List of active coal-fired power stations in Turkey

For annual capacity payments and CO₂ emissions, see list of power stations in Turkey.

There are 55 plants which generate coal power in Turkey including autoproducers, more than any other European country except Russia. All coal-fired power stations are listed on the Turkish version of this article. ^{[note 1] [note 2]}

Coal-fired power stations

18 Mart Çan

Afşin-Elbistan A

Afşin-Elbistan B

Afyon Sugar

Aksa Akrilik

Albayrak

Atlas Enerji İskenderun

Bandırma Borax

ETİ Soda

Bolu Göynük

Cenal

Çan-2

Çatalağzı

Çayırhan

Çoban Yıldızı Çümra

Emba Hunutlu

Eti Maden

Gebze Çolakoğlu

İÇDAŞ Bekirli1

İÇDAŞ Bekirli2

İsken Sugözü

İzdemir

Kangal

Kardemir

Kahramanmaraş Paper

Kemerköy

Lüleburgaz

Orhaneli

Polat

Eti Aluminium

Seyitömer

Soma

Soma A

Soma Kolin

Şırnak Silopi

Tufanbeyli

Tunçbilek

Yatağan

Yeniköy

Yunus Emre

ZETES

class=notpageimage|

Location of operational coal-fired power stations larger than 10 megawatts in Turkey

