Duke of Manchester

Dukedom of Manchester
Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Argent, 3 fusils conjoined in fess gules, a bordure sable (Montagu); 2nd & 3rd: Or an eagle displayed vert beaked and membered gules (Monthermer).
Creation date	13 April 1719
Created by	King George I
Peerage	Peerage of Great Britain
First holder	Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of Manchester
Present holder	Alexander Montagu, 13th Duke
Subsidiary titles	Earl of Manchester Viscount Mandeville Baron Montagu of Kimbolton
Former seat(s)	Kimbolton Castle Horton Hall Tandragee Castle

Duke of Manchester is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain, and the current senior title of the House of Montagu. It was created in 1719 for the politician Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of Manchester. Manchester Parish in Jamaica was named after the 5th Duke, while its capital Mandeville was named after his son and heir. The current Duke is Alexander Montagu, 13th Duke of Manchester, a controversial British and Australian citizen who lives in the United States and has served several prison sentences. He succeeded to the peerage in 2002 ^[1] following the death of his father Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester, the last of the dukes to hold a seat in the House of Lords.

History

Their ancestor was Richard Ladde, grandfather of the Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward, who changed his name to Montagu around 1447. His descendants claimed a connection with the older house of Montagu or Montacute, Barons Montagu or Montacute and Earls of Salisbury, but there is no sound evidence that the two families were related. A case has been made out for the possibility that the Ladde alias came from a division among coheirs about 1420 of the remaining small inheritance of a line of Montagus at Spratton and Little Creton, also in Northamptonshire. ^[2]

The judge Sir Edward Montagu's grandson, Edward Montagu, was raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton. He is the ancestor of the Dukes of Montagu. His brother, Sir Henry Montagu (c. 1563–1642), who served as Lord Chief Justice as well as Lord High Treasurer and Lord Privy Seal, was in 1620 raised to the Peerage of England as Viscount Mandeville, with the additional title Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, of Kimbolton in the County of Huntingdon. In 1626, he was made Earl of Manchester, of Manchester in the County of Lancaster. ^[3] It is sometimes said, erroneously, that the title refers to Godmanchester in Huntingdonshire, and that the word "God" was deliberately excluded from the title on the basis that the grantee thought it would be blasphemous for him to be known as "Lord Godmanchester". ^[4] However, the form of the creation makes it clear that the title refers to what is now the city of Manchester (at the time a town in Lancashire, formally known as the County of Lancaster).

His son, the 2nd Earl, was a prominent Parliamentary General during the Civil War, but later supported the restoration of Charles II. His son, the 3rd Earl, represented Huntingdonshire in the House of Commons. His son was the 4th Earl, who in 1719 was created Duke of Manchester.

Charles, 1st Duke of Manchester, was succeeded by his eldest son. The 2nd Duke notably served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in the administration of Sir Robert Walpole. He was childless, and on his death, the titles passed to his younger brother, the 3rd Duke. He had earlier represented Huntingdonshire in Parliament. He was succeeded by his son, the 4th Duke. He was Ambassador to France and served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household. His son, the 5th Duke, was Governor of Jamaica between 1827 and 1830 also held office as Postmaster General. He was succeeded by his son, the 6th Duke. He represented Huntingdon in the House of Commons as a Tory.

His eldest son, the 7th Duke, was Conservative Member of Parliament for Bewdley and Huntingdonshire. His son, the 8th Duke, briefly represented Huntingdonshire in Parliament. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the 9th Duke. He sat on the Liberal benches in the House of Lords and served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard in the Liberal administration of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In the twentieth century, mismanagement and profligacy resulted in the wholesale depletion of the Dukedom's estates. Generational instability caused further damage to the family's honour: the 11th, 12th and 13th Dukes all had a criminal record. ^[5]

Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester was the last of the dukes to serve in the House of Lords, until the adoption of the House of Lords Act 1999.

