List of medieval composers

Last updated

Medieval music generally refers the music of Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries. [1] The first and longest major era of Western classical music, medieval music includes composers of a variety of styles, often centered around a particular nationality or composition school. The lives of most medieval composers are generally little known, and some are so obscure that the only information available is what can be inferred from the contents and circumstances of their surviving music. [2] [n 1]

Contents

Composers of the Early Middle Ages (500–1000) almost exclusively concerned themselves with sacred music, writing in forms such as antiphons, hymns, masses, offices, sequences and tropes. Most composers were anonymous and the few whose names are known were monks or clergy. Of the known composers, the most significant are those from the Abbey of Saint Gall school, particularly Notker the Stammerer (Notker Balbulus); the Saint Martial school and its most prominent member, Adémar de Chabannes; and Wipo of Burgundy, to whom the well-known sequence "Victimae paschali laudes" is usually attributed.

In the High Middle Ages (1000–1250) sequences reached their peak with Adam of Saint Victor. By the late 11th century, the poet-composer troubadours of southern France became the first proponents of secular music to use musical notation; [n 2] equivalent movements arose in the mid-12th century, with the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, and the trouvères in northern France. [n 3] Principal exponents of these traditions include troubadours Arnaut Daniel, Bertran de Born, Bernart de Ventadorn, William IX, Duke of Aquitaine; Minnesänger Gottfried von Strassburg, Hartmann von Aue, Reinmar von Hagenau and Walther von der Vogelweide; and trouvère Adam de la Halle, Blondel de Nesle and Chrétien de Troyes. Simultaneous with the spur of secular activity, Léonin and Pérotin of the religious Notre-Dame school (part of the broader Ars antiqua ) developed polyphony in forms such as the clausula, conductus and organum. The nun Hildegard of Bingen was also a prolific sacred composer of this time.

During the Late Middle Ages (1250–1500) the age of secular national schools gradually faded away, in part due to the Albigensian Crusade. In France, the troubadours, trouvère and ars antiqua music was succeeded by the ars nova led by Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. The music of the Trecento in Italy led by Francesco Landini is sometimes considered part of the ars nova style, but by the mid-14th century the movements had become too independent to warrant such a grouping. Part of this divergence was from the death of Machaut, where—after a brief continuance of the Ars nova style through the post-Machaut generation of F. Andrieu, Grimace, Jehan Vaillant and P. des Molins—there was a new rhythmically-complex style now known as ars subtilior . The major figures of ars subtilior included both composers from France and Italy; particularly Johannes Ciconia and Solage.

Medieval composers

Medieval composers
NameLifetimeNationalityMusical schoolSurviving worksRef(s)
The Western Roman Empire falls in 476, ushering in the Middle Ages

(5th century) Early Middle Ages

High ↓
Notker the Stammerer
(Notker Balbulus)		c. 840 – 912Frankish? Abbey of Saint Gall [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Tuotilo c. 850 – 915Frankish Abbey of Saint Gall [10] [11]
Stephen of Liège c. 850 – 920Belgian– [12]
Hucbald c. 850 – 930Frankish– [13] [14] [15]
Odo of Cluny c. 878 – 942French– [16] [17]
Heriger of Lobbes
(Herigerus)		c. 925 – 1007Belgian– [18]
Odo of Arezzo
(Abbot Oddo)		10th century – 11th centuryItalian– [19]
Fulbert of Chartres c. 960 – 1028French– [20]
William of Volpiano
(William of Dijon, William of Saint Benignus)		962 – 1031Italian–One work?
Office of St Benignus 		[21]
Notker Physicus
(Notker II)		d. 975Frankish Abbey of Saint Gall [22]
Adémar de Chabannes c. 988/9 – 1034French Saint Martial school [23]
Wulfstan the Cantor
(Wulfstan of Winchester)		fl. 992–6English– [24]
Wipo of Burgundy c. 995 – c. 1050Frankish? (Arles/
Burgundy)		– Victimae paschali laudes , attribution uncertain [25]