Station	Operational Capacity (MWe)	Generation to grid in 2019 (GWh) [note 3] [note 4]	Capacity factor in 2019 (%) [note 5]	Province and District	Construction or operational start year [note 6]	Owner	Type [7]	Coal type	Retirement	Notes	Ref [note 7] [note 8] [11]
18 Mart Çan a.k.a. Çan	320	2134	76	Çanakkale Çan	2003	EÜAŞ	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 1] [12]
Adapazarı Sugar Factory a.k.a. Ada Şeker a.k.a. Sakarya	10	13	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Sakarya Adapazarı	2014	Adapazarı Sugar	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid first half 2020	[lower-alpha 2] [13]
Afşin Elbistan A	1355	1899	16	Kahramanmaraş Afşin	1984–1987	EÜAŞ	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 3] [14]
Afşin Elbistan B	1440	2773	22	Kahramanmaraş Afşin	2004–2005	EÜAŞ	Subcritical [15]	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 4] [12]
Afyon Sugar Factory Cogeneration a.k.a. Afyon Şeker	15	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Afyonkarahisar Afyonkarahisar	2018	Doğüş Food and Drink	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 5]
Albayrak Balıkesir Cogeneration a.k.a. Albayrak TES	80 [16]	57	8	Balıkesir Balıkesir	2019 [17]	Varaka Paper	Unknown	Imported [16]	Unknown	Averages 150 tons steam from 27 tons coal per hour [17]	[lower-alpha 6] [16]
Atlas	1200	8502	81	Hatay İskenderun	2014	Diler Holding via Atlas Enerji	Supercritical	Imported	Unknown	Diler is on the Global Coal Exit List. [18]	[lower-alpha 7]
Aynes Cogeneration a.k.a. Aynes Gıda	6	9	18	Denizli Acıpayam	2014	Aynes Food	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 8]
Eti Maden Bandirma power station a.k.a. Bandırma Boron Factory a.k.a. Bandırma Boraks	36 [19]	53	17	Bandırma Acıpayam	2014	ETİ Maden	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 9]
Bekirli-1 a.k.a. Biga a.k.a. İçdaş Çelik Enerji	405	3164	89	Çanakkale Biga	2005 (unit 1), 2009 (units 2–3)	İÇDAŞ	Subcritical	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 10]
Bekirli-2 a.k.a. Bekirli	1200	8658	82	Çanakkale Biga	2011 (unit 1), 2015 (unit 2)	İÇDAŞ	Supercritical	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 11]
Beypazarı ETİ Soda Cogeneration a.k.a. ETİ Soda	20 [16]	94	54	Ankara Beypazarı	Unknown	Ciner Group via ETİ Soda [16]	Unknown	Lignite [16]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 12]
Bolluk a.k.a. Alkim Konya	1 [20]	2	19	Konya Cihanbeyli [20]	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals [20]	Unknown	Lignite [20]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 13] [20]
Bolu Göynük a.k.a. Aksa Göynuk TES	270	1964	83	Bolu Göynük	2015	Kazancı Holding	Subcritical fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown	Dusts air and ground. [21] Uses 1.8 million tons of lignite with a thermal value of 2,450 kcal/kg per year	[lower-alpha 14] [22] [23]
Cenal	1320	9167	79	Çanakkale Biga	2017	Alarko Holding and Cengiz Holding via Cenal Elektrik	Ultra-Supercritical	Imported Bituminous	Unknown	Cenal is on the Global Coal Exit List. [24]	[lower-alpha 15]
Çan-2	330	1524	53	Çanakkale Çan	2018	ODAŞ Group		Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 16] [20]
Çankırı Salt Factory Cogeneration a.k.a. Med-mar Sağlık	2	9	64	Çankırı Çankırı	2014	Med-mar	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 17]
Çatalağzı a.k.a. Yeni Çatalağzı	314	1494	54	Zonguldak Kilimli	1979 (opening:1989)	Aydem Enerji	Subcritical	Anthracite [25]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 18] [26]
Çayırhan	620	4312	79	Ankara Nallıhan	1987–2000	Ciner Group	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 19] [12]
Çayırhan Sodium Sulphate Cogeneration a.k.a. Alkim Çayırhan	3	9	39	Ankara Nallıhan	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown		[lower-alpha 20]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra Termik Santrali a.k.a. Çobanyıldızı (Cumra) [27]	37	35	11	Konya Çumra	2015	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	At Çumra Campus	[lower-alpha 21]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra [27]	24	35	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Konya Çumra	2014	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	Supplies both sugar factory and grid. [28] Claimed to be most environment friendly factory in Turkey. [29]	[lower-alpha 22]
Çolakoğlu a.k.a. Çolakoğlu-2	190	1191	72	Kocaeli Gebze	2003	Çolakoğlu Metalurji	Subcritical	Bituminous	Unknown		[lower-alpha 23]
Dazkırı Cogeneration a.k.a. Alkim Afyon	3	16	72	Afyonkarahisar Dazkırı	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 24]
Göknur	2	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Niğde Niğde	2014	Göknur Food	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 25]
İsken Sugözü a.k.a. Sugözu İsken a.k.a. İskenderun	1320	7110	61	Adana Yumurtalık	2003	OYAK	Subcritical	Hard coal [30] Anthracite [25]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 26]
İzdemir	350	2484	81	İzmir Aliağa	2014	İzdemir Enerji	Supercritical	Imported [31]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 27]
Kahramanmaraş Paper Factory	16	73	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kahramanmaraş Kahramanmaraş	2014	Kahramanmaraş Paper	Unknown	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 28]
Kangal	457 [32]	2588	65	Sivas Kangal	1989 (Unit 1) 1990 (Unit 2) 2000 (Unit 3)	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown	On the Global Coal Exit List [33]	[lower-alpha 29] [12]
Kardemir a.k.a. Karabük	78	546	80	Kütahya Karabük	Unknown	Kardemir A.Ş.	Unknown	Hard coal	Unknown	May need update to meet 2020 standards [34] [35]	[lower-alpha 30]
Kemerköy	630	4128	75	Muğla Gökova	1994 (units 1–2), 1995 (unit 3)	Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 31] [12]
Kipaş Paper Factory	8	1	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kahramanmaraş Türkoğlu	2014	Kipaş Holding	Unknown	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 32]
Küçüker Cogeneration	5	34	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Denizli Denizli	2014	Küçüker Textiles	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 33]
Kütahya Sugar Factory	7	7	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kütahya Kütahya	2014	Kütahya Sugar factory	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 34]
Orhaneli	210	1570	85	Bursa Orhaneli	1992	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 35] [12]
Polat a.k.a. Polat-1	51	132	30	Kütahya Tavşanlı	2013	Polatyol	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 36]
Seydişehir a.k.a. ETİ Alüminyum	14	33	27	Konya Seydişehir	2014	ETİ Aluminium	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 37]
Seyitömer	600	3968	75	Kütahya Kütahya	1973–1989	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 38] [12] [14]
Soma Kolin	510	2527	57	Manisa Soma	2019	Kolin Group	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown	The environmental impact assessment does not mention greenhouse gas (sera gaz) emissions. [36]	[lower-alpha 39] [16]
Soma a.k.a. Soma A	44	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used for other purposes	Manisa Soma	1957 [37]	EÜAŞ	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	No output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 40]
Soma B a.k.a. Soma	660	5059	Unknown as the steam is also used for residential heating	Manisa Soma	1981–1992	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown	Of the six 165 MW units, 2 units are shut down and 4 units operating under temporary license. [38] Steam from the power station is used for residential heating in the winter. [39]	[lower-alpha 41]
Şırnak Silopi a.k.a. Silopi	405	2324	66	Şırnak Silopi	2013 (unit 1), 2015 (units 2–3)	Ciner Group	Circulating fluidized bed	Asphaltite	Unknown	May need update to meet 2020 standards [34] [35] Although technically not coal the solid fuel is treated similarly by regulators so is included here.	[lower-alpha 42] [12]
Tufanbeyli	450	3283	83	Adana Tufanbeyli	2016	Sabancı Holding via Enerjisa	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 43]
Tunçbilek	365	Unknown	Unknown	Kütahya Tavşanlı	1973	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown	Not listed on "real time generation" query so no generation figure shown	[lower-alpha 44] [40]
Yatağan	630	3764	68	Muğla Yatağan	1984 (units 1–2), 1986 (unit 3)	Aydem Enerji	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 45] [41] [12]
Yeniköy	420	2997	81	Muğla Milas	1986–1987	Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 46] [12]
ZETES-1	160	1141	81	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2010	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Circulating fluidized bed	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 47]
ZETES-2	1230	8931	83	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2010	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Supercritical	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 48]
ZETES-3	1400	9212	75	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2016	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Supercritical	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 49]