Alexander Montagu, the oldest son of the 12th Duke, succeeded his father as the 13th Duke in July 2002; a British and Australian citizen who lives in the United States, he had been known by the courtesy title of the heir apparent, Viscount Mandeville, since his father's succession to the peerage in 1985. ^{[1] [6] [7]} He has not taken the required action to be included on the Roll of the Peerage, which was created two years after his succession in 2004; while this doesn't change his status as a duke itself, which is legally established by the letters patent, inclusion in the roll is since 2004 a requirement to have his title included in his passport. Under the provisions of the 2004 royal warrant he may register with the roll at any time. ^[8]

Seats

Kimbolton Castle in 1880, the former seat of the Dukes of Manchester

The principal estate of the Dukes of Manchester was Kimbolton Castle. It was leased, together with 50 acres (20 ha) of parkland, by the 10th Duke in 1951, and is now a private school. A remaining 3,250 acres (1,320 ha) of the estate were sold by his eldest son and heir in 1975. The other family seat was Tandragee Castle, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It was sold in 1955, and the remaining estate in 1975, and is now the headquarters of Tayto (NI) Ltd. ^[5]

Arms

Coat of arms of the Duke of Manchester

Coronet A Coronet of a Duke Crest A Griffin's Head couped wings expanded Or Helm The helm of a Peer Escutcheon Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Argent, 3 fusils conjoined in fess gules (Montagu); 2nd & 3rd: Or an eagle displayed vert beaked and membered gules (Monthermer) Supporters Dexter: an heraldic Antelope Or armed tufted and hoofed Argent; Sinister: a Griffin Or Motto Disponendo Me, Non Mutando Me (By disposing of me, not by changing me) Symbolism The fusils (diamonds) in the Montagu arms were originally intended to represent a range of mountains, as the name comes from the old French mont agu meaning "pointed hill". [9] [10] The arms represent a claim to be a cadet of the medieval Montagu (Montacute) family, Earls of Salisbury, for which there is no proof.

The arms of the Duke of Manchester have the following blazon: Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Argent, 3 fusils conjoined in fess gules (Montagu); 2nd & 3rd: Or an eagle displayed vert beaked and membered gules (Monthermer). ^[11] The fusils or diamond shapes in the Montagu arms were originally intended to represent a range of mountains, ^[12] as the name comes from the old French mont agu meaning "pointed hill". ^[13] The arms represent a claim to be a cadet of the medieval Montagu (Montacute) family, earls of Salisbury, for which there is no proof (see above origins).

Montagu arms unquartered of Barons Montagu/Montacute

Monthermar arms, "Or, an eagle displayed vert beaked and membered gules."

Arms of Montague/Montacute, Earls of Salisbury

Arms of Montagu, dukes of Manchester, dukes of Montagu, and earls of Sandwich and Halifax, claiming to be cadets of the medieval Montagus.

Arms of the Montagu family

Titles

The Duke of Manchester holds the subsidiary titles Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton.

The heir apparent to the Dukedom takes the courtesy title Viscount Mandeville, and the heir apparent's eldest son is styled Lord Kimbolton. ^[14]

Burial place

Many members of the Montagu family (Earls and Dukes of Manchester and their family members) are buried at St Andrew's Church, Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire (historically in Huntingdonshire). Several Montagu monuments still exist in the South Chapel, while the Montagu Vault (extended in 1853) is located beneath the North Chapel. The Montagu Vault is accessed from the churchyard via a doorway surmounted by heraldic beasts, which was added to the building in 1893. ^[15] The 12th Duke of Manchester, who died in 2002, was cremated at Bedford Crematorium after which his ashes were placed in the Montagu Vault.

Viscount Mandeville (1620)

Created by James I of England
#	Name	Life span	Period	Spouse	Notes	Other titles
1	Henry Montagu	c. 1563 – 1642	1620–1642	(1) Catherine Spencer (2) Anne Halliday, née Wincot (3) Margaret Crouch		Baron Montagu of Kimbolton

Earls of Manchester (1626)

Created by Charles I of England
#	Name	Life span	Period	Spouse	Notes	Other titles
1	Henry Montagu	c. 1563 – 1642	1626–1642	(1) Catherine Spencer (2) Anne Halliday, née Wincot (3) Margaret Crouch		Viscount Mandeville Baron Montagu of Kimbolton
2	Edward Montagu	1602–1671	1642–1671	(2) Lady Anne Rich	Son of the preceding
3	Robert Montagu	1634–1683	1671–1683	Anne Yelverton	Son of the preceding
4	Charles Montagu	c. 1662 – 1722	1683–1722	Dodington Greville	Son of the preceding

Dukes of Manchester (1719)

Sidney, 11th Duke of Manchester, and his wife, Andrea, Duchess of Manchester, by Allan Warren

Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester, wife of the 8th Duke. By John Singer Sargent.

