List of large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in Utah, California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields

The volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province include Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera regions. Named fields include Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features

Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation; the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well. ^[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone in Idaho, the Snake River in Oregon, the Garlock Fault in California, the Colorado River in Utah, the Colorado Mineral Belt, Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field, the San Juan caldera cluster in Colorado, the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster in New Mexico, Jemez Lineament, and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology

Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma), the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene, the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large-volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Main article: List of large volcanic eruptions

See also: Timeline of volcanism on Earth and List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions

The large-volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

Large-Volume Eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Name or Source	Counties	States	Age (Ma)	VEI	Volume	Notes	References
Long Valley Caldera	Mono	California	0.7589 ± 0.0018	7	600 km3 (140 cu mi)	Created the Bishop tuff	[7] [8]
Valles Caldera	Sandoval	New Mexico	1.15	7	600 km3 (140 cu mi)	Created the Tshirege formation of the Bandelier tuff	[8] [9] [10]
Valles Caldera	Sandoval	New Mexico	1.47			Created the Otowi member of the Bandelier tuff	[8] [9] [11] [12]
Lake Owyhee volcanic fields	Malheur	Oregon	15 to 15.5			May have been due to the Yellowstone hotspot	[13]
Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Washoe, Humboldt	Nevada	15.5 to 16.5			May have been due to the Yellowstone hotspot. Calderas include Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and others. Tuffs include Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.	[14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Columbia River Basalt Province		Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington	14 to 17		240,000 km3 (58,000 cu mi)		[8] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
Mount Belknap Caldera	Beaver, Piute	Utah	19		150 km3 (36 cu mi)	17 km × 12 km (10.6 mi × 7.5 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Joe Lott tuff	[8] [24]
Big John Caldera		Utah	22		50 km3 (12 cu mi)	10 km × 6 km (6.2 mi × 3.7 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Delano Peak tuff	[8]
Monroe Peak Caldera		Utah	23		200 km3 (48 cu mi)	20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Osiris tuff	[8] [24]
Lake City calderas		Colorado	23.1		300 km3 (72 cu mi)	20 km (12 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Sunshine Peak tuff	[8] [25] [26]
Turkey Creek Caldera	Cochise	Arizona	25		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	25 km (16 mi); Rhyolite Canyon Formation; Chiricahua National Monument	[8] [27]
Lake City calderas		Colorado	25.9		200 to 500 km3 (48 to 120 cu mi)	25 km (16 mi); San Juan volcanic field	[8] [28]
Questa Caldera	Taos	New Mexico	26		400 km3 (96 cu mi)	15 km (9.3 mi); Questa-Latir volcanic locus; Amalia tuff	[8] [24]
Creede Caldera		Colorado	26.7		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	24 km (15 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Snowshoe Mountain tuff	[28] [29]
San Luis Caldera Complex		Colorado	26.8		562 km3 (135 cu mi)	18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Nelson Mountain tuff	[8] [28]
San Luis Caldera Complex		Colorado	26.9		250 km3 (60 cu mi)	18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Cebola Creek tuff	[28]
San Luis Caldera Complex		Colorado	27		150 km3 (36 cu mi)	18 km (11 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Rat Creek tuff	[8] [28]
Three Creeks Caldera		Utah	27		100 to 200 km3 (24 to 48 cu mi)	8 km (5.0 mi); Marysvale Volcanic Field; Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area; Three Creeks tuff	[8] [24]
South River Caldera		Colorado	27.1		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Wason Park tuff	[8] [28]
Central San Juan Caldera		Colorado	27.2		250 km3 (60 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field; Blue Creek tuff	[8] [28]
Bachelor Caldera		Colorado	27.35		1,200 km3 (290 cu mi)	20 km × 28 km (12 mi × 17 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Carpenter Ridge tuff	[29]
Silverton Caldera		Colorado	27.6		50 to 100 km3 (12 to 24 cu mi)	20 km (12 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Crystal Lake tuff	[8] [28]
La Garita Caldera		Colorado	27.8	8	5,000 km3 (1,200 cu mi)	100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Wheeler Geologic Area; Fish Canyon tuff	[29] [30] [31]
San Juan Caldera		Colorado	28		1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	22 km × 24 km (14 mi × 15 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Sapinero Mesa tuff	[8]
Uncompahgre Caldera		Colorado	28.1		1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	23 km × 20 km (14 mi × 12 mi); Uncompahgre National Forest; San Juan volcanic field; Dillon/Sapinero Mesa tuff	[8] [32]
Lost Lake Caldera		Colorado	28.2		100 to 500 km3 (24 to 120 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field; Blue Mesa tuff	[8]
Platoro calderas		Colorado	28.2		1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field; Chiquito Peak tuff	[8]
Central San Juan Caldera		Colorado	28.3		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field; Masonic Park tuff	[8] [28]
Ute Creek Caldera		Colorado	28.3		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	Central Colorado volcanic field; Ute Ridge tuff	[8] [33]

