List of reptiles of Bulgaria

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Topographic map of Bulgaria Bulgaria-geographic map-en.svg
Topographic map of Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe situated entirely in the Balkan peninsula. The country is inhabited by 39 reptilian species, which makes reptiles the second least diverse class of vertebrates in the country, after Bulgaria's amphibians. [1] The list includes four species that have not been recorded in the country since the first half of the 20th century – the loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle, aspic viper and meadow viper. There are four turtle and two tortoise species of four families – Cheloniidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae and Testudinidae; fifteen lizard species of four families – Anguidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae and Scincidae; and eighteen snake species of four families – Boidae, Colubridae, Typhlopidae and Viperidae. In addition, in recent years one turtle species, the North American pond slider, has been observed in numerous bodies of water all over the country; it has not reproduced successfully in the country and is not included in the list. [2] [3] The other two extant orders, Crocodilia and Rhynchocephalia, are not represented in Bulgaria.

Contents

The foundations of Bulgarian herpetology, or studies of amphibians and reptiles, were laid in the end of the 19th century by the teacher Vasil Kovachev, who published a number of articles on the subject and the 1912 book Herpetologic Fauna of Bulgaria. [4] In the 1930s and 1940s, the zoologist Ivan Buresh and his associate Yordan Tsonkov conducted in-depth research on the diversity and distribution of the amphibian and reptile species in the country. In the second half of the 20th century the leading Bulgarian herpetologist was Dr. Vladimir Beshkov. [4]

Bulgaria provides various habitats for reptiles. The country falls within six terrestrial ecoregions of the Palearctic realm: Balkan mixed forests, Rodope montane mixed forests, Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests, East European forest steppe, and Pontic–Caspian steppe. [5] Bulgaria has varied topography. From north to south the main geomorphological regions are the Danubian Plain, the Balkan Mountains, the Sub-Balkan valleys, the Rila–Rhodope massif to the south-west, the Upper Thracian Plain and the Strandzha mountains to the south-east. Most of the country is situated within the humid continental climate region, with Alpine climate in the highest mountains and Mediterranean climate in the southernmost regions. [6] The highest diversity of reptiles is recorded in southernmost Bulgaria – the valley of the river Struma, the eastern Rhodope Mountains, the southern reaches of the river Maritsa and Strandzha.[ citation needed ] Reptiles are also most diverse at low altitudes; 15 species occur below 200 m (660 ft), and only five species are common above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). [7]

Status

The worldwide (not specific to Bulgaria) conservation status of species is based on their placement in one of the following categories from the IUCN Red List.

Most of the reptile species found in Bulgaria have been categorised as least concern or not evaluated. Four species are near-threatened (the European pond turtle, meadow lizard, four-lined snake and Hermann's tortoise), two species have been designated vulnerable (the meadow viper and spur-thighed tortoise) and two species are classified as endangered (the loggerhead sea turtle and green sea turtle).

Order Testudines

Family Cheloniidae

Cheloniidae are a family of sea turtles with worldwide distribution in all tropical oceans. The family contains seven species in five genera, [8] of which two species have been recorded in the waters off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. [9]

Cheloniidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Caretta caretta loggerhead sea turtle Recorded twice along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, off Shabla and Primorsko [10] Caretta caretta 060417w2.jpg
Chelonia mydas green sea turtle Recorded only once along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, off Sozopol [12] Total internal reflection of Chelonia mydas.jpg

Family Emydidae

Emydidae, also known as pond or march turtles, are a family of fresh water turtles. With the exception of two species, they are only found in the Western Hemisphere. There are close to 50 species in 10 genera, [14] of which one species occurs in Bulgaria. [15]

Emydidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Emys orbicularis European pond turtle Found in the rivers and lakes all over the country; recorded up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft) altitude on Lozen Mountain [16] Emys orbicularis 2009 G1.jpg

Family Geoemydidae

Geoemydidae are one of the largest and most diverse turtle families. They are distributed in North America, northern South America, Europe, northwestern Africa and Asia. The family contains about 70 species in 19 genera, [18] of which one species occurs in Bulgaria. [19]

Geoemydidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Mauremys rivulata Balkan pond turtle Found in the southernmost regions of the country: the lower course of the rivers Struma, Arda, Maritsa and Tundzha, as well as in the rivers south of the Ropotamo along the Black Sea coast [20] Mauremys rivulata CBNestos001.JPG

Family Testudinidae

Testudinidae, also known as tortoises, are a family of land-dwelling turtles found in North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. They are terrestrial and inhabit warm areas ranging from rain forests to deserts. The family contains about 50 species in 11 genera, [22] of which 2 species are found in Bulgaria. [23]

Testudinidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Testudo graeca Greek tortoise Found in the lowlands of the country: the Danube and Upper Thracian Plains, the Black Sea coast and some river valleys [24] Tun0001.JPG
Testudo hermanni Hermann's tortoise Found in the lowlands of the country: the Danube and Upper Thracian Plains, the Black Sea coast and some river valleys; recorded up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) altitude in the mountains [26] Testudo hermanni boettgeri.jpg

Order Squamata

Suborder Lacertilia

Family Anguidae

Anguidae are a family of legless lizards distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The group includes both egg-laying and viviparous species. There are 73 species in 10 genera, [28] [29] of which three species occur in Bulgaria. [30]

Anguidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Anguis colchica Eastern slowworm Found in most regions of the country [31] [32] Anguis colchica.jpg
Anguis fragilis common slowworm Rhodope Mountains [31] [32] Anguidae.jpg
Pseudopus apodus European legless lizard Occurs in the lowlands of south-eastern Bulgaria and along the Black Sea coast, with isolated populations in the lower valleys of the rivers Rusenski Lom and Struma [35] Ophisaurus apodus2.jpg

Family Gekkonidae

Gekkonidae are a large family of small to mid-size geckos. They have global distribution with particular diversity in tropical areas. Gekkonidae include 1033 species in 51 genera, [37] of which two species is found in Bulgaria. [38]

Gekkonidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Mediodactylus kotschyi Kotschy's gecko Found in south-eastern Bulgaria, including the Upper Thracian Plain and the eastern Rhodope Mountains, as well as along the lower Struma valley [16] Benny Trapp Mediodactylus kotschyi Peloponnes.jpg
Mediodactylus danilewskii Mediterranean thin-toed gecko Found along the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria [40] Mediodactylus danilewskii 213933553.jpg

Family Lacertidae

Lacertidae are a family of true lizards or wall lizards native to Europe, Asia and Africa. The European and Mediterranean species inhabit mainly forest and scrub habitats. [42] There are 321 species in 37 genera, [43] of which nine species occur in Bulgaria. [44]

Lacertidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Darevskia praticola meadow lizard Found in most of the country, except for the south-western regions and the Upper Thracian valley [44] Lacerta praticola.jpg
Lacerta agilis sand lizard Found in Rila, Pirin, western Rhodope Mountains, western and central Balkan Mountains, Sredna Gora and Osogovo, as well as isolated populations in Strandzha and the northern Black Sea coast [46] M Zauneidechse1 Edit1.jpg
Lacerta trilineata Balkan green lizard Most common in the lowlands of eastern Bulgaria, as well as in the lower Struma valley [48] Lacerta trilineata.jpg
Lacerta viridis European green lizard Common throughout the country, except for the highest mountains [50] Lacerta bilineata masculus et femella + Podarcis muralis (Sarthe).JPG
Ophisops elegans snake-eyed lizard Inhabits only a small area in the eastern Rhodope Mountains and the lower valley of the Maritsa river [52] Ophisops elegans.jpg
Podarcis erhardii Erhard's wall lizard Occurs in south-western Bulgaria and the eastern Rhodope Mountains [54] Lagartija en Santorini Grecia.jpg
Podarcis muralis common wall lizard Widespread throughout the whole country [56] Eidechse 6.jpg
Podarcis tauricus Balkan wall lizard Found in the lowlands of northern and eastern Bulgaria, as well as in the lower Struma valley [58] Benny Trapp Podarcis tauricus.jpg
Zootoca vivipara viviparous lizard Found in Rila, Pirin, Vitosha, the western Rhodope Mountains, the western and central Balkan Mountains and Osogovo [60] Zootoca vivipara LC0273.jpg

Family Scincidae

Scincidae are a cosmopolitan family occurring in a variety of habitats worldwide, apart from boreal and polar regions. With 1589 species, of which one is found in Bulgaria, [62] Scincidae are among the most diverse lizard families. [63]

Scincidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Ablepharus kitaibelii European copper skink Found throughout the whole country, except for some areas to the south-west [64] Ablepharus rueppellii 01.jpg

Suborder Serpentes

Family Boidae

Boidae are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and some Pacific Islands. There are 58 species in 8 genera, [66] of which one species occurs in Bulgaria. [67]

Boidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Eryx jaculus javelin sand boa Found in south-eastern Bulgaria, as well as in isolated populations in the lower Struma valley and around Svishtov along the Danube river bank [68] Eryx jaculus.jpg

Family Colubridae

Colubridae are a family of snakes with worldwide distribution found on every continent except Antarctica. There are 844 species in 118 genera, [70] [71] of which 12 species occur in Bulgaria. [72]