Louise Montagu, wife of the 7th Duke

Created by George I of Great Britain
#	Name	Life span	Period	Spouse	Notes	Other titles
1	Charles Montagu	c. 1662 – 1722	1719–1722	Dodington Greville		Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, Baron Montagu of Kimbolton
2	William Montagu	1700–1739	1722–1739	Lady Isabella Montagu	Son of the preceding
3	Robert Montagu	1710–1762	1739–1762	Harriet Dunch	Brother of the preceding
4	George Montagu	1737–1788	1762–1788	Elizabeth Dashwood	Son of the preceding
5	William Montagu	1771–1843	1788–1843	Lady Susan Gordon	Son of the preceding
6	George Montagu	1799–1855	1843–1855	(1) Millicent Sparrow (2) Harriet Sydney Dobbs	Son of the preceding
7	William Montagu	1823–1890	1855–1890	Countess Louisa of Alten	Son of the preceding
8	George Montagu	1853–1892	1890–1892	Consuelo Yznaga	Son of the preceding
9	William Montagu	1877–1947	1892–1947	(1) Helena Zimmerman (2) Kathleen Dawes	Son of the preceding
10	Alexander Montagu	1902–1977	1947–1977	(1) Nell Vere Stead (2) Elizabeth Fullerton	Son of the preceding
11	Sidney Montagu	1929–1985	1977–1985	(1) Adrienne Valerie Christie (2) Andrea Joss	Son of the preceding
12	Angus Montagu	1938–2002	1985–2002	(1) Mary Eveleen McClure (2) Diane Pauline Plimsaul (3) Anne-Louise Taylor (4) Biba Jennians	Brother of the preceding
13	Alexander Montagu [a]	b. 1962	2002–present	(1) Marion Stoner (2) Wendy Dawn Buford (3) Laura Smith	Son of the preceding

The heir presumptive to the dukedom is the present Duke's younger brother, Lord Kimble William Drogo Montagu (born 1964), whose heir is his only son William Anthony Drogo Montagu (born 2000). ^[16]

1. The 13th Duke of Manchester succeeded to the peerage in 2002, ^[1] but as of July 2022 ^[update] does not appear on the Roll of the Peerage. To be legally recognised as a Peer in official documents, he must prove his succession and be placed on the Roll. ^[8]

Family tree and succession

v t e Montagu family tree— Manchester: Earls and Dukes, Montagu: and Earls and Dukes, and Monthermer: Viscounts and Marquesses

