A number of online neuroscience databases are available which provide information regarding gene expression, neurons, macroscopic brain structure, and neurological or psychiatric disorders. Some databases contain descriptive and numerical data, some to brain function, others offer access to 'raw' imaging data, such as postmortem brain sections or 3D MRI and fMRI images. Some focus on the human brain, others on non-human.
As the number of databases that seek to disseminate information about the structure, development and function of the brain has grown, so has the need to collate these resources themselves. As a result, there now exist databases of neuroscience databases, some of which reach over 3000 entries. [1]
Name | Description | Organism | Level (gene, neuron, macroscopic) | Data (MRI, fMRI, images, descriptive, numerical) | Disorder | Register to view data? | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Virtual Library for Behavioral Performance in Standard Conditions – Rodent Spontaneous Activity in an Open Field during Repeated Testing and after Treatment with Drugs or Brain Lesions | Research using an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder employed a standardized paradigm where the behavior of rats in a large open field was video recorded for 55 min on each test. | Rat | Macroscopic | Video | Obsessive-compulsive disorder | No | [2] | |
Allen Brain Atlas | Atlas, stained sections from brains showing development and gene expression | Mouse, Human | Macroscopic, Gene | Images | Healthy | No | [3] | |
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) | Structural MRI images | Human | Macroscopic | MRI datasets | Healthy and Alzheimer's disease | Yes | [4] | |
Big Brain | 3D reconstruction of complete brain from cell-body stained histology sections at 20 micron isotropic resolution | Human | Microscopic | Images | Healthy | No | [5] | |
BIRN fMRI and MRI data | fMRI, MRI scans and atlases for human and mouse brains | Mouse, Human | Multilevel: brain regions, connections, neurons, gene expression patterns | MRI datasets, fMRI datasets | Healthy, Elderly | No | ||
Bipolar Disorder Neuroimaging Database | Meta-analysis and database of MRI studies | Human | Macroscopic | Descriptive, numerical | Bipolar Disorder | No | [6] | |
Brain Architecture Management System | Online resource for information about neural circuitry | Rat, mouse, human | Multilevel: brain regions, connections, neurons, gene expression patterns | Descriptive, numerical | Healthy | No | ||
Brain Cloud | Gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex | Human | Gene expression patterns | Descriptive, numerical | Healthy | No | ||
Brain-CODE | A multi-modal, cross-disorder platform for integrated neuroscience research and data by the Ontario Brain Institute. | Human, Animal | Multimodal datasets (clinical, imaging, molecular, etc.) | Descriptive, numerical, imaging, molecular, genetics | Neurodevelopmental, Cerebral Palsy, Epilepsy, Depression, Neurodegeneration, Concussion | Yes | [7] | |
Brain-Development.org | Structural MRI images and Atlases | Human | Macroscopic | MRI datasets | Fetuses, healthy and prematurely born neonates | Yes | [8] | |
Braingraph.org | Braingraphs computed from the Human Connectome Project data | Human | Macroscopic, up to 1015 nodes | directed and undirected graphs in anatomically annotated GraphML format | Healthy | No | [9] | |
Braininfo | Atlas, schematic atlas of Macaca fascicularis | Macaque | Macroscopic | Schematic images | Healthy | Yes | ||
Brain Machine Interface Platform | Different types of data related to brain machine interface | Human, Monkey | Macroscopic, Neuron | Images, Numerical | Healthy | No | ||
BrainMap.org | fMRI coordinate database | Human | Macroscopic | Descriptive | Healthy | Yes | [10] | |
BrainMaps | Atlas, high resolution stained sections from brains | Human, primate and non-primate (14 species in all) | Neuron and Macroscopic | Images | Healthy | No | [11] | |
Brain/MINDS Dataportal | Atlas, in-vivo and ex-vivo MRI scans, ECoG recordings | Common Marmoset, Human | Macroscopic | Images | Healthy | No | [12] | |
Brede Database | fMRI and PET coordinate database | Human | Macroscopic | Descriptive | Healthy | No | [13] | |
Brainmuseum.org / MSU Brain Biodiversity Bank | Atlas, stained sections from brains and MRI images | Human and 62 other species | Macroscopic | Images | Healthy | No | ||
Brainomics/Localizer | fMRI and MRI scans, behavioral data | Human | Macroscopic | Images, Numerical | Healthy | No | [14] | |
