conservative Joshua Bond Conservative Death
Wells 21 November 1855 Robert Charles Tudway Conservative Hedworth Hylton Jolliffe Conservative Death
Southwark 20 November 1855 [16 1] Sir William Molesworth Radical Charles Napier Whig Death
Totnes 5 November 1855 [16 1] Lord Seymour Whig Earl of Gifford Whig Succession to a peerage
Huntingdonshire 23 October 1855 [16 1] Viscount Mandeville Conservative James Rust Conservative Succession to a peerage
Kilmarnock Burghs 16 August 1855 [16 1] Edward Pleydell-Bouverie Whig Edward Pleydell-Bouverie Whig President of the Poor Law Board [16 2]
Kidderminster 14 August 1855 [16 1] Robert Lowe Whig Robert Lowe Whig Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster General [16 2]
Hertford 14 August 1855 [16 1] William Cowper Whig William Cowper Whig President of the Board of Health [16 2]
Marylebone 28 July 1855 [16 1] Sir Benjamin Hall Peelite Sir Benjamin Hall Peelite First Commissioner of Works [16 2]
Southwark 27 July 1855 [16 1] Sir William Molesworth Radical Sir William Molesworth Radical Secretary of State for the Colonies [16 2]
East Norfolk 17 July 1855 [16 1] Edmond Wodehouse Conservative Sir Henry Stracey Conservative Resignation
Cheltenham 14 July 1855 Craven Berkeley Whig Grenville Berkeley Whig Death
Evesham 11 July 1855 [16 1] Grenville Berkeley Whig Edward Holland Whig Resignation in order to contest Cheltenham
Bath 5 June 1855 Thomas Phinn Whig William Tite Whig Resignation
Renfrewshire 14 May 1855 [16 1] William Mure Conservative Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart Conservative Resignation
County Cork 23 April 1855 Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy Whig Rickard Deasy Whig Resignation and elevation to the Irish peerage
Cavan 13 April 1855 Sir John Young Peelite Robert Burrowes Conservative Resignation (Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands)
Kilmarnock Burghs 7 April 1855 [16 1] Edward Pleydell-Bouverie Whig Edward Pleydell-Bouverie Whig Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Paymaster General [16 2]
Lewes 5 April 1855 [16 1] Henry Brand Whig Henry Brand Whig Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Gloucester 31 March 1855 [16 1] William Philip Price Whig William Philip Price Whig Seeks re-election after his firm was granted a contract to supply huts to the army in the Crimea
Liverpool 29 March 1855 Henry Thomas Liddell Conservative Joseph Christopher Ewart Whig Succession to a peerage
Wilton 28 March 1855 [16 1] Charles A'Court Whig Edmund Antrobus Whig Resignation (Special Commissioner of Property and Income Tax)
Tamworth 14 March 1855 [16 1] Sir Robert Peel Peelite Sir Robert Peel Peelite Civil Lord of the Admiralty [16 2]
Portsmouth 14 March 1855 The Viscount Monck Whig The Viscount Monck Whig Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Forfarshire 10 March 1855 [16 1] Viscount Duncan Whig Viscount Duncan Whig Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Barnstaple 10 March 1855 [16 1] John Laurie Conservative George Buck Conservative Void By-Election
Montrose Burghs 9 March 1855 Joseph Hume Whig William Edward Baxter Whig Death
Ennis 8 March 1855 [16 1] John David FitzGerald Independent Irish John David FitzGerald Whig Solicitor-General for Ireland [16 2]
Dudley 8 March 1855 John Benbow Conservative Sir Stafford Northcote Conservative Death
Athlone 7 March 1855 [16 1] William Keogh Whig William Keogh Whig Attorney-General for Ireland [16 2]
Stroud 6 March 1855 [16 1] Edward Horsman Whig Edward Horsman Whig Chief Secretary for Ireland [16 2]
Stirlingshire 5 March 1855 [16 1] William Forbes Conservative Peter Blackburn Conservative Death
Radnor Boroughs 5 March 1855 [16 1] George Cornewall Lewis Whig George Cornewall Lewis Whig Chancellor of the Exchequer [16 2]
Northampton 5 March 1855 [16 1] Robert Vernon Smith Whig Robert Vernon Smith Whig President of the Board of Control [16 2]
Halifax 3 March 1855 [16 1] Sir Charles Wood Whig Sir Charles Wood Whig First Lord of the Admiralty [16 2]
City of London 3 March 1855 [16 1] Lord John Russell Whig Lord John Russell Whig Secretary of State for the Colonies [16 2]
Swansea District 27 February 1855 [16 1] John Henry Vivian Whig Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn Whig Death
Cardigan Boroughs 24 February 1855 Pryse Loveden Whig John Lloyd Davies Conservative Death
South Wiltshire 15 February 1855 [16 1] Sidney Herbert Peelite Sidney Herbert Peelite Secretary of State for the Colonies [16 2]
Windsor 14 February 1855 [16 1] Lord Charles Wellesley Conservative Samson Ricardo Whig Resignation