Colubridae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Coronella austriaca smooth snake Found in the whole country, up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) altitude; rarely recorded up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft) [73] CoronellaAustriaca1.jpg
Dolichophis caspius Caspian whipsnake Inhabits most of the country, except for the high mountains of southwestern Bulgaria [75] Coluber caspius.jpg
Elaphe quatuorlineata four-lined snake Found only in the southern Struma valley [77] E quatuorlineata.jpg
Elaphe sauromates blotched snake Occurs in the Upper Thracian Plain, the Danubian Plain, Dobrudzha and the Black Sea coast [79] Elaphe sauromates by Omid Mozaffari(3).jpg
Malpolon monspessulanus Montpellier snake Found in southern Bulgaria: lower Struma valley, eastern Rhodope Mountains, Dervent Heights and Strandzha [81] Couleuvre montpellier.jpg
Natrix natrix grass snake Found all over the country [83] Ringelnatter Natrix natrix.jpg
Natrix tessellata dice snake Occurs all over the country, up to 1,100 m (3,600 ft) altitude [85] Natrix tessellata capturing a Gobius fish - 20060710.jpg
Platyceps collaris red whip snake Found in several populations along the Black Sea coast to the south of Sozopol [87] BennyTrapp Rotliche Schlanknatter Platyceps collaris Bulgarien.jpg
Platyceps najadum Dahl's whip snake Found in south-western Bulgaria, the eastern Rhodope Mountains, the northern foothills of the western Rhodope Mountains and the Dervent Heights [89] Benny Trapp Schlanknatter Platyceps najadum.JPG
Telescopus fallax European cat snake Found in the southern Struma valley and the eastern Rhodope Mountains [91] Mediterranean Cat Snake.jpg
Zamenis longissimus Aesculapian snake Widespread throughout the whole country, up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) altitude, rarely recorded up to 2,000 m in Belasitsa [93] Zamenis longissimus.jpg
Zamenis situla European ratsnake Found in the southern Struma valley, the foothills of the western Rhodope Mountains and the southern Black Sea coast [95] Elaphe situla.jpg

Family Typhlopidae

Typhlopidae are a family of blind snakes found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Americas, Australia and various islands. There are 381 species in 29 genera, [97] of which one species is native to Bulgaria and Europe. [98]

Typhlopidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Typhlops vermicularis European blind snake Found in southern Bulgaria: lower Struma valley, eastern Rhodope Mountains, Dervent Heights and Strandzha, and the southern Black Sea coast [98] Typhlops vermicularis2.jpg

Family Viperidae

Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes found worldwide, except in Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Madagascar, Hawaii and various other isolated islands. They include 329 species in 33 genera, [97] of which four species occur in Bulgaria. [100]

Viperidae
SpeciesCommon nameDistributionStatusImage
Vipera ammodytes horned viper Found in the whole country, up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) altitude [101] ViperaDSCF8246a.JPG
Vipera aspis aspic viper Only two specimens have been recorded in Bulgaria – one found near Harmanli in 1933, the other in unknown location in the beginning of the 20th century [103] Vipera aspis aspis.jpg
Vipera berus common European adder Occurs in the mountains, at an altitude of 1,000–2,700 m (3,300–8,900 ft) – Rila, Pirin, Vistosha, western Rhodope Mountains, western and central Balkan Mountains, central Sredna Gora and Osogovo [105] Benny Trapp Vipera berus.jpg
Vipera ursinii meadow viper Known only from a few specimens found in the Shumen Plateau and on Lyulin Mountain; there were no records since 1934 [107] until in 2003 a specimen was collected in Ludogorets Plateau in northeastern Bulgaria [108] Vipera ursinii macrops.jpg

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erhard's wall lizard</span> Species of lizard

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<i>Ablepharus kitaibelii</i> Species of lizard

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<i>Phoenicolacerta laevis</i> Species of lizard

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balkan green lizard</span> Species of lizard

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalmatian wall lizard</span> Species of lizard

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">European ratsnake</span> Species of snake

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">European cat snake</span> Species of snake

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<i>Xerotyphlops vermicularis</i> Species of snake

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caspian whipsnake</span> Species of snake

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<i>Eryx jaculus</i> Species of snake

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<i>Podarcis tauricus</i> Species of lizard

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<i>Eirenis collaris</i> Species of snake