Edward Montagu c. 1485–1557 Edward Montagu c. 1530–1602 Baron Montagu of Boughton, 1621 Viscount Mandeville and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, of Kimbolton in the County of Huntingdon, 1620 Earl of Manchester, 1626 Edward Montagu c. 1562–1644 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton Henry Montagu c. 1563–1642 1st Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Sidney Montagu c. 1572–1644 Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, Baron Montagu of St Neots, of St Neots in the County of Huntingdon, 1660 Edward Montagu 1616–1684 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton Edward Montagu 1602–1671 2nd Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton George Montagu 1622–1681 Edward Montagu 1625–1672 1st Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Earl of Montagu and Viscount Monthermer, 1689 Duke of Montagu and Marquess of Monthermer (1st creation), 1705 Baron Halifax, 1700 Earl of Halifax (2nd creation) and Viscount Sunbury (2nd creation), 1714 Edward Montagu c. 1636–1665 Ralph Montagu 1638–1709 1st Duke of Montagu, Earl of Montagu, and Viscount Monthermer, 3rd Baron Montagu of Boughton Robert Montagu 1634–1683 3rd Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Edward Montagu 1649–1690 Charles Montagu 1661–1715 1st Earl of Halifax and Viscount Sunbury, 1st Baron Halifax Edward Montagu 1647/48–1688 2nd Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Earldom of Halifax (2nd creation) and subsidiary titles extinct, 1715 Duke of Manchester, 1719 Earl of Halifax (3rd creation) and subsidiary titles (3rd creation), 1714 John Montagu 1690–1749 2nd Duke of Montagu, Earl of Montagu, and Viscount Monthermer, 4th Baron Montagu of Boughton Charles Edward Montagu c. 1662–1722 1st Duke of Manchester, 4th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton George Montagu 1685–1739 1st Earl of Halifax and Viscount Sunbury, 2nd Baron Halifax Edward Montagu 1670–1729 3rd Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Dukedom of Montagu (1st creation) and subsidiary titles extinct, 1749 Duke of Montagu (2nd creation) and Marquess of Monthermer (2nd creation), 1766 Baron Montagu of Boughton (3rd creation), 1776 George Brudenell 1712–1790 Earl of Cardigan Duke of Montagu, Marquess of Monthermer, 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton Mary Montagu c. 1711–1775 Lady Isabella Montagu d. 1786 William Montagu 1700–1739 2nd Duke of Manchester, 5th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Robert Montagu c. 1710–1762 3rd Duke of Manchester, 6th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton George Montagu-Dunk 1716–1771 2nd Earl of Halifax and Viscount Sunbury, 3rd Baron Halifax Edward Montagu 1692–1722 styled Viscount Hinchingbrooke John Montagu 1718–1792 4th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots 🥪 Dukedom of Montagu (2nd creation) and subsidiary titles extinct, 1790 Earldom of Halifax (3rd creation) and subsidiary titles extinct, 1771 Baron Montagu of Boughton (2nd creation), 1762 John Montagu 1735–1770 Baron Montagu of Boughton, styled Marquess of Monthermer Elizabeth Scott 1743–1827 George Montagu 1737–1788 4th Duke of Manchester, 7th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Lady Elizabeth Montague-Dunk d. 1768 John Montagu 1744–1814 5th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Baron Montagu of Boughton (2nd creation) extinct, 1770 Henry Montagu-Scott 1776–1845 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton George Montagu 1763–1772 styled Viscount Mandeville William Montagu 1771–1843 5th Duke of Manchester, 8th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton John George Montagu 1767–1790 styled Viscount Hinchinbroke George John Montagu 1773–1818 6th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Baron Montagu of Boughton (3rd creation) extinct, 1845 George Montagu 1799–1855 6th Duke of Manchester, 9th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton William Drogo Montagu 1823–1890 7th Duke of Manchester, 10th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Lord Robert Montagu 1825–1902 John William Montagu 1811–1884 7th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots George Victor Drogo Montagu 1853–1892 8th Duke of Manchester, 11th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Robert Acheson Cromie Montagu 1854–1931 Edward George Henry Montagu 1839–1916 8th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Victor Alexander Montagu 1841–1915 William Angus Drogo Montagu 1877–1947 9th Duke of Manchester, 12th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton John Michael Cromie Montagu 1881–1966 George Charles Montagu 1874–1962 9th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Alexander George Francis Drogo Montagu 1902–1977 10th Duke of Manchester, 13th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Robert Alexander Montagu 1917–1996 Alexander Victor Edward Paulet Montagu 1906–1995 10th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Sidney Arthur Robin George Drogo Montagu 1929–1985 11th Duke of Manchester, 14th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Angus Charles Drogo Montagu 1938–2002 12th Duke of Manchester, 15th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton John Edward Hollister Montagu b. 1943 11th Earl of Sandwich, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Baron Montagu of St Neots Alexander Charles David Drogo Montagu b. 1962 13th Duke of Manchester, 16th Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, and Baron Montagu of Kimbolton Lord Kimble William Drogo Montagu b. 1964 Lady Emma Louise Eveleen Montagu Hodgkinson 1965–2014 Michael Anthony Montagu b. 1955 Luke Timothy Charles Montagu b. 1969 styled Viscount Hinchingbrooke Heir presumptive to the dukedom of Manchester Heir apparent to the earldom of Sandwich

Line of succession (simplified) [16]

George Montagu, 6th Duke of Manchester (1799–1855) William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (1823–1890) George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (1853–1892) William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester (1877–1947) Alexander Montagu, 10th Duke of Manchester (1902–1977) Angus Montagu, 12th Duke of Manchester (1938–2002) Alexander Montagu, 13th Duke of Manchester (born 1962) (1). Lord Kimble William Drogo Montagu (born 1964) (2). William Anthony Drogo Montagu (born 2000) Lord Robert Montagu (1825–1902) Robert Acheson Cromie Montagu (1854–1931) John Michael Cromie Montagu (1881–1966) Robert Alexander Montagu (1917–1992) (3). Michael Anthony Montagu (born 1955) Austin Cromie Montagu (1885–1958) Cyril John Sanderson Montagu (1937–2020) (4). Graeme Peter Montagu (born 1967) (5). Christopher John Montagu (born 1968) (6). Gerard Philip Sanderson Montagu (born 1940) (7). Matthew Gerard Montagu (born 1976) Henry Bernard Montagu (1872–1941) John Drogo Montagu (1923–2010) male issue and descendants in remainder There are further male heirs in remainder to the Earldom of Manchester descended from the younger sons of the first Earl. [16]