Large-volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)

Caldera name	Age (Ma)	Volume	Notes	References
Black Mountain Caldera	7 ± 1	300 km3 (72 cu mi)	18 km (11 mi) wide; Thirsty Canyon tuff	[8] [24]
Timber Mountain caldera complex	11.45	900 km3 (220 cu mi)	30 km × 25 km (19 mi × 16 mi); Timber Mountain tuff – Ammonia Tanks member	[8] [34]
Timber Mountain caldera complex	11.6	1,200 km3 (290 cu mi)	Timber Mountain tuff – Rainer Mesa member	[8] [34]
Paintbrush Caldera	12.7	1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	20 km (12 mi) wide; Paintbrush tuff – Topopah Spring member	[8] [34]
Paintbrush Caldera	12.8	1,200 km3 (288 cu mi)	Paintbrush tuff – Tiva Canyon member	[8] [34]
Silent Canyon Caldera	13	200 km3 (48 cu mi)	20 km × 16 km (12.4 mi × 9.9 mi)	[8] [24]
Crater Flat Group	13.25	650 km3 (156 cu mi)	Belted Range tuff	[8]

List of Rupelian calderas

The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

Large-Volume Eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Name or Source	Counties	States	Age (Ma)	VEI	Volume	Notes	References
Bursum Caldera		New Mexico	28.5 ± 0.5		1,050 km3 (250 cu mi)	40 km × 30 km (25 mi × 19 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Bloodgood Canyon tuff	[8] [35]
Bursum Caldera		New Mexico	28.5 ± 0.5		1,200 km3 (290 cu mi)	40 km × 30 km (25 mi × 19 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Apache Springs tuff	[8] [35]
San Juan Caldera		Colorado	28.5		900 km3 (220 cu mi)	San Juan volcanic field	[8] [32]
Summitville Caldera		Colorado	28.5		100 to 500 km3 (24 to 120 cu mi)	12 km × 8 km (7.5 mi × 5.0 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Ojito Creek / La Jadero tuffs	[8] [36] [37]
Mount Hope		Colorado	29		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	15 km (9.3 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Masonic Park tuff	[8] [25]
White Rock Caldera		Nevada	29.02 ± 0.04		2,600 km3 (620 cu mi)	50 km (31 mi); White Rock Mountains; Lund tuff	[8] [38]
Ute Creek		Colorado	29		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	8 km (5.0 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Ute Ridge tuff	[8] [25]
Platoro calderas	Conejos	Colorado	29.5		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	12 km × 18 km (7.5 mi × 11.2 mi); San Juan volcanic field; Black Mountain tuff	[8] [36] [37]
Indian Peak		Nevada	29.5		3,200 km3 (770 cu mi)	Wah Wah Springs tuff	[8] [39]
Platoro calderas	Conejos	Colorado	30		592 km3 (142 cu mi)	18 km × 22 km (11 mi × 14 mi); San Juan volcanic field; La Jara Canyon tuff	[8] [29] [36]
Goodsight–Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression		New Mexico	30.5 ± 1.5		295 km3 (71 cu mi)	Bell Top formation	[8] [40]
William's Ridge		Nevada	31.4		3,500 km3 (840 cu mi)	Windous Butte tuff	[8] [41]
North Pass Caldera		Colorado	32.25		400 to 500 km3 (96 to 120 cu mi)	Central Colorado volcanic field; Saguache Creek tuff	[8] [42]
Organ Caldera		New Mexico	32		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	16 km (9.9 mi); Cueva Soledad rhyolite	[8] [40]