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References

  1. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 34
  2. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 71
  3. ↑ Tzankov, Nikolay; Popgeorgiev, Georgi; Kornilev, Yuri; Natchev, Nikolay; et al. (July 2015). "First survey on the invasive Pond slider (Trachemys scripta) in Bulgaria: historic development and current situation" (PDF). Hyla: Herpetological Bulletin. 2015 (1): 18–27. ISSN   1848-2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  4. 1 2 Biserkov, 2007, p. 28
  5. ↑ "Ecoregions of Bulgaria". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
  6. ↑ Donchev, Karakashev, 2004, pp. 55, 59–61
  7. ↑ Petrov, Boyan (2007). "Amphibians and Reptiles of Bulgaria: Fauna, Vertical Distribution, Zoogeography, and Conservation" (PDF). In Fet, Victor; Popov, Alexi (eds.). Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria (PDF). Monographiae Biologicae. Vol. 82. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 85–107. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5781-6_4. ISBN   978-1-4020-5781-6 . Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "Cheloniidae". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  9. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 74
  10. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 75
  11. ↑ Casale, P.; Tucker, A.D. (2017). "Caretta caretta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T3897A119333622. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T3897A119333622.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  12. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 76
  13. ↑ Seminoff, J.A.; et al. (Southwest Fisheries Science Center, U.S.) (2004). "Chelonia mydas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2004: e.T4615A11037468. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T4615A11037468.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  14. ↑ Rhodin 2010 , pp. 000.99–000.107
  15. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 69
  16. 1 2 Biserkov, 2007, p. 70
  17. ↑ Arntzen, J.W.; et al. (2009). "Emys orbicularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  18. ↑ Rhodin 2010 , p. 000.91
  19. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 72
  20. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 73
  21. ↑ "Mauremys rivulata". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  22. ↑ "Testudinidae". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  23. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 66
  24. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 68
  25. ↑ Tortoise.; Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Testudo graeca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996: e.T21646A9305693. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T21646A9305693.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  26. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 67
  27. ↑ van Dijk, P.P.; Corti, C.; Mellado, V.P.; Cheylan, M. (2004). "Testudo hermanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2004: e.T21648A176604335. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21648A176604335.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  28. ↑ "Anguidae". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "Anguidae". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 88
  31. 1 2 Biserkov, 2007, p. 89
  32. 1 2 Gvozdík, Václav; Jandzik, David; Lymberakis, Petros; Jablonski, Daniel; Moravec, Jirí (2010). "Slowworm, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia: Anguidae) as a species complex: Genetic structure reveals deep divergences" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (2): 460–72. Bibcode:2010MolPE..55..460G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.007. PMID   20079858. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  33. ↑ "Anguis colchica". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  34. ↑ "Anguis fragilis". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 90
  36. ↑ "Pseudopus apodus". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "Gekkonidae". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  38. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 83
  39. ↑ Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Ahmad Mohammed Mousa Disi, Yehudah Werner, Varol Tok, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Souad Hraoui-Bloquet, Riyad Sadek, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, Yakup Kaska, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Aziz Avci, Nazan Üzüm, Can Yeniyurt, Ferdi Akarsu, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic (2009). "Mediodactylus kotschyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T157281A5069008. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T157281A5069008.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ↑ "New data on the distribution of the Bulgarian Bent-toed Gecko (Mediodactylus danilewskii Strauch, 1887) in Shumen town (NE Bulgaria)" . Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  41. ↑ "Mediodactylus danilewskii". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  42. ↑ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 163–165. ISBN   978-0-12-178560-4.
  43. ↑ "Lacertidae". The Reptile Database. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  44. 1 2 Biserkov, 2007, p. 91
  45. ↑ Aram Agasyan, Aziz Avci, Boris Tuniyev, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Petros Lymberakis, Claes Andrén, Dan Cogalniceanu, John Wilkinson, Natalia Ananjeva, Nazan Üzüm, Nikolai Orlov, Richard Podloucky, Sako Tuniyev, Uğur Kaya, Wolfgang Böhme, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Hans Konrad Nettmann, László Krecsák (2009). "Darevskia praticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T157245A5058913. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T157245A5058913.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 93
  47. ↑ Aghasyan, A.; Avci, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogălniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.B.; Üzüm, N.; Orlov, N.L.; Podloucky, R.; Tuniyev, S.; Kaya, U.; Crnobrnja-Isailović, J.; Vogrin, M.; Corti, C.; Pérez Mellado, V.; Sá-Sousa, P.; Cheylan, M.; Pleguezuelos, J.; Kyek, M.; Westerström, A.; Nettmann, H.K.; Borczyk, B.; Sterijovski, B.; Schmidt, B.; Terbish, K.; Orlova, V.; Chirikova, M.; Doronin, I.; Shi, L. (2021). "Lacerta agilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T157288A49644624. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T157288A49644624.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  48. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 95
  49. ↑ Wolfgang Böhme, Petros Lymberakis, Rastko Ajtic, Varol Tok, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Murat Sevinç, Pierre-André Crochet, Idriz Haxhiu, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Nazan Üzüm (2009). "Lacerta trilineata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T61529A12506037. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61529A12506037.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ Biserkov, 2007, p. 96
  51. ↑ Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic, Milan Vogrin, Claudia Corti, Valentin Pérez Mellado, Paulo Sá-Sousa, Marc Cheylan, Juan Pleguezuelos, Hans Konrad Nettmann, Bogoljub Sterijovski, Petros Lymberakis, Richard Podloucky, Dan Cogalniceanu, Aziz Avci (2009). "Lacerta viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T61530A12507156. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61530A12507156.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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