BuzLabDB: The Buzsaki Lab Databank | Electrophysiological recordings performed in freely moving rats and mice collected by investigators in the Buzsaki Lab | Mice and rats | Multiscale | Spike trains, LFP, Raw ephys data | Healthy | No | [15] [16] | |
Caltech Subcortical Atlas | MRI scans | Human | Macroscopic | MRI | Healthy | No | [17] | |
Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) | MRI, fMRI, MEG data for ~700 population-derived healthy adults aged 18–88 | Human | Macroscopic | Images, Descriptive, Numerical | Healthy | No | [18] | |
The Cancer Imaging Archive | MRI, CT, and PET imaging of cancer patients with supporting clinical data (in many cases) | Human | Macroscopic | Images, Descriptive, Numerical | Cancer | No | [19] | |
Cerebellar Development Transcriptome Database | Atlas, stained sections from mouse brains showing cerebellar development and gene expression | Mouse | Macroscopic, Gene | Images | Healthy | No | [20] | |
Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience (CRCNS.org) | Many kinds of neuroscience results that are relevant for modeling | Human and several other species | Multiscale | Spike trains, LFP, MUA, MRI | Healthy | Yes | ||
DANDI: Distributed Archives for Neurophysiology Data Integration | cellular neurophysiology data including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral time-series, and images from immunostaining experiments | Human and several other species | Multiscale | Spike trains, LFP, MUA, MRI | Healthy | |||
Database for Reaching Experiments And Models (DREAM) | Reaching data (behavioral, generalization, adaptation, learning, spike, fMRI, uncertainty) | Human and monkey | Macroscopic | Kinematic, Spike, fMRI | Healthy | Yes | ||
The fMRI Data Center | fMRI datasets from published studies | Human | Macroscopic | fMRI datasets | Healthy | Yes | [21] | |
GLIMPS Project (GLucose IMaging in Parkinsonian Syndromes) | International FDG-PET scan neurodegenerative disease database | Human | Macroscopic | FDG-PET images | Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), etc. | Yes | ||
Hippocampome Portal | Circuitry, neural types, electrophysiology | Adult human | Neuron | Cell morphology, electrophysiology, region makeup, connectivity | Healthy | Yes | [22] [23] | |
IBA: Infant Brain Atlas | Infant brain atlases from 2 weeks to 2 years of age | Human infants | Macroscopic, microscopic, brain regions | MRI | Healthy | No | [24] | |
International Epilepsy Electrophysiology Database (IEEG.org) | EEG, metadata, imaging, annotations on data | Humans and animal models of epilepsy | EEG, local fields, micro-ECoG | Electrophysiology | Non-healthy, several healthy | Yes | ||
International Neuroimaging Data-sharing Initiative (INDI) | Functional connectivity data from many different groups | Invertebrates (47 species in all) | Macroscopic | Functional connectivity | Healthy, non-healthy | Yes | ||
Invertebrate Brain Platform | Photos of dissections of invertebrates nervous systems | Invertebrates (47 species in all) | Macroscopic | Photos | Healthy | No | ||
In vivo human phantom | Ultrahigh resolution MRI data of a single participant including 150 μm ToF angiography, 250 μm T1-weighted MPRAGE, 330 μm QSM, 450 μm T2-weighted TSE, 800 μm DTI, one hour continuous 1.8 mm rs-fMRI and structural data acquired over more than a decade | Human | Mesoscopic | Structural MRI with various contrasts, microstructure MRI and functional MRI | Healthy | No | [25] | |
JuBrain atlas | Probabilistic cytoarchitectonic 3D maps of the human brain | Human | Mesoscopic | Structural | Healthy | No | [26] [27] | |
Kymata Atlas | Functional atlas of the human cortex | Human | Macroscopic | Functional | Healthy | No | [28] | |
Major Depressive Disorder Neuroimaging Database | Meta-analysis and database of MRI studies | Human | Macroscopic | Descriptive, numerical | Major Depressive Disorder | No | [29] | |
Marmoset Gene Atlas | Gene expression in the common marmoset whole brain | Common Marmoset | Macroscopic, Gene | Images | Healthy | No | [30] | |
Mouse Brain Library | Atlas, stained sections from mouse brains | Mouse | Macroscopic | Images | Healthy | No | [31] | |
MouseLight | Complete, whole-brain reconstructions | Mouse | Neuron | Cell morphology, projectome connectivity | Healthy | No | [32] | |
NeuroData | Volumetric datasets, atlases, and connectomics research | Multiple | Multiscale | Images (3D, 4D) | Various | No | ||