Tiverton 12 February 1855 [16 1] The Viscount Palmerston Whig The Viscount Palmerston Whig Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Radnor Boroughs 8 February 1855 [16 1] Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis Whig George Cornewall Lewis Whig Death
Sunderland 2 January 1855 William Digby Seymour Whig Henry Fenwick Whig Recorder of Newcastle [16 2]
Ayrshire 30 December 1854 James Hunter Blair Conservative Sir James Fergusson Conservative Death
Norwich 29 December 1854 Samuel Morton Peto Whig Samuel Bignold Conservative Resignation
Fermanagh 29 December 1854 [16 1] Sir Arthur Brooke Conservative Henry Cole Conservative Death
Antrim 27 December 1854 [16 1] Edward William Pakenham Conservative Thomas Henry Pakenham Conservative Death
County Limerick 26 December 1854 [16 1] Wyndham Goold Whig Stephen de Vere Whig Death
Marylebone 20 December 1854 Lord Dudley Stuart Whig Viscount Ebrington Whig Death
East Gloucestershire 19 December 1854 Sir Michael Hicks Beach Conservative Robert Stayner Holford Conservative Death
Abingdon 13 December 1854 Lord Norreys Whig Joseph Haythorne Reed Whig Succession to a peerage
Bedford 6 December 1854 Henry Stuart Conservative William Stuart Conservative Death
Coventry 2 December 1854 [16 1] Charles Geach Whig Joseph Paxton Whig Death
Limerick City 28 October 1854 [16 1] Robert Potter Independent Irish James O'Brien Whig Death
Frome 24 October 1854 Robert Edward Boyle Whig Viscount Dungarvan Whig Death
Forfarshire 11 October 1854 [16 1] Lauderdale Maule Whig Viscount Duncan Whig Death
Wigan 3 October 1854 Ralph Anthony Thicknesse Whig Joseph Acton Whig Death
King's Lynn 16 September 1854 [16 1] Viscount Jocelyn Conservative John Henry Gurney Whig Death
Barnstaple 25 August 1854 Richard Bremridge Conservative John Laurie Conservative Void Election
Sir William Fraser Conservative Richard Samuel Guinness Conservative Void Election
Aberdeenshire 22 August 1854 [16 1] William Gordon Conservative Lord Haddo Whig Resignation
Kingston upon Hull 18 August 1854 Viscount Goderich Whig William Henry Watson Whig Void Election
James Clay Whig William Digby Seymour Whig Void Election
Canterbury 18 August 1854 Henry Plumptre Gipps Conservative Charles Manners Lushington Conservative Void Election
Henry Butler-Johnstone Conservative Sir William Somerville Whig Void Election
Cambridge 18 August 1854 Kenneth Macaulay Conservative Robert Adair Whig Void Election
John Harvey Astell Conservative Francis Mowatt Whig Void Election
Maldon 17 August 1854 Charles Du Cane Conservative George Sandford Conservative Void Election
Taverner John Miller Conservative John Bramley-Moore Conservative Void Election
Marylebone 16 August 1854 [16 1] Sir Benjamin Hall Whig Sir Benjamin Hall Whig President of the Board of Health [16 2]
Cockermouth 9 August 1854 [16 1] Henry Aglionby Aglionby Whig John Steel Whig Death
Beverley 31 July 1854 Francis Charles Lawley Whig Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Whig Resignation
Morpeth 17 June 1854 [16 1] Sir George Grey Whig Sir George Grey Whig Secretary of State for the Colonies [16 2]
City of London 14 June 1854 [16 1] Lord John Russell Whig Lord John Russell Whig Lord President of the Council [16 2]
Hertfordshire 24 May 1854 Thomas Plumer Halsey Conservative Abel Smith, Jnr Conservative Death
Devonport 11 May 1854 Henry Tufnell Whig Thomas Erskine Perry Whig Resignation
Hastings 10 May 1854 [16 1] Musgrave Brisco Conservative Frederick North Whig Resignation
Lichfield 9 May 1854 [16 1] Viscount Anson Whig The Lord Waterpark Whig Succession to a peerage
Flintshire 8 May 1854 [16 1] Edward Lloyd-Mostyn Whig Thomas Lloyd-Mostyn Whig Succession to a peerage
Southampton 12 April 1854 [16 1] Alexander Cockburn Whig Alexander Cockburn Whig Recorder of Bristol [16 2]
North Durham 1 April 1854 [16 1] Viscount Seaham Conservative Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest Conservative Succession to a peerage
Westmorland 31 March 1854 [16 1] William Thompson Conservative Earl of Bective Conservative Death
Tynemouth and North Shields 30 March 1854 Hugh Taylor Conservative William Shaw Lindsay Whig Void Election
Liskeard 29 March 1854 Richard Budden Crowder Whig Ralph William Grey Whig Resignation (Judge of the Court of Common Pleas)
Louth 27 February 1854 Chichester Fortescue Whig Chichester Fortescue Whig Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Cardiganshire 22 February 1854 [16 1] William Edward Powell Conservative The Earl of Lisburne Conservative Resignation
South Devon 14 February 1854 [16 1] Sir Ralph Lopes Conservative Lawrence Palk Conservative Death
West Sussex 13 February 1854 [16 1] Richard Prime Conservative Henry Wyndham Conservative Resignation
South Staffordshire 8 February 1854 Viscount Lewisham Conservative Lord Paget Whig Succession to a peerage