See also

• Turkey portal
• Energy portal
• Global warming portal

• Electricity sector in Turkey#Future
• Energy policy of Turkey
• Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
• Environmental issues in Turkey
• Climate change litigation#Turkey
• Category:Coal mines in Turkey

Notes

1. There are no unlicensed coal-fired power stations. ^{[1] : 30}
2. The table on page iii of the 2022 EMRA report totals 15 + 23 + 14 = 52 coal power licences - but as ZETES 1 2 and 3 have the same licence if counted as separate power stations the total would be 54, but the total on the Turkish version of this article is 55. ^{[2] : iii} As of 2024 the Energy Ministry website says there are 69. ^[3]
3. A graph of a power station's generation over a specified period of time can be seen on the Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) transparency platform "Real-Time Generation" option, with the total above the graph. ^[4] Recent generation by unit can be seen on the "Final Daily Production Program" option by first entering the company name and then dropping down the list of unit names. ^[5] Even so some small power stations may not show on the platform if they do not sell to the grid (that is they are just autoproducers).
4. In 2018 coal-fired power stations gross generation was 113 terawatt hours (TWh), which was 37% of total gross generation. ^[6] The figures in the table below are net generation.
5. By routine calculations from the 2 columns to the left as described in Capacity factor#Sample calculations – note that there are 366 days in 2020
6. Where the construction year is not known, the start of the current EDPK operational license is shown – nevertheless there may have been "pre-licenses" before that.
7. Public information about a power station (e.g. Cenal) can be displayed from the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority database as follows. Click the bracketed letter link in its cell below (e.g. [n]) and copy the license number (e.g. EÜ/4315-42/02574) into the "Lisans No." box on the query screen. ^[8] Tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and then press the "Sorgula" (query) button. Ignore the co-ordinates as they are garbage data. A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful. ^[9] .
8. As of 2021 there is no web service for this at https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/21-35/web-servisleri so to attempt to list operational coal-fired power stations from the licence database enter: "Lisans Durumu"="Yürülükte" (license status=In force),"Tesis Türü"="Termik" (facility type=Thermal) and "Tesis Durumu"="İşletmede" (facility status=In business). Then tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and "Sorgula" (Query) which should list licensed, operational thermal power stations. ^[8] Click "Raporla" (Report) to download it. Repeat with "Tesis Durumu"="Kısmi İşletmede" (facility status=Partly in business). Using your spreadsheet software merge the 2 downloads, select "Yakıt Türü"="Kömür" (Fuel=Coal) OR "İthal Kömür" (Imported Coal) OR "Yerli Kömür" (Local Coal) OR "Yerli Asfaltit" (Local Asphaltite). Then sort by "Tesis Adı"(Facility Name). A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful. When copying the operational capacity into Wikipedia or Wikidata be sure to copy MWe which is the last power column. ^[10] .