Neuroelectro.org | Electrophysiology of neurons | Human, others | Neuron | Electrophysiological properties and data | Healthy | No | [33] | |
Neuromorpho.org | 3D models of real neurons | Human, rat, mouse, monkey, others | Neuron | Images and 3D data | Healthy | No | [34] | |
Neuromorphometrics.com | Manually labeled MRI Brain Scans | Human | Macroscopic | T1-weighted MRI, labeled volumes | Healthy | No | ||
NeuronDB | Database of Neuron properties and classification | Human | Neuron | Descriptive | Healthy | No | [35] | |
Neuroimaging Tools and Resources Collaboratory (NITRC) | Award-winning free collaboratory with over 1000 neuroinformatics software tools, imaging datasets, and community resources including forums and events. | Human, mouse, rat, other | Microscopic, macroscopic | Datasets | Healthy and diseased | No | ||
Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) | Structural MRI images | Human | Macroscopic | MRI datasets | Healthy and Alzheimer's disease | Yes | [36] | |
Open Connectome Project | Database of different circuitry frameworks and neuroimaging datasets, including volumetric datasets, atlases, and connectomics research | Human, mouse, bat, zebrafish, insect, other | Multilevel: brain regions, connections, neurons, gene expression patterns | Images and 3D data | Healthy | No | [37] | |
openfnirs | a meta-database specific to fNIRS data. The “Openfnirs meta-database” (https://openfnirs.org/data/) is a part of the openfnirs initiative whose mission is to foster the development of an fNIRS ecosystem and to promote the open dissemination of fNIRS hardware and software, as well as provide access to resources, documentation and training opportunities for fNIRS users. | Human | Macroscopic | fNIRS (Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy) | Healthy and eventually various diseases | No | [38] | |
OpenNeuro | Large and diverse collection of raw data from various research studies distributed under permissive licenses (CC0 and CC BY). All datasets are formatted according to the same format (Brain Imaging Data Structure) and can be accessed via Amazon S3. | Human | Macroscopic | Functional, structural, diffusion MRI, and Magnetoencephalography datasets | Healthy and various diseases | No | [39] | |
Open MEG Archive (OMEGA) | Magnetoencephalography, structural MRI datasets, and demographics | Human | Macroscopic | MEG, T1 MRI datasets, demographic data | Healthy, ADHD, Traumatic brain injury | Yes | [40] | |
The PAIN Repository | Structural, Diffusion and Functional MRI datasets | Human | Human Macroscopic | MRI datasets and Metadata | Healthy and Pain Conditions | Yes | [41] | |
Pig Brain Atlas | Pig Brain Atlas is a three-dimensional MRI-based averaged brain and atlas of the neonatal piglet (Sus scrofa). | Pig (Sus scrofa) | Macroscopic | Structural MRI | Healthy | Yes | [42] | |
Primate Cell Type Database | PrimateDatabase.com, a publicly available web-accessible archive of intracellular patch clamp recordings and highly detailed three-dimensional digital reconstructions of neuronal morphology. | Non-human primate and human | Neuron | Electrophysiology, Morphology and 3-d Reconstructions | Healthy | No | ||
SchizConnect | SchizConnect is an open, public search-and-download virtual database for schizophrenia neuroimaging (MRI) images and related data. | Human | Macroscopic | Structural, Diffusion and Functional MRI datasets, cognitive and clinical assessments | Schizophrenia (+ siblings), Bipolar Disorder, Controls (+ siblings) | Yes | [43] | |
Temple EEG Database | Over 30,000 clinical EEGs and accompanying neurologist reports | Human | Macroscopic | EEG | Healthy and various diseases | Yes | [44] | |
Ultrahigh resolution T1-weighted whole brain MR dataset | T1-weighted MR data acquired using prospective motion correction at an ultrahigh isotropic resolution of 250 μm. | Human | Mesoscopic | Structural MRI dataset including scanner's raw to processed data | Healthy | No | [45] | |
UNC-Wisconsin Neurodevelopment Rhesus MRI Database | Structural and Diffusion Weighted MRI images in Native and Atlas Space | Macaque | Macroscopic | MRI datasets | Healthy | No | ||
Whole Brain Atlas | Atlas, Structural MRI images and PET images | Human | Macroscopic | Images | Healthy and various diseases | No | ||
NeuroVault | Unthresholded statistical maps from MRI and PET studies. | Human | Macroscopic | Images | Healthy and various diseases | No | [46] | |