Chinati Caldera		Texas	32.5 ± 0.5		1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	30 km × 20 km (19 mi × 12 mi); Mitchel Mesa rhyolite	[8] [43]
Bonanza		Colorado	32.5		100 km3 (24 cu mi)	12 km (7.5 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Bonanza tuff	[8] [44]
Cowboy Rim	Hidalgo	New Mexico	33		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	26 km × 18 km (16 mi × 11 mi); Gillespie tuff	[8] [45]
Emory Caldera	Grant	New Mexico	33	8	1,310 km3 (310 cu mi)	25 km × 55 km (16 mi × 34 mi); Mogollon-Datil volcanic field; Kneeling Nun tuff	[8] [46] [47] [48] [49]
Socorro Caldera	Socorro	New Mexico	33		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	25 km × 35 km (16 mi × 22 mi); Hells Mesa rhyolite	[8] [29] [50]
Marshall Creek		Colorado	33.7		100 km3 (24 cu mi)	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area; Central Colorado volcanic field; Thorn Ranch tuff	[8] [51]
Mount Aetna		Colorado	33.81		100 km3 (24 cu mi)	10 km (6.2 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Badger Creek tuff	[8] [52]
Grizzly Peak Caldera		Colorado	34.31		100 km3 (24 cu mi)	12 km (7.5 mi); Central Colorado volcanic field; Grizzly Peak rhyolite	[8] [52]
Juniper Caldera	Hidalgo	New Mexico	35		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	Oak Creek Tuff	[8] [45]
Mount Princeton		Colorado	35.3 ± 0.6		1,000 km3 (240 cu mi)	Central Colorado volcanic field; Wall Mountain tuff	[8] [44] [53]
Davis Mountains		Texas	35.35 ± 0.6		210 km3 (50 cu mi)	Wild Cherry tuff; Casket Mountain lava	[8] [54]
Davis Mountains		Texas	35.61 ± 0.09		200 km3 (48 cu mi)	Barrel Springs formation; Ash Flow tuff	[8] [54]
Quitman Caldera	Hudspeth	Texas	36		300 km3 (72 cu mi)	15 km × 10 km (9.3 mi × 6.2 mi); Square Peak volcanics	[8] [24]
Davis Mountains		Texas	36.2 ± 0.6		300 km3 (72 cu mi)	Mafic lavas	[8] [54]
Davis Mountains		Texas	36.33 ± 0.13		150 km3 (36 cu mi)	Paisano Volcano tephra	[8] [54]
Davis Mountains		Texas	36.51 ± 0.05		210 km3 (50 cu mi)	Adobe Canyon and Limpia formations	[8] [54]
Davis Mountains		Texas	36.82 ± 0.08		1,250 km3 (300 cu mi)	Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez tuff	[8] [54]
Muir Caldera	Hidalgo	New Mexico	37		300 km3 (72 cu mi)	26 km × 18 km (16 mi × 11 mi); Woodhaul Canyon tephra	[8] [24] [55]
Infernito Caldera		Texas	37.5 ± 0.5		85 km3 (20 cu mi)	12 km (7.5 mi); Buckshot tuff	[8] [24]
Thomas Caldera	Millard	Utah	39		400 km3 (96 cu mi)	16 km × 25 km (9.9 mi × 15.5 mi); Mount Laird tuff	[8] [24]
Twin Peaks Caldera	Custer	Idaho	45		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	20 km (12 mi); Challis volcanic field; Challis Creek tuff	[8] [56]
Van Horn cauldron complex	Custer	Idaho	46 ± 0.6			34 km × 48 km (21 mi × 30 mi); Challis volcanic field; Elis Creek tuff	[8] [57]
Silver Bell Caldera		Arizona	55.8			8 km (5.0 mi); Mount Laird tuff	[8] [58]
Silver Bell Caldera		Arizona	68		150 km3 (36 cu mi)	8 km (5.0 mi); Lithic tuff	[8] [24]
Tucson Mountain Caldera	Pima	Arizona	73		500 km3 (120 cu mi)	25 km (16 mi); Cat Mountain tuff	[8] [28] [59]