(1000) High Middle Ages

Early ↑ Late ↓
Arnold of Saint Emmeram c. 1000 – 1050Benedictine Saint Emmeram's Abbey 60 works; over 40 antiphons and 20 responsories [26]
Otloh of Sankt Emmeram c. 1010–1070Benedictine Saint Emmeram's Abbey Exultemus in ista fratres, Kyrie O pater immense and chants [27]
Hermann of Reichenau
Hermannus Contractus		1013–1054German–Two works [28]
Berno of Reichenau before 1014 – 1048German?–Two works, attribution uncertain [29]
The East–West Schism in 1054 separates the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Godric c. 1069 – 1170English–Three songs [30] [31]
Adam of Saint Victor c. 1068 – 1146French–Four works [32] [33]
William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
(Guilhem de Peitieus;
Guillaume d'Aquitaine)		1071–1126Occitan Troubadour [34]
Peter Abelard 1079–1142French–Various chants, a hymn, three sequences and seven laments [35] [36]
Udalscalcus of Maisach died in 1149 or 1151German–Offices for St Ulrich and for St Conrad [37] [38]
Hildegard of Bingen 1098–1179German–72 works [39] [40]
Jerusalem falls in 1099, during the First Crusade
Jaufre Rudel fl. 1120–47Occitan Troubadour [41]
Marcabru fl. c. 1129–c1150Occitan Troubadour [42]
Archpoet
(Archipoeta)		c. 1130 – c. 1165 Western European
probably French or German		 Goliard 10 medieval Latin poems [43]
Bernart de Ventadorn c. 1130–1140 – c. 1190–1200Occitan Troubadour [44]
Giraut de Bornelh c. 1140 – c. 1200Occitan Troubadour [45]
Heinrich von Veldeke 1140–1150 – c. 1190German Minnesänger [46]
"Vidame de Chartres"
(probably Guillaume de Ferrières)		c. 1145–1155 – 1204French Trouvère Six (nine?) works [47]
Albertus Parisiensis fl. 1146–1177French–Congaudeant catholici [48]
Peire d'Alvernha fl. 1149–70Occitan Troubadour [49]
Dietmar von Aist fl. 2nd half of the 12th centuryGerman Minnesänger No surviving music [50]
Friedrich von Hûsen
(Friedrich von Hausen)		German Minnesänger No music survives; 53 strophes [51]
Rudolf von Neuenburg  [ de ]Swiss Minnesänger [52]
Léonin fl. 1150s – c. 1201French Notre-Dame school ( Ars antiqua ) [53]
Bertran de Born Occitan Troubadour [54]
Gaucelm Faidit c. 1150 – c. 1220Occitan Troubadour [55]
Arnaut Daniel Occitan Troubadour [56]
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras Occitan Troubadour [57]
Folquet de Marselha
(Folquet de Marseille)		Occitan Troubadour [58]
Chrétien de Troyes fl. c. 1160 – 1191French Trouvère [59]
Conon de Béthune French Trouvère [60]
Der von Kürenberg fl. 1160German Minnesänger [61]
Hartmann von Aue German Minnesänger [62]
Gace Brule French Trouvère [63]
Peirol Occitan Troubadour [64]
Philippe le Chancelier French Notre-Dame school ( Ars antiqua ) [65]
Raimbaut d'Aurenga Occitan Troubadour [66]
Chastelain de Couci French Trouvère – [67]
Gautier de Dargies French Trouvère [68]
Arnaut de Mareuil Occitan Troubadour [69]
Walther von der Vogelweide German Minnesänger [70]
Aimeric de Peguilhan Occitan Troubadour [71]
Gautier de Coincy 1177/8 – 1236French Trouvère Eight surviving poems with music [72]
Blondel de Nesle French Trouvère [73]
Peire Cardenal Occitan Troubadour [74]
Peire Vidal fl. c. 1183 – c. 1205Occitan Troubadour [75]
Raimon de Miraval Occitan Troubadour [76]
Reinmar von Hagenau
(Reinmar der Alte)		German Minnesänger [77]
Audefroi le Bastart fl. 1190–1230French Trouvère [78]
Comtessa de Dia
(Beatriz de Dia)		Occitan Trobairitz [79]
Neidhart von Reuental German Minnesänger [80]
Guillaume le Vinier French Trouvère [81]
Pérotin
(Perotinus)		French Notre-Dame school ( Ars antiqua ) [82]
Albrecht von Johansdorf German Minnesänger [83]
Colin Muset French Trouvère 12 works; seven with surviving music [84]
Jehan Erart French Trouvère [85]
Reinmar von Zweter German Minnesänger – [86]
Wincenty of Kielcza Polish– [87]
Castelloza Occitan Trobairitz No surviving music; three poems [88]
Jehan Bretel French Trouvère [89]
Raoul de Soissons French Trouvère [90]
Moniot d'Arras fl. 1213–39French Trouvère [91]
Guiot de Dijon fl. 1215–25French Trouvère [92]
Gontier de Soignies fl. before 1220French Trouvère [93]
Heinrich von Morungen German Minnesänger 33 Minnelieder survive, only one with melody. [94]
Sordello Italian Troubadour [95] [96]
Gautier d'Épinal French Trouvère [97]
Konrad von Würzburg German Minnesänger 23 songs [98]
Guiraut Riquier Occitan Troubadour [99]
Martin Codax Spanish (Galician) Galician-Portuguese lyric Six songs; one know to be lost [100]
Adam de la Halle French Trouvère 78 works [101]