South Shropshire 8 February 1854 [16 1] Robert Clive Conservative Robert Windsor-Clive Conservative Death
Oxford University 7 February 1854 [16 1] Robert Inglis Conservative Sir William Heathcote, Conservative Resignation
Ludlow 7 February 1854 [16 1] Robert Windsor-Clive Conservative Percy Egerton Herbert Conservative Resignation in order to contest South Shropshire
Brecon 6 February 1854 [16 1] Charles Rodney Morgan Conservative John Lloyd Vaughan Watkins Whig Death
East Gloucestershire 9 January 1854 [16 1] Marquess of Worcester Conservative Sir Michael Hicks Beach Conservative Succession to a peerage
Clonmel 21 December 1853 [16 1] Cecil Lawless Independent Irish John O'Connell Whig Death
South Warwickshire 3 December 1853 [16 1] Lord Brooke Whig Evelyn Shirley Whig Succession to a peerage
Salisbury 15 November 1853 Charles Baring Wall Whig Edward Pery Buckley Whig Death
Lisburn 14 October 1853 [16 1] Roger Johnson Smyth Peelite Jonathan Joseph Richardson Whig Death
Dungarvan 26 August 1853 John Francis Maguire Independent Irish John Francis Maguire Independent Irish Seeks re-election upon becoming Mayor of Cork
Clitheroe 23 August 1853 John Thomas Walshman Aspinall Conservative Le Gendre Starkie Whig Void By-Election
Stamford 22 August 1853 [16 1] John Charles Herries Conservative Lord Robert Cecil Conservative Resignation
Cork City 20 August 1853 Francis Murphy Whig Francis Beamish Whig Resignation (Commissioner for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors in England)
South Staffordshire 15 August 1853 [16 1] George Anson Whig Edward Littleton Whig Resignation
North Derbyshire 22 July 1853 William Evans Whig William Pole Thornhill Whig Resignation
West Cornwall 18 July 1853 [16 1] Edward Wynne-Pendarves Whig Michael Williams Whig Death
Liverpool 9 July 1853 Charles Turner Conservative Thomas Horsfall Conservative Void Election
William Forbes Mackenzie Conservative Henry Liddell Conservative Void Election
Sligo Borough 8 July 1853 Charles Towneley Independent Irish John Sadleir Whig Void Election
Tralee 4 July 1853 Maurice O'Connell Whig Daniel O'Connell Jnr Whig Death
Clare 4 July 1853 John Forster FitzGerald Whig John Forster FitzGerald Whig Void Election
Cornelius O'Brien Independent Irish Cornelius O'Brien Independent Irish Void Election
Stroud 28 June 1853 [16 1] Lord Moreton Whig Edward Horsman Whig Succession to a peerage
Peterborough 25 June 1853 George Hammond Whalley Whig George Hammond Whalley Whig Void By-Election
George Hammond Whalley Whig Thomson Hankey Whig By-election result reversed on petition
Edinburghshire 25 June 1853 [16 1] John Hope Conservative Earl of Dalkeith Conservative Void Election
City Durham 25 June 1853 Lord Adolphus Vane Conservative John Mowbray Conservative Void By-Election
Chatham 23 June 1853 John Mark Frederick Smith Conservative Leicester Viney Vernon Conservative Void Election
Harwich 21 June 1853 George Sandford Conservative John Bagshaw Whig Void Election
Plymouth 2 June 1853 Charles John Mare Conservative Roundell Palmer Conservative Void Election
Clitheroe 28 May 1853 Mathew Wilson Whig John Thomas Walshman Aspinall Conservative Void Election
Rye 23 May 1853 William Alexander Mackinnon (younger) Whig William Alexander Mackinnon (elder) Whig Void Election
Maidstone 16 May 1853 George Dodd Conservative William Lee Whig Void Election
Berwick-upon-Tweed 14 May 1853 John Stapleton Whig Dudley Marjoribanks Whig Void Election
Matthew Forster Whig John Forster Whig Void Election
Taunton 4 May 1853 Arthur Mills Conservative Sir John Ramsden Whig Void Election
County Carlow 25 April 1853 [16 1] Henry Bruen Conservative William McClintock-Bunbury Conservative Death
Athlone 23 April 1853 William Keogh Independent Irish William Keogh Whig Solicitor-General for Ireland [16 2]
Huddersfield 22 April 1853 William Rookes Crompton Stansfield Whig Viscount Goderich Whig Void Election
Lancaster 12 April 1853 Robert Baynes Armstrong Whig Thomas Greene Conservative Void Election
Blackburn 24 March 1853 William Eccles Whig Montague Joseph Feilden Whig Void Election
Bridgnorth 22 March 1853 [16 1] Sir Robert Pigot Conservative John Pritchard Conservative Void Election
Frome 7 March 1853 [16 1] Robert Edward Boyle Whig Robert Edward Boyle Whig Void Election
West Worcestershire 28 February 1853 [16 1] Henry Lygon Conservative Viscount Elmley Conservative Succession to a peerage
Forfarshire 25 February 1853 [16 1] Lauderdale Maule Whig Lauderdale Maule Whig Surveyor-General of the Ordnance [16 2]
Oxford University 20 January 1853 William Ewart Gladstone Peelite William Ewart Gladstone Peelite Chancellor of the Exchequer [16 2]
Carlow Borough 20 January 1853 John Sadleir Independent Irish John Alexander Conservative Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