References

1. "Duke of Manchester to remain in Las Vegas jail". The Guardian. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
2. Wagner, Anthony (1960). English Genealogy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780712667241. The explanation of a fifteenth century yeoman's Norman name might sometimes be female descent from a knightly house through a coheir. The Montagus of Boughton, Northhamptonshire, who acquired a barony in 1621, an earldom in 1689, the dukedom of Montagu in 1705, and in their younger branches the earldom of Manchester in 1626, the dukedom of Manchester in 1719, and the earldom of Sandwich in 1660, descended from Richard Montagu alias Ladde, a yeoman or husbandman, living in 1471 at Hanging Houghton, Northamptonshire, where the Laddes had been tenants since the fourteenth century. Alias names, in some respect the forerunners of modern compound (or double-barreled) name, were common in the Middle Ages. In the earliest times, when surnames were new, an alias may just mean indecision between equally attractive alternatives. Later they sometimes indicate bastardy (one name perhaps being the father's and one the mother's), but in most cases probably mark inheritance through an heiress whose name was thus perpetuated. A good case has been made out for the possibility that the Ladde alias came from a division among coheirs about 1420 of the remaining small inheritance of a line of Montagus at Spratton and Little Creton, also in Northamptonshire. This line was of knightly origin and probably a branch of the baronial Montagus (Earls of Salisbury from 1337), whose almost certain ancestor Dru de Montagud was a tenant-in-chief in 1086. Other yeoman Montagus are found in Buckinghamshire from 1354 when Roger Montagu appears as a witness to a quitclaim of land in Great Kimble, notably in Halton where a family of Montagu alias Elot held land from about 1440 to 1610. A line of Montagus found in Waddesdon from about 1540 may have branched from these. These in the eighteenth century were shepherds and drovers and one set up in Aylesbury as a wheelwright and another as a tailor. Another line, also possibly branched from Halton, is found at Boveney and Dorney in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This produced Richard Montagu, Bishop of Chichester (1628–38) and Norwich (1638–41), and Peter Montagu, who settled in Virginia.
3. Masters, Brian (2001). The Dukes: The Origins, Ennoblement and History of Twenty-Six Families. London: Random House. p. 336. ISBN   9780712667241.
4. Brooke, Christopher (1985). A History of Gonville and Caius College. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 127. ISBN   9780851154237.
5. Scriven, Marcus (2009). Splendor and Squalor: The Disgrace And Disintegration of Three Aristocratic Dynasties . London: Atlantic Books. pp.  137–225. ISBN   9781843541240.
6. "Australian man with British title to stay jailed in Vegas". Associated Press. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
7. "The bigamist Duke and his three wives". The Telegraph. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
8. "Roll of the Peerage". College of Arms. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2023. Under the terms of the Royal Warrant of 1 June 2004 any person who succeeds to a Peerage must prove his or her succession and be placed on the Roll, otherwise that person may not be legally recognised as a Peer in official documents.
9. Boutell, Charles (1914). The Handbook to English Heraldry. London: Reeves & Turner. p. 16. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
10. "Last name: Montague". The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
11. Debrett's Peerage, 1968, Montagu of Beaulieu (original form of), p.788
12. Boutell, Charles (1914). The Handbook to English Heraldry. London: Reeves & Turner. p. 16. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
13. "Last name: Montague". The Internet Surname Database. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
14. "Courtesy Titles". Cracroft's Peerage. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
15. Guided Tour of St Andrew's Church, Kimbolton, access date 27 July 2015
16. Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). "Manchester, Duke of". Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 2336–2342. ISBN   978-1-999767-0-5-1.

Further reading

• Kidd, Charles, and Williamson, David (editors): Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 1990 edition. New York, St Martin's Press, 1990, ^{[ page needed ]}
• McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "Manchester, Earls and Dukes of"  . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 543–544.