(1250) Late Middle Ages

High ↑
Tannhäuser German Minnesänger [102]
Cerverí de Girona Catalan Troubadour No music survives; 114 lyric poems [103]
Heinrich Frauenlob German Minnesänger [104]
Der wilde Alexander
(Meister Alexander)		German Minnesänger 27 works; 24 Spruch strophes, two Minnelieder and one Leich [105]
Petrus de Cruce French Ars antiqua [106]
W. de Wycombe English– [107]
Philippe de Vitry French Ars nova 13 works at least [108]
Casella died before 1300Italian–No surviving works [109]
Jehan de Lescurel fl. early 14th centuryFrench Ars nova 34 works; all monophonic except one [110]
Guillaume de Machaut c. 1300 – 1377French Ars nova 143 works [111]
Marchetto da Padova fl. 1305–19Italian Trecento – [112]
Gherardello da Firenze Italian Trecento 18 works [113]
Francesco Landini Italian Trecento [114]
Lorenzo da Firenze Italian Trecento 21 works [115]
The Hundred Years' War conflict between England and France begins in 1337
Johannes Alanus EnglishEnglish ars nova Sub Arturo plebs , and maybe four others [116]
Maestro Piero Italian Trecento Eight works [117]
Giovanni da Cascia Italian Trecento 19 works [118]
Jacopo da Bologna Italian Trecento 34 works [119]
Vincenzo da Rimini fl. 1350fl. mid-14th centuryItalian Trecento Four madrigals and two Cacce [120]
Bartolino da Padova Italian Trecento [121]
Matheus de Sancto Johanne
(Mayshuet de Joan)		French Ars subtilior [122]
Donato da Cascia Italian Trecento [123]
Magister Franciscus [n 4] fl. 1370–80French Ars nova ? Two works; both three part ballades [124]
Philippus de Caserta Italian? Ars subtilior 6 ballades [125]
Mönch von Salzburg
(Monk of Salzburg)		German– [126]
F. Andrieu [n 4] French Ars nova One work; a ballade for Machaut's death [127]
Johannes Symonis Hasprois French Ars subtilior [128]
Petrus de Goscalch French? Ars subtilior [129]
P. des Molins fl. mid 14th centuryFrench Ars nova Two works; among the most popular pieces of their time [130]
Niccolò da Perugia Italian Trecento [131]
Jehan Suzay French Ars subtilior [132]
Trebor French Ars subtilior [133]
Jan of Jenštejn Bohemian–40 works [134]
Antonio Zacara da Teramo Italian Trecento Very prolific in a variety of genres [135]
Andrea da Firenze Italian Trecento – [136]
Paolo da Firenze Italian Trecento Possibly up to 61 works [137]
Hugo von Montfort 1357 – 1423German Minnesänger [138]
Grazioso da Padova Italian Trecento Mass movements, ballata [139]
Jehan Vaillant fl. 1360–1390French Ars nova Five (six?) works [140]
Giovanni Mazzuoli Italian Trecento Ballata [141]
Solage French Ars subtilior [142] [96]
Jacob Senleches French Ars subtilior [143]
Borlet [n 5] French Ars subtilior One work; a four-voice virelai [144]
Johannes Ciconia Franco-Flemish Trecento
Ars subtilior 		[145]
Leonel Power English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements and other Latin settings [146]
Johannes Tapissier French Burgundian School Mass movements, motet [147]
Johannes Cuvelier French Ars subtilior Four works [148]
Grimace fl. mid-to-late 14th centuryFrench Ars nova Five (Seven?) Works [149]
Antonello da Caserta Italian Trecento Ballades, Rondeaux, Virelai, Ballatas [150]
Nicolas Grenon French Burgundian School [151]
Oswald von Wolkenstein GermanLieder [152]
Pierre Fontaine FrenchBallades, Rondeaux [153]
John Dunstaple
(John Dunstable)		English Contenance angloise Mass movements and isorhythmic motets [154]
Martinus Fabri North Netherlandish [155]
Aleyn English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements [156]
Egardus Flemish Ars subtilior 3 works [157]
Queldryk English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements [158]
Andrea StefaniItalian Trecento Ballate [159]
Thomas Fabri Franco-Flemish [160]
Matteo da Perugia Italian Trecento [161]
Baude Cordier French Ars subtilior [162]
Nicolaus Ricci de Nucella Campli Italian Trecento Ballata [163]
Bartolomeo da Bologna Italian Trecento Mass movements, ballate [164]
Jacobus Vide Franco-Flemish [165]
Johannes Cesaris FrenchMotet, ballades, rondeaux [166]
Conradus de Pistoria Italian Ars subtilior Ballades [167]
Roy Henry English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements [168]
Pycard English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements [169]
Byttering English Old Hall Manuscript Mass movements [170]
Antonio da Cividale Italian Trecento Mass movements, motets, ballades, rondeaux, virelais [171]
Richard Loqueville FrenchMass movements, ballades, rondeaux [172]
Estienne Grossin FrenchNumerous mass movements [173]
Hugo de Lantins FlemishMass movements, motets, rondeaux [174]
Arnold de Lantins FlemishMass movements, ballades, rondeaux [175]
Jefimija 1349 – 1405SerbianComposed tuzhbalice (laments)