County Limerick 12 January 1853 [16 1] William Monsell Whig William Monsell Whig Clerk of the Ordnance [16 2]
Dumfriesshire 12 January 1853 [16 1] Viscount Drumlanrig Peelite Viscount Drumlanrig Peelite Comptroller of the Household [16 2]
South Wiltshire 11 January 1853 [16 1] Sidney Herbert Peelite Sidney Herbert Peelite Secretary at War [16 2]
Haddingtonshire 11 January 1853 [16 1] Lord Elcho Peelite Lord Elcho Peelite Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Cavan 10 January 1853 [16 1] Sir John Young Peelite Sir John Young Peelite Chief Secretary for Ireland [16 2]
Southampton 7 January 1853 Sir Alexander Cockburn Whig Sir Alexander Cockburn Whig Attorney General for England and Wales [16 2]
Aylesbury 6 January 1853 [16 1] Richard Bethell Whig Richard Bethell Whig Solicitor General for England and Wales [16 2]
Lichfield 5 January 1853 [16 1] Lord Alfred Paget Whig Lord Alfred Paget Whig Chief Equerry and Clerk Marshal [16 2]
Halifax 5 January 1853 Charles Wood Whig Charles Wood Whig President of the Board of Control [16 2]
Wolverhampton 4 January 1853 [16 1] Charles Pelham Villiers Whig Charles Pelham Villiers Whig Judge Advocate General [16 2]
Oxford 4 January 1853 [16 1] William Wood Whig Edward Cardwell Peelite Resignation (Vice Chancellor of the High Court)
Marlborough 4 January 1853 [16 1] Lord Ernest Bruce Peelite Lord Ernest Bruce Peelite Vice-Chamberlain of the Household [16 2]
Leith Burghs 4 January 1853 [16 1] James Moncreiff Whig James Moncreiff Whig Lord Advocate [16 2]
Gloucester 4 January 1853 Maurice Berkeley Whig Maurice Berkeley Whig Second Sea Lord [16 2]
Brighton 4 January 1853 [16 1] Lord Alfred Hervey Peelite Lord Alfred Hervey Peelite Junior Lord of the Treasury [16 2]
Tiverton 3 January 1853 [16 1] The Viscount Palmerston Whig The Viscount Palmerston Whig Home Secretary [16 2]
Carlisle 3 January 1853 [16 1] Matthew Talbot Baines Whig Matthew Talbot Baines Whig President of the Poor Law Board [16 2]
City of London 3 January 1853 [16 1] Lord John Russell Whig Lord John Russell Whig Foreign Secretary [16 2]
Scarborough 1 January 1853 [16 1] Earl of Mulgrave Whig Earl of Mulgrave Whig Treasurer of the Household [16 2]
Nottingham 1 January 1853 [16 1] Edward Strutt Whig Edward Strutt Whig Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster [16 2]
Morpeth 1 January 1853 [16 1] Edward Granville George Howard Whig Sir George Grey Whig Resignation
Hertford 1 January 1853 [16 1] William Cowper Whig William Cowper Whig Civil Lord of the Admiralty [16 2]
Carlisle 1 January 1853 [16 1] Sir James Graham Peelite Sir James Graham Peelite First Lord of the Admiralty [16 2]
Southwark 1 January 1853 [16 1] Sir William Molesworth Radical Sir William Molesworth Radical First Commissioner of Works [16 2]
Merthyr Tydfil 14 December 1852 [16 1] John Josiah Guest Whig Henry Bruce Whig Death
Lisburn 11 December 1852 James Emerson Tennent Conservative Roger Johnson Smyth Peelite Resignation
Peterborough 6 December 1852 Richard Watson Whig George Hammond Whalley Whig Death
Bury St Edmunds 4 December 1852 John Stuart Conservative James Henry Porteous Oakes Conservative Resignation (Vice Chancellor)
Oldham 3 December 1852 John Duncuft Conservative William Johnson Fox Whig Death
City Durham 3 December 1852 Thomas Colpitts Granger Whig Lord Adolphus Vane Conservative Death
Abingdon 3 December 1852 James Caulfeild Whig Lord Norreys Whig Death

15th Parliament (1847–1852)

By-electionDateFormer incumbentPartyWinnerPartyCause
Huntingdonshire 11 June 1852 [15 1] George Thornhill Conservative Viscount Mandeville Conservative Death
Sandwich 28 May 1852 Charles William Grenfell Whig Lord Charles Clinton Conservative Resignation in order to contest Windsor
Windsor 22 May 1852 George Alexander Reid Conservative Charles William Grenfell Whig Death
Perth 15 May 1852 Fox Maule Whig Arthur Kinnaird Whig Succession to a peerage
Carmarthenshire 13 May 1852 [15 1] George Rice-Trevor Conservative David Jones Conservative Succession to a peerage
Harwich 8 May 1852 [15 1] Fitzroy Kelly Conservative Isaac Butt Conservative Resignation in order to contest East Suffolk
East Suffolk 1 May 1852 [15 1] The Lord Rendlesham Conservative Fitzroy Kelly Conservative Death
Worcester 28 April 1852 [15 1] Francis Rufford Conservative William Laslett Whig Resignation
Tavistock 28 April 1852 John Salusbury-Trelawny Whig Samuel Carter Whig Seeks re-election due to opposition from local party members
Harwich 10 April 1852 [15 1] Robert Wigram Crawford Whig Fitzroy Kelly Conservative Void By-election
Monmouth Boroughs 3 April 1852 Reginald James Blewitt Whig Crawshay Bailey Conservative Resignation