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• Henry, C.D. & Price, J.G. (1984). "Variations in caldera development in the Tertiary volcanic field of trans-Pecos Texas". J. Geophys. Res. 89 (B10): 8765–8786. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8765H. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08765.
• Hildreth, W. (1979). "The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers". Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 180: 43–75. doi:10.1130/spe180-p43. ISBN   978-0-8137-2180-4.
• Izett, Glen A. (1981). "Volcanic Ash Beds: Recorders of Upper Cenozoic Silicic Pyroclastic Volcanism in the Western United States". Journal of Geophysical Research. 86 (B11): 10200–10222. Bibcode:1981JGR....8610200I. doi: 10.1029/JB086iB11p10200 .
• Korringa, Marjorie K. (December 1973). "Linear vent area of the Soldier Meadow Tuff, an ash-flow sheet in northwestern Nevada" . Geological Society of America Bulletin. 84 (12): 3849–3866. Bibcode:1973GSAB...84.3849K. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3849:LVAOTS>2.0.CO;2.
• Latta, J.S. IV (1983). "Geochemistry and petrology of the ash flows of Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona and their relation to the Turkey Creek Caldera". M.S. Thesis. University of Arizona, Tucson: 194.
• Maughan, Larissa L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G.; Grommé, C. Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Tingey, David G. (2002). "The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate" . J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 113 (1–2): 129–157. Bibcode:2002JVGR..113..129M. doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00256-6 . Retrieved 2010-04-01.
• McIntosh, W.C. & Chapin, C.E. (2004). "Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field". Bull. New Mexico Bur. Geol. Min. Res. 160: 205–237.
• McKee, E. H. (1971). "Tertiary Igneous Chronology of the Great Basin of Western United States–Implications for Tectonic Models" . Geological Society of America Bulletin. 82 (12): 3497–3502. Bibcode:1971GSAB...82.3497M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3497:ticotg]2.0.co;2 . Retrieved 2010-04-09.
• Morgan, L.A.; Doherty, D.J.; Leeman, W.P. (1984). "Ignimbrites of the Eastern Snake River Plain: evidence for major caldera-forming eruptions". J. Geophys. Res. 89 (B10): 8665–8678. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8665M. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08665.
• Moye, F.J.; Hackett, W.R.; Blakley, J.D.; Snider, L.G. (1988). "Regional geologic setting and volcanic stratigraphy of the Challis Volcanic Field, Central Idaho". Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin. 27: 87–97.
• Noble, D.C. (1988), "Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the northwestern Great Basin: an overview", Spring Field Trip Guidebook, Special Publication No. 7, Geological Society of Nevada, pp. 31–42
• Osburn, G.R. & Chapin, C.E. (1983). "Ash-flow tuffs and cauldrons in the northeast Mogollon-Datil volcanic field: A summary". Field Conference Guide of the New Mexico Geological Society. 34: 197–204.
• Min, K.; Reiners, P.W.; Nicolescu, S.; Wolff, J.A.; Mundil, R.; Winters, L.R. (2004). "(U-Th)/He dating of volcanic phenocrysts with high-(U-Th) inclusions, Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union . 85 (Abstract V43E–1450): V43E–1450. Bibcode:2004AGUFM.V43E1450M.
• Sawyer, David A.; R. J. Fleck; M. A. Lanphere; R. G. Warren; D. E. Broxton & Mark R. Hudson (October 1994). "Episodic caldera volcanism in the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Revised stratigraphic framework, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and implications for magmatism and extension" . Geological Society of America Bulletin. 106 (10): 1304–1318. Bibcode:1994GSAB..106.1304S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1304:ECVITM>2.3.CO;2 . Retrieved 2010-03-26.
• Ratté, J.C.; Marvin, R.F.; Naeser, C.W. (1984). "Calderas and ash flow tuffs of the Mogollan Mountains, southwestern New Mexico". J. Geophys. Res. 89 (B10): 8713–8732. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8713R. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08713.
• Rytuba, James J.; John, David A.; McKee, Edwin H. (May 3–5, 2004). "Volcanism Associated with Eruption of the Steens Basalt and Inception of the Yellowstone Hotspot". The Geological Society of America (Abstract). Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
• Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M.; Pringle, M.S.; Wijbrans, J. (2000). "New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary". J. Geophys. Res. 105 (B9): 21431–21443. Bibcode:2000JGR...10521431S. doi:10.1029/2000JB900901.
• Seager, W.R. (1973). "Resurgent volcano-tectonic depression of Oligocene age, south-central New Mexico". Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 84 (11): 3611–3626. Bibcode:1973GSAB...84.3611S. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3611:rvdooa>2.0.co;2.
• Seager, W.R. (1981). "Geology of Oregon Mountains and southern San Andreas Mountains, New Mexico". Memoir of the New Mexico Bureau of Mineral Resources. 36: 1–97.
• Sigurdsson, H. (2000), "Volcanic episodes and rates of volcanism", in Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 271–279
• Smith, R.L. & Luedke, R.G. (1984). "Potentially active volcanic lineaments and loci in western conterminous United States". Explosive Volcanism: Inception, Evolution, and Hazard. National Research Council, Geophysics Study Committee. pp. 47–66. ISBN   978-0-309-03393-0.
• Steven, T.A. & Ratte, J.C. (1965). "Geology and structural control of ore deposition in the Creede district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado". USGS Professional Paper. 487: 90. Bibcode:1965usgs.rept...10S. doi:10.3133/pp487.
• Varga, R.J. & Smith, B.M. (1984). "Evolution of the early oligocene Bonanza caldera, northeast San Juan volcanic field, Colorado". J. Geophys. Res. 89 (B10): 8679–8694. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8679V. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08679.
• Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  • "Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  • "Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16.