For later composers see the List of Renaissance composers

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wagner tuba</span> Brass instrument related to tubas and French horns

The Wagner tuba is a four-valve brass instrument commissioned by and named after Richard Wagner. It combines technical features of both standard tubas and French horns, though despite its name, the Wagner tuba is more similar to the latter, and usually played by horn players. Wagner commissioned the instrument for his four-part opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, where its purpose was to bridge the acoustical and textural gap between the French horn and trombone.

<i>Ars nova</i> Musical style of the Late Middle Ages

Ars nova refers to a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages. More particularly, it refers to the period between the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel (1310s) and the death of composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377. The term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all European polyphonic music of the fourteenth century. For instance, the term "Italian ars nova" is sometimes used to denote the music of Francesco Landini and his compatriots, although Trecento music is the more common term for the contemporary 14th-century music in Italy. The "ars" in "ars nova" can be read as "technique", or "style". The term was first used in two musical treatises, titled Ars novae musicae by Johannes de Muris, and a collection of writings attributed to Philippe de Vitry often simply called "Ars nova" today. Musicologist Johannes Wolf first applied to the term as description of an entire era in 1904.

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Mawṣilī was an Arab musician of Persian origin who was among the greatest composers of the early Abbasid period. After Arab and Persian musical training in Ray, he was called to the Abbasid capital of Baghdad where he served under three successive Abbasid caliphs: Al-Mahdi, Al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid. He became particularly close with the latter and emerged as the leading musician of his time. He championed the conservative school of Arab music against progressives such as Ibn Jami. His son and student Ishaq al-Mawsili would succeed him as the leader of the conservative tradition and his other pupils included the musicians Mukhariq, Zalzal and Ziryab. He appears in numerous stories of One Thousand and One Nights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baude Cordier</span> French composer (fl. early 15th century)

Baude Cordier was a French composer in the ars subtilior style of late medieval music. Virtually nothing is known of Cordier's life, aside from an inscription on one of his works which indicates he was born in Rheims and had a Master of Arts. Some scholars identify him with Baude Fresnel, a harpist and organist in the court of Philip the Bold, though other scholars have rejected this.

James William McKinnon was an American musicologist most known for his work in the fields of Western plainchant, medieval and renaissance music, Latin liturgy and musical iconography.

Manṣūr Zalzal al-Ḍārib or simply Zalzal, was an Iranian musician during the early Abbasid period. The renowned musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was his student; he declared Zalzal to be the most outstanding lutenist of his time.

Claude Victor Palisca was an American musicologist. An internationally recognized authority on early music, especially opera of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, he was the Henry L. and Lucy G. Moses Professor Emeritus of Music at Yale University. Palisca is best known for co-writing the standard textbook A History of Western Music, as well as for his substantial body of work on the history of music theory in the Renaissance, reflected in his editorship of the Yale Music Theory in Translation series and in the book Humanism in Italian Renaissance Musical Thought (1985). In particular, he was the leading expert on the Florentine Camerata. His 1968 book Baroque Music in the Prentice-Hall history of music series ran to three editions.