Dungannon 24 March 1852 [15 1] William Stuart Knox Conservative William Stuart Knox Conservative Parliamentary Groom in Waiting [15 2]
South Shropshire 23 March 1852 [15 1] Viscount Newport Conservative Viscount Newport Conservative Vice-Chamberlain of the Household [15 2]
County Cork 22 March 1852 Maurice Power Irish Repeal Vincent Scully Irish Repeal Resignation (Governor of St. Lucia)
Coleraine 22 March 1852 [15 1] [15 3] John Boyd Conservative Lord Naas Conservative Resignation to provide a seat for Lord Naas
East Retford 19 March 1852 [15 1] The Viscount Galway Conservative The Viscount Galway Conservative Lord-in-waiting [15 2]
County Londonderry 13 March 1852 [15 1] Thomas Bateson Conservative Thomas Bateson Conservative Junior Lord of the Treasury [15 2]
North Lincolnshire 13 March 1852 [15 1] Robert Adam Christopher Conservative Robert Adam Christopher Conservative Resignation pending appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Kildare 13 March 1852 [15 1] [15 3] Lord Naas Conservative William Henry Ford Cogan Whig Chief Secretary for Ireland [15 2]
Tyrone 12 March 1852 [15 1] Lord Claud Hamilton Conservative Lord Claud Hamilton Conservative Treasurer of the Household [15 2]
South Lincolnshire 12 March 1852 [15 1] Sir John Trollope Conservative Sir John Trollope Conservative President of the Poor Law Board [15 2]
Buckinghamshire 12 March 1852 [15 1] Benjamin Disraeli Conservative Benjamin Disraeli Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer [15 2]
Oxfordshire 10 March 1852 [15 1] Joseph Warner Henley Conservative Joseph Warner Henley Conservative President of the Board of Trade [15 2]
East Riding of Yorkshire 9 March 1852 [15 1] Arthur Duncombe Conservative Arthur Duncombe Conservative Fourth Naval Lord [15 2]
North Essex 9 March 1852 [15 1] William Beresford Conservative William Beresford Conservative Secretary at War [15 2]
Enniskillen 9 March 1852 James Whiteside Conservative James Whiteside Conservative Solicitor-General for Ireland [15 2]
Dublin University 9 March 1852 [15 1] Joseph Napier Conservative Joseph Napier Conservative Attorney-General for Ireland [15 2]
Dorset 9 March 1852 [15 1] George Bankes Conservative George Bankes Conservative Judge Advocate General [15 2]
Portarlington 8 March 1852 [15 1] Francis Plunkett Dunne Conservative Francis Plunkett Dunne Conservative Clerk of the Ordnance [15 2]
Stamford 6 March 1852 [15 1] John Charles Herries Conservative John Charles Herries Conservative President of the Board of Control [15 2]
Midhurst 5 March 1852 [15 1] Spencer Horatio Walpole Conservative Spencer Horatio Walpole Conservative Home Secretary [15 2]
Buckingham 5 March 1852 [15 1] Marquess of Chandos Conservative Marquess of Chandos Conservative Junior Lord of the Treasury [15 2]
Abingdon 5 March 1852 [15 1] Sir Frederic Thesiger Conservative Sir Frederic Thesiger Conservative Attorney General for England and Wales [15 2]
Droitwich 4 March 1852 [15 1] Sir John Pakington Conservative Sir John Pakington Conservative Secretary of State for War and the Colonies [15 2]
Colchester 4 March 1852 [15 1] Lord John Manners Conservative Lord John Manners Conservative First Commissioner of Works [15 2]
Chichester 4 March 1852 [15 1] Lord Henry Lennox Conservative Lord Henry Lennox Conservative Junior Lord of the Treasury [15 2]
Wenlock 3 March 1852 [15 1] George Weld-Forester Conservative George Weld-Forester Conservative Comptroller of the Household [15 2]
East Kent 16 February 1852 John Pemberton Plumptre Conservative Sir Brook Bridges Conservative Resignation
Kinsale 12 February 1852 [15 1] Benjamin Hawes Whig John Isaac Heard Whig Resignation
Northampton 11 February 1852 Robert Vernon Smith Whig Robert Vernon Smith Whig Secretary at War [15 2]
Greenwich 11 February 1852 James Whitley Deans Dundas Whig Houston Stewart Whig Resignation
East Retford 11 February 1852 [15 1] Arthur Duncombe Conservative William Ernest Duncombe Conservative Resignation in order to contest East Riding of Yorkshire
Perth 9 February 1852 [15 1] Fox Maule Whig Fox Maule Whig President of the Board of Control [15 2]
Lisburn 5 January 1852 [15 1] Horace Beauchamp Seymour Peelite James Emerson Tennent Conservative Death
Bradford 21 October 1851 [15 1] Robert Milligan Whig William Busfeild Whig Death
East Riding of Yorkshire 7 October 1851 [15 1] Henry Broadley Conservative Arthur Duncombe Conservative Death
Downpatrick 8 August 1851 [15 1] Richard Ker Peelite Charles Hardinge Conservative Resignation
Limerick City 1 August 1851 [15 1] John O'Connell Irish Repeal Earl of Arundel Whig Resignation
Scarborough 19 July 1851 Earl of Mulgrave Whig George Frederick Young Conservative Comptroller of the Household [15 2]