1. EÜ/101-44/020
2. EÜ/4969-177/2877
3. EÜ/8263-5/04139
4. EÜ/101-43/019
5. EÜ/8140-9/04101
6. EÜ/6660-5/03613
7. EÜ/1813-3/1274
8. EÜ/4969-230/2930
9. EÜ/4969-196/2896
10. EÜ/1435-26/1041
11. EÜ/1160-3/833
12. EÜ/4969-120/2820
13. EÜ/4969-2/2702
14. EÜ/3734-19/2290
15. EÜ/4315-42/02574
16. EÜ/6083-2/03428
17. EÜ/4969-240/2940
18. EÜ/5358-1/03178
19. EÜ/5088-4/03041
20. EÜ/4969-16/2716
21. EÜ/5603-8/03299
22. EÜ/4969-46/2746
23. EÜ/4969-33/2733
24. EÜ/4969-24/2724
25. EÜ/4969-153/2853
26. EÜ/8886-12/04341
27. EÜ/2116-8/1490
28. EÜ/4969-202/2902
29. EÜ/4537/02625
30. EÜ/4969-204/2904
31. EÜ/5358-2/03180
32. EÜ/4969-259/2959
33. EÜ/4969-211/2911
34. EÜ/4969-212/2912
35. EÜ/5642-3/03300
36. EÜ/1866-11/1342
37. EÜ/4969-236/2936
38. EÜ/4447/02616
39. EÜ/5906-18/03394
40. EÜ/6604-3/03635
41. EÜ/5642-1/03298
42. EÜ/308-3/424
43. EÜ/298-1/415
44. EÜ/5642-4/03301
45. EÜ/5327/03164
46. EÜ/5358-3/03181
47. EÜ/369-1/479
48. EÜ/369-1/479
49. EÜ/369-1/479