Carl Michael Alfred Steinberg was an American music critic and author who specialized in classical music. He was best known, according to San Francisco Chronicle music critic Joshua Kosman, for "the illuminating, witty and often deeply personal notes he wrote for the San Francisco Symphony's program booklets, beginning in 1979." He contributed several entries to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, wrote articles for music journals and magazine, notes for CDs, and published a number of books on music, both collected published annotations and new writings.

A rhoptron was a buzzing drum used in Parthian music. According to Plutarch, the Parthian Empire used it made a frightening sound—resembling a mix of animal noises and lightning—to scare their opponents in battle, instead of the more typical Greek battlefield instruments like the salpinx.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noël Goodwin</span> English arts critic and author (born 1927–2013)

Trevor Noël Goodwin was an English music critic, dance critic and author who specialized in classical music and ballet. Described as having a "rare ability to write about music and dance with equal distinction", for 22 years Goodwin was Chief music and dance critic for the Daily Express. He held criticism posts at many English newspapers, including the News Chronicle, Truth and The Manchester Guardian among others; from 1978 to 1998 he also reviewed performances for The Times. Goodwin wrote an early history of the Scottish Ballet and was coauthor for two books: London Symphony: Portrait of an Orchestra with Hubert J. Foss and a Knight at the Opera with Geraint Evans.

Nicola Sabini was an Italian composer of the mid-Baroque period who spent his career in Naples. An influential figure in early Neapolitan opera buffa, his most important opera is the 1701 comedy Scherzo drammatico, Il mondo abbattuto.

Jacob J. Sawyer (1856–1885) was an American composer, pianist, songwriter, and conductor. His Welcome to the Era March (1877) was included in James Monroe Trotter's Music and Some Highly Musical People (1878).

Thomas James Mathiesen is an American musicologist, whose research focuses on Ancient music and the music theory of ancient and early periods. A leading scholar of the music of Ancient Greece, Mathiesen has written four monographs and numerous articles on the topic.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Adémar de Chabannes and Guillaume de Machaut are among the few medieval composers whose lives are substantially documented. [2]
  2. ↑ For a complete list see List of troubadours and trobairitz. As to not overwhelm this list with Troubadours, only those that Grove Music Online designates as the "principal troubadours" are included: Aimeric de Peguilhan, Arnaut Daniel, Arnaut de Mareuil, Bernart de Ventadorn, Bertran de Born, Cerveri de Girona, Folquet de Marselha, Gaucelm Faidit, Giraut de Bornelh, Guiraut Riquier, Jaufre Rudel, Marcabru, Peire d'Alvernhe, Peire Cardenal, Peire Vidal, Peirol, Raimbaut d'Aurenga, Raimbaut de Vaqeiras, Raimon de Miraval, Sordello and William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. In addition, for Trobaritzs, only what Grove identifies as "the most celebrated figures", are listed: Comtessa de Dia and Castelloza. [3]
  3. ↑ For a complete list see Trouvère#List of trouvères. As to not overwhelm this list with Trouvère, only those that Grove Music Online designates as "important trouvères" are listed. [4]
  4. 1 2 F. Andrieu and Magister Franciscus may be the same person; scholars identify them as the person with varying degrees of certainty:
    • Reaney 2001a: Their works being from the same manuscript "suggest that the two composers may be the same person".
    • Abraham & Hughes 1960, p. 27: "Franciscus is doubtless the same man as the F. Andrieu..."
    • Reaney 1954, p. 67: "It would not be impossible for Magister Franciscus and F. Andrieu to be one and the same person"
    • Günther 2001a: "[Magister Franciscus] may be the F. Andrieu..."
    • Strohm 2005, p. 53: "[F. Andrieu] may be the same man as Magister Franciscus"
    • Magnan 1993, p. 49: "[On the identification between Andrieu and Franciscus] this tenuous identification leads nowhere."
  5. ↑ He may be the same person as Trebor