Arundel 16 July 1851 [15 1] Earl of Arundel Whig Edward Strutt Whig Resignation in order to contest Limerick City
Knaresborough 12 July 1851 William Lascelles Whig Thomas Collins Conservative Death
Greenwich 28 June 1851 Edward George Barnard Whig David Salomons Whig Death
Bath 25 June 1851 Lord Ashley Conservative George Treweeke Scobell Whig Succession to a peerage
Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire 9 June 1851 Sir William Morison Whig James Johnstone Whig Death
Argyllshire 6 June 1851 [15 1] Duncan McNeill Conservative Sir Archibald Islay Campbell Conservative Resignation (Senator of the College of Justice)
Newry 30 May 1851 [15 1] Viscount Newry Peelite Edmund Gilling Hallewell Conservative Death
Isle of Wight 29 May 1851 John Simeon Whig Edward Dawes Whig Resignation
Harwich 28 May 1851 Henry Thoby Prinsep Conservative Robert Wigram Crawford Whig Void By-Election
Cork City 23 April 1851 [15 1] William Trant Fagan Irish Repeal Francis Murphy Whig Resignation
Boston 22 April 1851 Dudley Pelham Whig James William Freshfield Conservative Death
Longford 21 April 1851 Samuel Wensley Blackall Irish Repeal Richard More O'Ferrall Whig Resignation (Governor of Dominica)
Leith Burghs 14 April 1851 [15 1] Andrew Rutherfurd Whig James Moncreiff Whig Resignation (Judge of the Court of Session)
Enniskillen 12 April 1851 Henry Arthur Cole Conservative James Whiteside Conservative Resignation
Aylesbury 11 April 1851 Frederick Calvert Whig Richard Bethell Whig Void By-Election
West Somerset 10 April 1851 [15 1] Sir Alexander Hood Conservative William Gore-Langton Conservative Death
Coventry 8 April 1851 George James Turner Conservative Charles Ponsonby Whig Resignation (Vice Chancellor)
Oxford 3 April 1851 [15 1] William Page Wood Whig William Page Wood Whig Solicitor General for England and Wales [15 2]
Southampton 2 April 1851 [15 1] Alexander Cockburn Whig Alexander Cockburn Whig Attorney General for England and Wales [15 2]
Devonport 2 April 1851 [15 1] John Romilly Whig John Romilly Whig Master of the Rolls [15 2]
Dungarvan 22 March 1851 Richard Lalor Sheil Whig Charles Ponsonby Whig Resignation (Minister to Tuscany)
Thirsk 21 March 1851 [15 1] John Bell Conservative Sir William Payne-Gallwey Conservative Death
Harwich 5 March 1851 Sir John Hobhouse Whig Henry Thoby Prinsep Conservative Resignation and elevation to the peerage
Glamorganshire 25 February 1851 [15 1] The Earl of Dunraven Conservative Sir George Tyler Conservative Resignation
Bedfordshire 24 February 1851 Viscount Alford Conservative Richard Gilpin Conservative Death
North Staffordshire 22 February 1851 [15 1] Viscount Brackley Conservative Sir Smith Child Conservative Resignation
South Nottinghamshire 17 February 1851 Robert Bromley Conservative William Hodgson Barrow Conservative Death
Falkirk Burghs 14 February 1851 Earl of Lincoln Conservative James Baird Conservative Succession to a peerage
Dungannon 14 February 1851 [15 1] Viscount Northland Conservative William Stuart Knox Conservative Resignation
Pontefract 13 February 1851 Samuel Martin Whig Beilby Lawley Whig Resignation (Baron of the Exchequer)
Windsor 10 February 1851 [15 1] John Hatchell Whig John Hatchell Whig Attorney-General for Ireland [15 2]
Aylesbury 27 December 1850 The Lord Nugent Whig Frederick Calvert Whig Death
St Albans 24 December 1850 [15 4] Alexander Raphael Whig Jacob Bell Whig Death
County Limerick 14 December 1850 Samuel Dickson Whig Wyndham Goold Whig Death
Herefordshire 18 October 1850 [15 1] Joseph Bailey Conservative Thomas William Booker-Blakemore Conservative Death
Montgomeryshire 11 October 1850 [15 1] Charles Williams-Wynn Conservative Herbert Williams-Wynn Conservative Death
Cambridge University 4 October 1850 [15 1] Charles Law Conservative Loftus Wigram Conservative Death
Poole 24 September 1850 George Richard Robinson Conservative Henry Danby Seymour Whig Death
Lambeth 7 August 1850 Charles Pearson Whig William Williams Whig Resignation
Dungannon 3 August 1850 [15 1] Viscount Northland Conservative Viscount Northland Conservative Resigned seat and was re-elected without his knowledge or consent
Mayo 29 July 1850 [15 1] Robert Dillon Browne Irish Repeal George Gore Ousley Higgins Whig Death
Chester 22 July 1850 [15 1] John Jervis Whig William Owen Stanley Whig Resignation
Tamworth 19 July 1850 [15 1] Sir Robert Peel Peelite Sir Robert Peel Peelite Death
Southampton 17 July 1850 [15 1] Alexander Cockburn Whig Alexander Cockburn Whig Solicitor General for England and Wales [15 2]
Devonport 17 July 1850 [15 1] Sir John Romilly Whig Sir John Romilly Whig Attorney General for England and Wales [15 2]
Lymington 30 April 1850 George Keppel Whig Edward John Hutchins Whig Resignation