Name | Description | Organism | Level (gene, neuron, macroscopic) | Data (MRI, fMRI, images, descriptive, numerical) | Disorder | Register to view data? | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuroscience Information Framework | A meta database of neuroscience-relevant data incorporating over 100 databases. | Human, mouse, rat, worm | Microscopic, macroscopic | Datasets | Healthy and diseased | No | [47] |
Neuroscience feed at RightRelevance. [48]
Brodmann area 9, or BA9, refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal cortex in the brain of humans and other primates. Its cytoarchitecture is referred to as granular due to the concentration of granule cells in layer IV. It contributes to the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex.
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the brain resulting in maps.
FreeSurfer is a brain imaging software package originally developed by Bruce Fischl, Anders Dale, Martin Sereno, and Doug Greve. Development and maintenance of FreeSurfer is now the primary responsibility of the Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging at the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging. FreeSurfer contains a set of programs with a common focus of analyzing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of brain tissue. It is an important tool in functional brain mapping and contains tools to conduct both volume based and surface based analysis. FreeSurfer includes tools for the reconstruction of topologically correct and geometrically accurate models of both the gray/white and pial surfaces, for measuring cortical thickness, surface area and folding, and for computing inter-subject registration based on the pattern of cortical folds.
The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility is an international non-profit organization with the mission to develop, evaluate, and endorse standards and best practices that embrace the principles of Open, FAIR, and Citable neuroscience. INCF also provides training on how standards and best practices facilitate reproducibility and enables the publishing of the entirety of research output, including data and code. INCF was established in 2005 by recommendations of the Global Science Forum working group of the OECD. The INCF is hosted by the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. The INCF network comprises institutions, organizations, companies, and individuals active in neuroinformatics, neuroscience, data science, technology, and science policy and publishing. The Network is organized in governing bodies and working groups which coordinate various categories of global neuroinformatics activities that guide and oversee the development and endorsement of standards and best practices, as well as provide training on how standards and best practices facilitate reproducibility and enables the publishing of the entirety of research output, including data and code. The current Directors are Mathew Abrams and Helena Ledmyr, and the Governing Board Chair is Maryann Martone
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram". An organism's nervous system is made up of neurons which communicate through synapses. A connectome is constructed by tracing the neuron in a nervous system and mapping where neurons are connected through synapses.
Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes: comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system. More generally, it can be thought of as the study of neuronal wiring diagrams with a focus on how structural connectivity, individual synapses, cellular morphology, and cellular ultrastructure contribute to the make up of a network. The nervous system is a network made of billions of connections and these connections are responsible for our thoughts, emotions, actions, memories, function and dysfunction. Therefore, the study of connectomics aims to advance our understanding of mental health and cognition by understanding how cells in the nervous system are connected and communicate. Because these structures are extremely complex, methods within this field use a high-throughput application of functional and structural neural imaging, most commonly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electron microscopy, and histological techniques in order to increase the speed, efficiency, and resolution of these nervous system maps. To date, tens of large scale datasets have been collected spanning the nervous system including the various areas of cortex, cerebellum, the retina, the peripheral nervous system and neuromuscular junctions.