Columbia River Basalt Province-sources

• Brueseke, M.E.; Heizler, M.T.; Hart, W.K. & S.A. Mertzman (15 March 2007). "Distribution and geochronology of Oregon Plateau (U.S.A.) flood basalt volcanism: The Steens Basalt revisited". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 161 (3): 187–214. Bibcode:2007JVGR..161..187B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.12.004.
• Camp, V.E. & Ross, M.E. (2000). "Mapping the Steens-Columbia River Basalt Connection: Implications for the extent, volume, and magma supply rate of CRB volcanism". Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs. 32: A159.
• Carson, Robert J.; Pogue, Kevin R. (1996). Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods:Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90). ISBN none.
• Jarboe, N.A.; Coe, R.S.; Renne, P.R.; Glen, J.M. (2006). "40Ar/39Ar ages of the Early Columbia River Basalt Group: Determining the Steens Mountain Geomagnetic Polarity Reversal (R0-N0) as the top of the C5Cr Chron and the Imnaha Normal (N0) as the C5Cn.3n Chron". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 87 (Abstract V51D–1702): V51D–1702. Bibcode:2006AGUFM.V51D1702J.
• Camp, Victor E.; Martin E. Ross; William E. Hanson (January 2003). "Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon" . Geological Society of America Bulletin. 115 (1): 105–128. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115..105C. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0105:gofbab>2.0.co;2 . Retrieved 2010-03-30.
• Reidel, Stephen P. (January 2005). A Lava Flow without a Source: The Cohasset Flow and Its Compositional Members. The Journal of Geology, Volume 113, Pp 1 – 21. ISBN none.
• Web citations:
  • "Southeast Oregon Basin and Range". SummitPost.org. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  • "Andesitic and basaltic rocks on Steens Mountain". USGS. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  • "Oregon: A Geologic History. 8. Columbia River Basalt: the Yellowstone hot spot arrives in a flood of fire". Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011. Retrieved 2010-03-26.