Totnes 30 March 1850 [15 1] Lord Seymour Whig Lord Seymour Whig First Commissioner of Woods and Forests [15 2]
County Sligo 12 March 1850 [15 1] John Ffolliott Conservative Sir Robert Gore-Booth Conservative Resignation
Canterbury 4 March 1850 [15 1] Albert Denison Whig Frederick Romilly Whig Resignation and elevation to the peerage
Kirkcudbrightshire 20 February 1850 [15 1] Thomas Maitland Whig John Mackie Whig Resignation (Judge of the Court of Session)
Colchester 9 February 1850 [15 1] George Henry Smyth Conservative Lord John Manners Conservative Resignation
Windsor 6 February 1850 [15 1] Lord John Hay Whig John Hatchell Whig Resignation
New Shoreham 28 December 1849 [15 1] Charles Goring Conservative Lord Alexander Gordon-Lennox Conservative Death
Cork City 14 November 1849 Daniel Callaghan Irish Repeal James Charles Chatterton Conservative Death
West Surrey 27 September 1849 William Denison Whig William John Evelyn Conservative Death
Kidderminster 5 September 1849 Richard Godson Peelite John Best Peelite Death
Reading 8 August 1849 Thomas Noon Talfourd Whig Viscount Chelsea Conservative Resignation (Puisne Judge of the Court of Common Pleas)
Boston 2 August 1849 Sir James Duke Whig Dudley Pelham Whig Resignation in order to contest City of London
City of London 27 July 1849 [15 1] James Pattison Whig Sir James Duke Whig Death
City of London 4 July 1849 Lionel de Rothschild Whig Lionel de Rothschild Whig Seeks re-election following the rejection of the Jewish Disabilities Bill
South Warwickshire 7 June 1849 [15 1] Evelyn Shirley Conservative Lord Guernsey Conservative Resignation
Sutherland 5 June 1849 [15 1] Sir David Dundas Whig Sir David Dundas Whig Judge Advocate General [15 2]
County Limerick 1 June 1849 [15 1] William Smith O'Brien Irish Confederate Samuel Dickson Whig Disqualification (conviction for high treason)
Sheffield 3 May 1849 [15 1] Henry George Ward Whig John Arthur Roebuck Whig Resignation
South Nottinghamshire 17 April 1849 [15 1] Lancelot Rolleston Conservative Robert Bromley Conservative Resignation
North Hampshire 6 April 1849 Sir William Heathcote Conservative Melville Portal Conservative Resignation
South Derbyshire 23 March 1849 [15 1] Edward Miller Mundy Conservative William Mundy Conservative Death
Donegal 20 February 1849 [15 1] Edward Michael Conolly Conservative Thomas Conolly Conservative Death
South Staffordshire 19 February 1849 [15 1] Viscount Ingestre Conservative Viscount Lewisham Conservative Succession to a peerage
South Devon 13 February 1849 [15 1] Lord Courtenay Conservative Sir Ralph Lopes Conservative Resignation
Cardigan Boroughs 12 February 1849 Pryse Pryse Whig Pryse Loveden Whig Death
Bolton 9 February 1849 John Bowring Whig Joshua Walmsley Whig Resignation
Kingston upon Hull 7 February 1849 [15 1] Matthew Talbot Baines Whig Matthew Talbot Baines Whig President of the Poor Law Board [15 2]
Portsmouth 6 February 1849 [15 1] Francis Baring Whig Francis Baring Whig First Lord of the Admiralty [15 2]
Leominster 6 February 1849 [15 1] Henry Barkly Conservative Frederick Peel Conservative Resignation (Governor of British Guiana)
Truro 11 January 1849 Edmund Turner Whig Humphrey Willyams Whig Death
Liskeard 3 January 1849 [15 1] Charles Buller Whig Richard Budden Crowder Whig Death
King's Lynn 22 December 1848 [15 1] Lord George Bentinck Conservative Edward Stanley Conservative Death
West Riding of Yorkshire 11 December 1848 Viscount Morpeth Whig Edmund Beckett Conservative Succession to a peerage
Bolton 12 September 1848 [15 1] William Bolling Conservative Stephen Blair Conservative Death
Cheltenham 4 September 1848 Craven Berkeley Whig Grenville Berkeley Whig Void Election
Leicester 2 September 1848 [15 1] Joshua Walmsley Whig John Ellis Whig Void Election
Richard Gardner Whig Richard Harris Whig Void Election
Derby 2 September 1848 Frederick Leveson-Gower Whig Michael Thomas Bass Whig Void Election
Edward Strutt Whig Lawrence Heyworth Whig Void Election
Thetford 8 August 1848 [15 1] Bingham Baring Conservative Francis Baring Conservative Succession to a peerage
Sligo Borough 15 July 1848 Charles Towneley Whig John Patrick Somers Irish Repeal Void By-Election
Great Yarmouth 8 July 1848 Lord Arthur Lennox Conservative Joseph Sandars Conservative Void Election
Octavius Coope Conservative Charles Rumbold Whig Void Election
Cheltenham 29 June 1848 Willoughby Jones Conservative Craven Berkeley Whig Void Election
Horsham 28 June 1848 John Jervis Whig William Vesey-FitzGerald Conservative Void Election
William Vesey-FitzGerald Conservative Lord Edward Howard Whig By-election result reversed on petition
North Cheshire 8 June 1848 Edward Stanley Whig George Legh Conservative Elevation to the peerage