The Human Connectome Project (HCP) is a five-year project sponsored by sixteen components of the National Institutes of Health, split between two consortia of research institutions. The project was launched in July 2009 as the first of three Grand Challenges of the NIH's Blueprint for Neuroscience Research. On September 15, 2010, the NIH announced that it would award two grants: $30 million over five years to a consortium led by Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Minnesota, with strong contributions from University of Oxford (FMRIB) and $8.5 million over three years to a consortium led by Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of California Los Angeles.
Anders Martin Dale is a prominent neuroscientist and professor of radiology, neurosciences, psychiatry, and cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and is one of the world's leading developers of sophisticated computational neuroimaging techniques. He is the founding Director of the Center for Multimodal Imaging Genetics (CMIG) at UCSD.
Resting state fMRI is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state, when an explicit task is not being performed. A number of resting-state brain networks have been identified, one of which is the default mode network. These brain networks are observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using fMRI.
Connectograms are graphical representations of connectomics, the field of study dedicated to mapping and interpreting all of the white matter fiber connections in the human brain. These circular graphs based on diffusion MRI data utilize graph theory to demonstrate the white matter connections and cortical characteristics for single structures, single subjects, or populations.
Dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) refers to the observed phenomenon that functional connectivity changes over a short time. Dynamic functional connectivity is a recent expansion on traditional functional connectivity analysis which typically assumes that functional networks are static in time. DFC is related to a variety of different neurological disorders, and has been suggested to be a more accurate representation of functional brain networks. The primary tool for analyzing DFC is fMRI, but DFC has also been observed with several other mediums. DFC is a recent development within the field of functional neuroimaging whose discovery was motivated by the observation of temporal variability in the rising field of steady state connectivity research.
Russell "Russ" Alan Poldrack is an American psychologist and neuroscientist. He is a professor of psychology at Stanford University, associate director of Stanford Data Science, member of the Stanford Neuroscience Institute and director of the Stanford Center for Reproducible Neuroscience and the SDS Center for Open and Reproducible Science.
OpenNeuro is an open-science neuroinformatics database storing datasets from human brain imaging research studies.
James Van Loan Haxby is an American neuroscientist. He currently is a professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College and was the Director for the Dartmouth Center for Cognitive Neuroscience from 2008 to 2021. He is best known for his work on face perception and applications of machine learning in functional neuroimaging.
Viktor K. Jirsa is a German physicist and neuroscientist, director of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), director of the Institut de Neuroscience des Systèmes and co-director of the Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) EPINEXT "Epilepsy and Disorders of Neuronal Excitability" in Marseille, France. He is workpackage leader in the Epinov project funded in the context of the RHU3 call and coordinated by Fabrice Bartolomei.
John-Dylan Haynes is a British-German brain researcher.
Social cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the biological processes underpinning social cognition. Specifically, it uses the tools of neuroscience to study "the mental mechanisms that create, frame, regulate, and respond to our experience of the social world". Social cognitive neuroscience uses the epistemological foundations of cognitive neuroscience, and is closely related to social neuroscience. Social cognitive neuroscience employs human neuroimaging, typically using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Human brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct-current stimulation are also used. In nonhuman animals, direct electrophysiological recordings and electrical stimulation of single cells and neuronal populations are utilized for investigating lower-level social cognitive processes.
NeuroVault is an open-science neuroinformatics online repository of brain statistical maps atlases and parcellations.
Dimitri Van De Ville is a Swiss and Belgian computer scientist and neuroscientist specialized in dynamical and network aspects of brain activity. He is a professor of bioengineering at EPFL and the head of the Medical Image Processing Laboratory at EPFL's School of Engineering.
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