References

1. Electricity Market Sector Report 2022 (Report). Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
2. Electricity Market Sector Report 2022 (Report). Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
3. "Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Electricity". enerji.gov.tr. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
4. Exist real time generation.
5. Exist daily generation.
6. "Coal". Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey) . Retrieved 19 April 2020.
7. "Global Coal Plant Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
8. "Elektrik Piyasası Üretim Lisansları" [Electricity Market Generation Licences]. lisans.epdk.gov.tr. Energy Market Regulatory Authority. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
9. "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
10. "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
11. "Enerji Yatırımları" [Energy Investments]. Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
12. "Close Unfiltered Thermal Plants in Turkey During Coronavirus Outbreak". Bianet . 22 May 2020.
13. "Şeker Üretimi" [Sugar production]. www.adaseker.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 5 June 2020.
14. "Coal-fired plants reopen: Engineers cast doubt on minister's statement that 'obligations fulfilled'". Bianet. 17 June 2020.
15. "Afsin Elbistan-B Coal Power Plant Turkey". globalenergyobservatory.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
16. "2019 yılı enerji yatırımları" [2019 energy investments]. Enerji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
17. "Dumansız fabrika için 14 milyon avro yatırdı" [14 million euros invested in smokeless factory]. Memurlar.Net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
18. "Diler". coalexit.org. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
19. "ETİ Maden – Bandırma" [ETİ Mining – Bandırma] (in Turkish). Lagos Enerji. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
20. "2018 Yılı Enerji Yatırımları" [2018 Energy Investments]. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey) .
21. Ercan, Özgen; Dinçer, Faruk; Sarı, Deniz; Ceylan, Özcan; Di̇nçer, Fatih Kemal (10 June 2020). "Determination of PM10 and deposited dust dispersion on the settlement areas from Aksa Göynük coal (lignite) fueled thermal power plant". Atmospheric Pollution Research. 11 (12): 2126–2132. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.025. ISSN   1309-1042. S2CID   225757367.
22. "Bolu Göynük Thermal Power Plant". www.aksaenerji.com.tr. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
23. Ercan, Özgen; Dinçer, Faruk; Sarı, Deniz; Ceylan, Özcan; Di̇nçer, Fatih Kemal (10 June 2020). "Determination of PM10 and deposited dust dispersion on the settlement areas from Aksa Göynük coal (lignite) fueled thermal power plant". Atmospheric Pollution Research. 11 (12): 2126–2132. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.025. ISSN   1309-1042. S2CID   225757367.
24. "Cenal". coalexit.org. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
25. "Infographic: Turkish coal-fired plant expansion stalls, with 70 GW shelved since 2009". S & P Global. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019.
26. "Çatalağzı Termik Santrali yeniden çalışmaya başlıyor" [Çatalağzı thermal power plant starts working again]. Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). Retrieved 5 June 2020.
27. "Konya Şeker Coban Yildizi Thermal Powerplant". Konya Sugar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
28. "Hakkımızda | Çoban Yıldızı Elektrik Üretim A.Ş." cobanyildizi.com.tr. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
29. "Konya Şeker Cumra Sugar Factory". www.konyaseker.com.tr. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
30. "İsken Sugözü Power Plant". Isken. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
31. "Teknik Özellikler" [Technical Details] (in Turkish). İzdemir Energy. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
32. "Kangal Termik Santrali 6 ay sonra yeniden tam kapasite olarak üretime başladı" [After 6 months Kangal once again started generating at full capacity]. Timeturk.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
33. "Kangal". coalexit.org. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
34. "Baskı sonuç verdi: Filtresiz termik santrallere izin çıkmadı" [Pressure brings result: No thermal power plants without filters allowed] (in Turkish). Deutsche Welle. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
35. "Filtresiz santraller tek tek mühürleniyor" [Stations without filters sealed one by one] (in Turkish). Sözcü. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
36. "Soma Kolin Termik Santrali ÇED" [Soma Kolin power station EIA]. eced.csb.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
37. "Soma-A Thermal Power Plant".
38. "Bakan Kurum: 5 Termik santral tamamen kapatıldı" [Ministry: 5 thermal power plants completely shut down] (in Turkish). Sabah. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
39. Direskeneli, Haluk (3 January 2020). "Enerji piyasalarında 2020 yılı öngörüleri" [Looking ahead to the 2020 energy market]. Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 January 2020.
40. "1st Power Plant | ENKA İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş." 28 February 1973. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
41. "Thermal Generation | Aydem Energy". Thermal Generation | Aydem Energy. Retrieved 31 May 2020.

Sources

• "Real-Time Generation". Exist Transparency Platform.
• "Final Daily Production Program". Exist Transparency Platform. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
• Boom and Bust 2021: Tracking The Global Coal Plant Pipeline (Report). Global Energy Monitor. 5 April 2021.

External links

• Map of coal plants by Global Energy Monitor
• Map of European coal plants including Turkey by Beyond Coal
• Graph of owners etc.
• List from Openstreetmap