York 24 May 1848 Henry Galgacus Redhead Yorke Whig William Milner Whig Death
Cirencester 24 May 1848 William Cripps Conservative Joseph Randolph Mullings Conservative Death
Wicklow 27 April 1848 William Acton Conservative Ralph Howard Whig Resignation
Bewdley 18 April 1848 Thomas James Ireland Conservative Viscount Mandeville Conservative Void Election
Sligo Borough 11 April 1848 John Patrick Somers Irish Repeal Charles Towneley Whig Void Election
Rye 6 April 1848 [15 1] Herbert Mascall Curteis Whig Herbert Mascall Curteis Whig Void By-Election
Devonport 3 April 1848 [15 1] John Romilly Whig John Romilly Whig Solicitor General for England and Wales [15 2]
Harwich 1 April 1848 John Attwood Conservative Sir John Hobhouse Whig Void Election
Aylesbury 29 March 1848 John Peter Deering Conservative Quintin Dick Conservative Void Election
Monmouthshire 24 March 1848 [15 1] Lord Granville Somerset Conservative Edward Arthur Somerset Conservative Death
Lincoln 16 March 1848 Charles Seely Whig Thomas Hobhouse Whig Void Election
Carlisle 14 March 1848 William Nicholson Hodgson Conservative William Nicholson Hodgson Conservative Void Election
John Dixon Whig Philip Howard Whig Void Election
Kinsale 11 March 1848 Richard Samuel Guinness Conservative Benjamin Hawes Whig Void Election
Lancaster 9 March 1848 Samuel Gregson Whig Robert Baynes Armstrong Whig Void Election
Waterford City 1 March 1848 Daniel O'Connell Irish Repeal Sir Henry Barron Whig Resignation
Devizes 25 February 1848 [15 1] William Heald Ludlow Bruges Conservative James Bucknall Bucknall Estcourt Conservative Resignation
Dublin University 19 February 1848 [15 1] Frederick Shaw Conservative Joseph Napier Conservative Resignation
North Shropshire 16 February 1848 [15 1] Viscount Clive Conservative John Whitehall Dod Conservative Succession to a peerage
Wells 27 December 1847 [15 1] William Goodenough Hayter Whig William Goodenough Hayter Whig Judge Advocate General [15 2]
Calne 27 December 1847 [15 1] Earl of Shelburne Whig Earl of Shelburne Whig Junior Lord of the Treasury [15 2]
Rye 23 December 1847 [15 1] Herbert Barrett Curteis Whig Herbert Mascall Curteis Whig Death
Sunderland 22 December 1847 David Barclay Whig Sir Hedworth Williamson Whig Resignation
South Lancashire 20 December 1847 [15 1] Charles Pelham Villiers Whig Alexander Henry Whig Double Election, chose to sit for Wolverhampton
Tamworth 18 December 1847 [15 1] William Yates Peel Conservative John Townshend Whig Resignation
Kilkenny City 18 December 1847 [15 1] John O'Connell Irish Repeal Michael Sullivan Irish Repeal Double Election, chose to sit for Limerick City
Stockport 16 December 1847 Richard Cobden Radical James Kershaw Whig Double Election, chose to sit for the West Riding of Yorkshire
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 15 December 1847 [15 1] William Dougal Christie Whig Frederick Child Villiers Conservative Resignation (to avoid election petition)
Newcastle-under-Lyme 15 December 1847 Samuel Christy Conservative Samuel Christy Conservative Seeks re-election due to his firm holding a government contract
Edinburgh 15 December 1847 [15 1] Charles Cowan Whig Charles Cowan Whig Disqualification (held government contract)
Liskeard 14 December 1847 [15 1] Charles Buller Whig Charles Buller Whig President of the Poor Law Board [15 2]

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Enniskillen was a United Kingdom Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one MP. It was an original constituency represented in Parliament when the Union of Great Britain and Ireland took effect on 1 January 1801.

Wick Burghs, sometimes known as Northern Burghs, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1832 to 1918. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system.

Wigtownshire, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was represented by one Member of Parliament.

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The Leominster by-election was a by-election held on 15-16 February 1876 for the British House of Commons constituency of Leominster in Herefordshire.

Lewis Ashurst Majendie was a British Conservative Party politician.

References

    Frederick Walter Scott Craig was a Scottish psephologist and compiler of the standard reference books covering United Kingdom Parliamentary election results. He originally worked in public relations, compiling election results in his spare time which were published by the Scottish Unionist Party. In the late 1960s he launched his own business as a publisher of reference books, and also compiled various other statistics concerning British politics.

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