Peter W. Lipman – sources

• Lipman, Peter W. (1969). "Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande Depression, Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 80 (7): 1343–1354. Bibcode:1969GSAB...80.1343L. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:aatbvr]2.0.co;2.
• Lipman, Peter W.; Prostka, H.J.; Christiansen, R.L. (1972). "Cenozoic volcanism and plate-tectonic evolution of the Western United States: I. Early and middle Cenozoic". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 271 (1213): 217–248. Bibcode:1972RSPTA.271..217L. doi:10.1098/rsta.1972.0008. JSTOR   74007. S2CID   91504527.
• R. L. Christiansen & P. W. Lipman (1972). "Cenozoic Volcanism and Plate-Tectonic Evolution of the Western United States. II. Late Cenozoic". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 271 (1213): 249–284. Bibcode:1972RSPTA.271..249C. doi:10.1098/rsta.1972.0009. JSTOR   74008. S2CID   91755783.
• Lipman, Peter W.; Steven, T.A.; Luedke, R.G.; Burbank, W.S. (1973). "Revised volcanic history of the San Juan, Uncompahgre, Silverton, and Lake City calderas in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado". J. Res. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1: 627–642.
• Lipman, Peter W. (1975). "Evolution of the Platoro caldera complex and related volcanic rocks, southeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado". USGS Professional Paper. 852: 1–128. Bibcode:1975usgs.rept....5L.
• Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Caldera-collapse breccias in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado". Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87 (10): 1397–1410. Bibcode:1976GSAB...87.1397L. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1397:cbitws>2.0.co;2.
• Steven, T.A. & Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Calderas of the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado". USGS Professional Paper. 958: 35.
• Lipman, Peter W. & Mehnert, H.H. (1979), "The Taos Plateau volcanic field, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico", in Riecker, R.E. (ed.), Rio Grande rift – Tectonics and magmatism, Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 289–311
• Sawyer, D.A. & Lipman, Peter W. (1983). "Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona- porphyry copper mineralization in a late Cretaceous caldera". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 64: 874.
• Lipman, Peter W. (September 30, 1984). "The Roots of Ash Flow Calderas in Western North America: Windows Into the Tops of Granitic Batholiths" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 89 (B10): 8801–8841. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.8801L. doi:10.1029/JB089iB10p08801 . Retrieved 2010-04-27.
• Lipman, Peter W.; Mehnert, H.H.; Naeser, C.W (1986). "Evolution of the Latir volcanic field, northern New Mexico, and its relation to the Rio Grande rift, as indicated by potassium-argon and fission track dating". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (B6): 6329–6345. Bibcode:1986JGR....91.6329L. doi:10.1029/JB091iB06p06329.
• Thompson, R.A.; Dungan, M.A.; Lipman, Peter W. (1986). "Multiple differentiation processes in early-rift calc-alkaline volcanics, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (B6): 6046–6058. Bibcode:1986JGR....91.6046T. doi:10.1029/JB091iB06p06046.
• Lipman, Peter W. & Reed, J.C. Jr. (1989). "Geologic map of the Latir volcanic field and adjacent areas, northern New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series. Map I-1907 (Scale 1:48000): 16. Bibcode:1989usgs.rept...16L. doi:10.3133/i1907.
• Hon, K. & Lipman, Peter W. (1989), "Western San Juan caldera complex", in Lipman, Peter W. (ed.), Excursion 16B: Oligocene-Miocene San Juan volcanic field, Colorado, vol. 46, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir, pp. 350–380
• Lipman, Peter W. & W. S. Baldridge (1990), "Taos, New Mexico", in C. A. Wood & J. Kienle (eds.), Volcanoes of North America, Cambridge University Press, pp. 290–292
• Lipman, Peter W. & Glazner, Allen F. (1991), "Introduction to middle Tertiary Cordilleran volcanism—Magma sources and relations to regional tectonics", Journal of Geophysical Research, 96 (B8): 13193–13199, Bibcode:1991JGR....9613193L, doi:10.1029/91JB01397
• Lipman, Peter W.; Dungan, M.A.; Brown, L.L.; Deino, A.L. (1996). "Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro Caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; new tales from old tuffs". Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108 (8): 1039–1055. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108.1039L. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1039:reasat>2.3.co;2.
• Lipman, Peter W. (2000), "Calderas", in Sigurdsson, H. (ed.), Encyclopedia of volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 643–662, ISBN   978-0-12-643140-7
• Olivier Bachmann; Michael A. Dungan; Peter W. Lipman (2002). "The Fish Canyon Magma Body, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado: Rejuvenation and Eruption of an Upper-Crustal Batholith". Journal of Petrology. 43 (8): 1469–1503. Bibcode:2002JPet...43.1469B. doi: 10.1093/petrology/43.8.1469 .
• Lipman, Peter W. & Calvert, A. (2003). "Southward migration of mid-Tertiary volcanism: Relations in the Cochetopa Area, North-Central San Juan Mountains, Colorado". Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs. 35: 14.
• Peter W. Lipman; William C. McIntosh (July 2008). "Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from?". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 120 (7–8): 771–795. Bibcode:2008GSAB..120..771L. doi:10.1130/B26330.1.