Citations

  1. ↑ Wolinski & Borders 2020, § "Introduction".
  2. 1 2 Grier 2006, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Stevens 2001a
  4. ↑ Stevens 2001b
  5. ↑ Hiley, David (2001). "Notker" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20128. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  6. ↑ Yudkin 1989, p. 221.
  7. ↑ Hoppin 1978, p. 155.
  8. ↑ Reese 1940, pp. 129, 187–188.
  9. ↑ Roche & Roche 1981, p. 136.
  10. ↑ Planchart, Alejandro Enrique (2001). "Tuotilo" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28589. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  11. ↑ Reese 1940, p. 185.
  12. ↑ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Stephen of Liège" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26706. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  13. ↑ Chartier, Yves (2001). "Hucbald of St Amand" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13475. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  14. ↑ Reese 1940, pp. 125–126.
  15. ↑ Roche & Roche 1981, p. 97.
  16. ↑ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Cluny" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  17. ↑ Reese 1940, p. 126.
  18. ↑ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Herigerus" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12853. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  19. ↑ Brockett, Clyde; Huglo, Michel (2001). "Odo of Arezzo" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20255. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  20. ↑ Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Fulbert of Chartres" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10366. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 29 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  21. ↑ Huglo, Michel (2001). "Guillaume de Dijon" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11982. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 19 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  22. ↑ Kühne, Udo [in German] (2010). "Notker der Arzt" [Notker the doctor]. Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Grier, James (2001). "Adémar de Chabannes" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52477. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  24. ↑ Teviotdale, Elizabeth C. (2001). "Wulfstan [Wulstan, Wolstan] of Winchester" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30612. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  25. ↑ Crocker, Richard L. (2001). "Wipo" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30429. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 29 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  26. ↑ "Arnold of St Emmeram" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52832. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  27. ↑ Hiley, David (2001). "Otloh of St Emmeram" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52834. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 20 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  28. ↑ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Hermannus Contractus" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12864. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  29. ↑ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Berno of Reichenau" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Dolores Pesce. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02878. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  30. ↑ Hoppin 1978, pp. 322–323.
  31. ↑ Trowell, Brian (2001). "Godric" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11345. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  32. ↑ Fassler, Margot E. (2001). "Adam of St Victor" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00166. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  33. ↑ Reese 1940, p. 189.
  34. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Guillaume IX, Duke of Aquitaine and 7th Count of Poitiers" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11979. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  35. ↑ Fassler 2014, p. 123.
  36. ↑ Weinrich, Lorenz (2001). "Abelard, Peter" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00036. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  37. ↑ Gushee, Lawrence (2001). "Udalscalcus [Udalschalk, Uodalscalc] of Maisach" . Grove Music Online . Revised by David Hiley. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28695. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 4 September 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  38. ↑ Vogt, Wilhelm (2001). "Udalschalk (Uodalscalcus)". Deutsche Biographie . Munich: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities . Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  39. ↑ Bent, Ian D. (2001). "Hildegard of Bingen" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Marianne Pfau. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13016. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  40. ↑ Reese 1940, p. 129.
  41. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Rudel [Rudelh, Rudel de Blaja], Jaufre" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24076. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  42. ↑ Haynes, Stephen (2001). "Marcabru" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17709. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  43. ↑ Anderson, Gordon A. (2001). "Archipoeta" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Thomas B. Payne. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01178. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  44. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Bernart de Ventadorn" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02862. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  45. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Giraut [Girautz, Guiraut] de Bornelh" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11208. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  46. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hendrik [Heinrich, Heynrijck] van Veldeke" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12786. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  47. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidame de Chartres" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29310. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  48. ↑ Fuller, Sarah (2001). "Albertus Parisiensis" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00457. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 September 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  49. ↑ Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Peire d'Alvernhe" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43519. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  50. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Dietmar von Aist" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07768. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  51. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Friedrich von [Fridrich] Hûsen" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10274. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  52. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Rudolf [Ruodolf] von Fenis-Neuenburg" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24086. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  53. ↑ Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Léonin" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40466. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  54. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Bertran de Born" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02940. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  55. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Faidit, Gaucelm" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09234. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  56. ↑ Haines, John (2001). "Daniel [d'Aniels], Arnaut" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07168. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  57. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Raimbaut de Vaqeiras" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50117. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  58. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Folquet de Marseille family" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09936. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  59. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Chrétien [Crétien] de Troyes" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05698. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  60. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Conon [Quennon, Quenes] de Béthune" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06298. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  61. ↑ "Der Kürenberger | Austrian minnesinger | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 31 May 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  62. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hartmann von Aue" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12483. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  63. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gace Brulé" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10463. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  64. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Peirol" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21203. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  65. ↑ Payne, Thomas B. (2001). "Philip the Chancellor" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21561. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  66. ↑ Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Raimbaut d'Aurenga" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43520. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  67. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Chastelain de Couci" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05482. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  68. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gautier de Dargies" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10763. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  69. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Arnaut de Mareuil" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01281. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  70. ↑ Klaper, Michael (2001). "Walther von der Vogelweide" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29880. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  71. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Aimeric de Peguilhan" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00349. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  72. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Gautier de Coincy" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10762. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  73. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Blondel de Nesle" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03303. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  74. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Peire Cardenal" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21202. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  75. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Vidal, Peire" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29306. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  76. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Raimon de Miraval" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.50119. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  77. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar [Reimar] (der Alte) von Hagenau" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23154. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  78. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Audefroi le Bastart" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01497. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  79. ↑ Aubrey, Elizabeth (2001). "Dia, Comtessa de" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02423. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  80. ↑ Shields, Michael (2001). "Neidhart [Nîthart] 'von Reuental'" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19697. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  81. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Le Vinier, Guillaume" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11985. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  82. ↑ Roesner, Edward H. (2001). "Pérotin" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40465. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  83. ↑ Stammler, Wolfgang (1953), "Albrecht von Johansdorf", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 178; ( full text online )
  84. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Muset, Colin" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19397. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  85. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Erart [Erars], Jehan" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08905. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  86. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Reinmar von Zweter" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23155. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 30 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  87. ↑ Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c. 1300. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 482. ISBN   978-0-521-78156-5.
  88. ↑ Coldwell, Maria V. (2001). "Castelloza" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.54014. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  89. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Bretel, Jehan" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03952. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  90. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Raoul de Soissons" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22896. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  91. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Moniot d'Arras" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18957. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  92. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Guiot de Dijon" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12002. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  93. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gontier de Soignies" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11444. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  94. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Heinrich von Morungen" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12700. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  95. ↑ "Sordello | Provençal troubadour | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  96. 1 2 Roche & Roche 1981, p. 177.
  97. ↑ Karp, Theodore (2001). "Gautier d'Espinal" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10765. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  98. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Konrad von Würzburg" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15337. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  99. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Riquier, Guiraut" . Grove Music Online . Revised by John Haines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.23510. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  100. ↑ Ferreira, Manuel Pedro (2001). "Codax [Codaz], Martin" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06034. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  101. ↑ Falck, Robert (2001). "Adam de la Halle" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00163. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  102. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Tannhäuser [Danhuser, Don heusser, Tanvser, Tanhûser], Der (German minnesinger)" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27477. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  103. ↑ "Cerverí de Girona". The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press . Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  104. ↑ Shields, Michael (2001). "Frauenlob" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10173. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  105. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Alexander, Meister" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Lorenz Welker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  106. ↑ Sanders, Ernest H. (2001). "Petrus de Cruce" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21491. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  107. ↑ Sanders, Ernest H. (2001). "Wycombe [Wicumbe, Whichbury, Winchecumbe], W. de" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30632. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  108. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Vitry, Philippe de" . In Wathey, Andrew (ed.). Grove Music Online . Revised by Andrew Wathey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29535. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  109. ↑ Boyde, Patrick (2001). "Casella" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05079. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  110. ↑ Arlt, Wulf [in German] (2001). "Jehannot de l'Escurel" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14242. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  111. ↑ Arlt, Wulf [in German] (2001). "Machaut [Machau, Machault], Guillaume de" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51865. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  112. ↑ Herlinger, Jan (2001). "Marchetto da Padova" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17738. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  113. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Gherardello da Firenze" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11019. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  114. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Landini, Francesco" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.15942. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 19 February 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  115. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Lorenzo da Firenze" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16998. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  116. ↑ Fallows, David (2001). "Alanus, Johannes" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00402. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  117. ↑ Fischer, Kurt von (2001). "Piero" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21713. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  118. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Giovanni da Cascia" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11183. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 19 February 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  119. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Jacopo da Bologna" . In d’Agostino, Gianluca (ed.). Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14068. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  120. ↑ Fischer, Kurt von (2001). "Vincenzo da Rimini" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29421. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 8 May 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  121. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Bartolino da Padova" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02168. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  122. ↑ Wathey, Andrew (2001). "Matheus de Sancto Johanne" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18061. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  123. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Donato da Cascia" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07991. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  124. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001a). "Franciscus, Magister" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10117. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  125. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Caserta, Philippus de" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43682. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  126. ↑ Spechtler, Franz Viktor (2001). "Lorenzo da Firenze" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18966. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 31 October 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  127. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001a). "Andrieu, F." . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00904. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  128. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Hasprois [Asproys, de Haspre, de Haspra, de Aspre, Haprose], Johannes Symonis" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.12511. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  129. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Goscalch" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11496. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  130. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Molins, P(ierre) des" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18887. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  131. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Niccolò da Perugia" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19860. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 November 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  132. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Susay [Suzoy], Jo(hannes)" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27147. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 November 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  133. ↑ Plumley, Yolanda (2001). "Trebor" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28294. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 November 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  134. ↑ Vlhová-Wörner, Hana (2018). "Jan z Jenštejna" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/omo/9781561592630.013.3000000143. ISBN   9781561592630 . Retrieved 1 November 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  135. ↑ Fallows, David (2012) [2001]. "Zacara da Teramo, Antonio" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30762. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 11 May 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  136. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Andreas de Florentia" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00884. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 1 November 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  137. ↑ Fallows, David (2001). "Paolo [di Marco] da Firenze" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20842. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 11 May 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  138. ↑ Kippenberg, Burkhard (2001). "Hugo [Haug, Hugg] von Montfort" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13523. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 20 May 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  139. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Grazioso da Padova" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11680. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  140. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Vaillant, Jehan" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28894. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  141. ↑ D'Accone, Frank (2001). "Mazzuoli, Giovanni [Giovanni degli Organi]" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40516. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  142. ↑ Plumley, Yolanda (2009) [2001]. "Solage" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26126. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 28 July 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  143. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Senleches, Jaquemin de" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Maricarmen Gómez  [ es ]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14040. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  144. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Borlet" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03608. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 14 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  145. ↑ Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David; Giuliano Di Bacco; Nádas, John (2009) [2001]. "Ciconia, Johannes" . In Nádas, John; Bent, Margaret; Fallows, David (eds.). Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40689. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  146. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Power, Leonel" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22217. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  147. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Tapissier, Johannes" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27495. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  148. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Cuvelier, Jo(hannes)" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06990. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 14 November 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  149. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Grimace" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11784. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 10 October 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  150. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Antonello [Anthonello, Anthonellus, (An)tonelus] da Caserta" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Anne Stone. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43672. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  151. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Grenon, Nicolas" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11744. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  152. ↑ Welker, Lorenz (2001). "Oswald von Wolkenstein" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20555. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  153. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Fontaine, Pierre" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09944. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  154. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Dunstaple [Dunstable, Dunstapell, Dumstable, Donstaple, etc.], John" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08331. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 8 May 2021.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  155. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Fabri, Martinus" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09181. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  156. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Aleyn" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00546. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  157. ↑ Nosow, Robert (2001). "Egardus" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08599. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  158. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Queldryk" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22679. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  159. ↑ von Fischer, Kurt (2001). "Stefani, Andrea" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Gianluca D'Agostino. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.26598. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  160. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Fabri, Thomas" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.09185. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  161. ↑ Günther, Ursula; Stone, Anne (2001). "Matteo da Perugia" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18089. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  162. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Cordier, Baude" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06474. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 8 May 2022.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  163. ↑ Giuliano Di Bacco; Nádas, John (2001). "Nucella" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20163. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  164. ↑ Schoop, Hans (2001). "Bartolomeo da Bologna" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02170. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  165. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Vide, Jacobus" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29312. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  166. ↑ Ward, Tom R. (2001). "Cesaris, Johannes" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05327. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  167. ↑ Günther, Ursula (2001). "Conradus de Pistoria" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06304. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  168. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Roy Henry" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.24019. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  169. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "(1) Pycard [Picart]" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21660. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  170. ↑ Bent, Margaret (2001). "Byttering" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04493. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  171. ↑ Schoop, Hans (2014) [2001]. "Antonius de Civitate Austrie" . Grove Music Online . Revised by Robert Nosow. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01061. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  172. ↑ Reaney, Gilbert (2001). "Loqueville, Richard" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16976. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0 . Retrieved 3 December 2020.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  173. ↑ Wright, Craig (2001). "Grossin [Grossim], Estienn" . Grove Music Online . Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11829. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  174. ↑ Schoop, Hans (2009) [2001]. "(5) Hugo [Hugho, Ugho, Ugo] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis]" . Grove Music Online . Revised by J. Michael Allsen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
  175. ↑ Schoop, Hans (2009) [2001]. "(4) Arnold [Arnoldo, Arnoldus] de Lantins [Lantinis, Latinis]" . Grove Music Online . Revised by J. Michael Allsen. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16002. ISBN   978-1-56159-263-0.(subscription or UK public library membership required)

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.