Maps

• Overview map at Basin and Range Province.
• Map of the Basin and Range Province
• Map: Thelin and Pike (1991), Landforms of the conterminous United States – A digital shaded-relief portrayal, USGS Map I-2206
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Time Series
• Great Basin/Nevada
  • Steve Ludington; Dennis P. Cox; Kenneth W. Leonard & Barry C. Moring (1996), "Chapter 5, Cenozoic Volcanic Geology in Nevada", in Donald A. Singer (ed.), An Analysis of Nevada's Metal-Bearing Mineral Resources, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, retrieved 2010-03-23
  • Potter, Christopher J.; Dickerson, Robert P.; Sweetkind, Donald S.; Drake, Ronald M. II; Taylor, Emily M.; Fridrich, Christopher J.; San, Carma A. Juan; Day, Warren C. (2002). Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series. Vol. I-2755. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  • Matthew E. Brueseke & William K. Hart (2008). Geology and Petrology of the Mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico Volcanic Field, northern Nevada (PDF). Reno, Nevada: Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering College of Science, University of Nevada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
    • Supplemental material: Columbia River Basalt Group, eruptive loci
• Great Basin/Utah
  • Rowley, Peter D.; Cunningham, Charles G.; Steven, Thomas A.; Workman, Jeremiah B.; Anderson, John J.; Theissen, Kevin M. (2002). Geologic Map of the Central Marysvale Volcanic Field, Southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series. Vol. I-2645-A. Denver, Colorado: U. S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
• Colorado
  • William C. McIntosh & Charles E. Chapin (2004). "Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field". Tectonics, geochronology, and volcanism in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande rift (PDF). Socorro, NM: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. pp. 205–238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  • Robinson, Joel E.; Dillon R. Dutton; David W. Ramsey; Peter W. Lipman; Tracey J. Felger (2006). Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado: Geologic Investigations Series. Vol. I-2799. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
• New Mexico
  • "The Taos Plateau Volcanic Field". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  • Crumpler, L. S. & Lucas, S. G. (2001). "Volcanoes of New Mexico: An Abbreviated Guide For Non-Specialists" (PDF). Volcanology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 18: 5–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
  • Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
    • "Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument". New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. Retrieved 2010-04-29. citing from Chapin, C.E.; McIntosh, W.C. & Chamberlin, R.M. (2004), "The Late Eocene—Oligocene peak of Cenozoic volcanism in southwestern New Mexico", in Mack, G.H. & Giles, K.A. (eds.), The Geology of New Mexico, a Geologic History, vol. 11, New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 271–294