Long-winged harrier

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Long-winged harrier
Circus buffoni1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Circus
Species:
C. buffoni
Binomial name
Circus buffoni
(Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Circus buffoni map.svg
  Nonbreeding
  Breeding
  Year-round

The long-winged harrier (Circus buffoni) is a common bird of prey species endemic to South America. They are members of the family Accipitridae, under the genus Circus which encompasses other harrier species. Its range encompasses most of South America, in grassland and wetland all across the continent. The long-winged harrier is a carnivorous bird, and will feed on many different animals found in its habitat. Like owls and other harrier species, the long-winged harrier has a distinctive facial disc, which is used to triangulate the bird's hearing while it is hunting.

Contents

The long-winged harrier is classified as a species of least concern by the IUCN Red List, however their population has been observed to decline due to habitat degradation by human activity.

Taxonomy

The long-winged harrier was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae . He placed it with the falcons, eagles and their relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco buffoni. [2] Gmelin based his description on the "Cayenne ringtail" that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham had examined a specimen from Cayenne that formed part of a private collection in London. The specimen had been given the title "Duc de Buffon". [3] The long-winged harrier is now one of 16 harriers placed in the genus Circus that was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. [4] [5] The genus name Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (kirkos, "circle"), probably the hen harrier. The specific epithet buffoni is from the name of the French naturalist, the Comte de Buffon. [6] The long-winged harrier does not have any recognised subspecies. [5]

Description

The long-winged is mid-sized bird of prey, and like most birds of prey species, the females are larger than the males. Males will weigh from 390 to 464 g (13.8 to 16.4 oz) and females will be slightly heavier, ranging from 400 to 645 g (14.1 to 22.8 oz). [7] Their length can range between 46 and 60 cm (18 and 23.5 in) and their wingspan ranges between 120 and 155 cm (47 and 61 in). [7] As other harrier species, the lon-winged harrier can be identified by its long and narrow tail and its especially long wings. [8] Their wings and their back are mostly grey, with the primary feathers on the wings being much darker than the rest of the wing feathers, which are streaked with variants of white, grey and brown. [9]

Male long-winged harrier, light morph Circus buffoni male pale fencepost.jpg
Male long-winged harrier, light morph

The long-winged harrier can arbor 2 different morphs, a dark morph and a light morph. In dark morph individuals, the belly is all black with females having more of a brown undertone. [10] The light morph individuals can be identified by their white underparts, which contrasts heavily with their dark morph counterpart. [10] Juvenile long-winged harriers usually have the same colour patterns as females, but they have a more speckled chest. [11] The long-winged harrier morphologically resembles its close relative, the cinereous harrier (Circus cinereus), which can also be found in South America, but their range rarely overlaps.

As all other birds of prey species, the long-winged harrier possesses sharp talons used to catch their prey on the ground or in the air, and their legs are bright orange. The species also shares the large hooked beak of other birds of prey, which it uses to tear apart meat once it catches its prey.

The long-winged harrier is part of the only diurnal bird of prey group to possess a facial disc. The facial disc is formed by a group of easily recognizable group of feathers that form a disc shape around the bird's face. [12] These feathers can be raised in response to sounds and can improve the bird's hearing when it is hunting by triangulating sounds in its ear holes. [12]

Little is known of the long-winged harrier's vocalization, as is not a very vocal bird. It will call mostly when in flight and some variation of the bird's call include a fast succession of "klee-klee-klee", and a more quiet "thrill" with a quickly descending pitch.

Female long-winged harrier, dark morph Circus buffoni female dark.jpg
Female long-winged harrier, dark morph

Distribution and habitat

The long-winged harrier's year-round range encompasses most of eastern South America, including eastern Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Paraguay, and extends up to Colombia, Venezuela, and the northern tips of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. [10] [13] The species has also been observed occasionally in extant areas such as Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Trinidad and Tobago, and all the way down to Tierra del Fuego in southern Argentina. [10] [13] [11] It is vagrant to Panama and the Falkland Islands. [14]

This species occupies large grasslands and agricultural fields, where their wide-range active hunting technique is very effective. Their habitat also includes savanna, marshes and wetlands of South America.

Behavior and ecology

Male long-winged harrier, dark morph Circus buffoni male dark flight.jpg
Male long-winged harrier, dark morph

Food and feeding

As all of the extended members of the family Accipitridae, the long-winged harrier is carnivorous, feeding on a large variety of animals due to its widespread distribution. Their diet includes small mammals (such as cavies), amphibians (such as frogs), reptiles (such as lizards) and birds (such as crakes and young coots), with birds consisting the majority of their food intake. [15] [16] It will also feed on bird eggs, varying from taking the whole ball-nests of water-tyrants to raiding heronries. [16] Its hunting strategy differs vastly from other hawks sharing the same habitat such as the roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris). [17] Instead of opting for a passive hunting strategy consisting of the use of high perches to locate their prey, the long-winged harrier will fly slowly in large circles above its range in order to find its prey, using its keen vision and hearing. [17]

Breeding

The long-winged harrier nests on the ground, building its nest between September and October in the grasslands of its habitat. [18] The nests are usually made out of rushes and grass, and are built no more than 3 meters up the ground and no less than 1 meter away from bodies of water. [19] Their breeding season can vary vastly across their range, but it will usually take place in the summer months (September to January). During their reproduction cycle, the nests will usually hold between 3 and 4 eggs per clutch. [18]

Conservation

Although the species population has been found to be declining, the extended range of the long-winged harrier allows it to be classified as a species of 'least concern' by the IUCN Red List. [14] Their population decline has been attributed to the degradation of its habitat, most notably wetlands, due to drainage, pollution, and other human-caused circumstances. [8] No conservation efforts are currently in action concerning the long-winged harrier as an individual species, but their range occurs in a wide variety of conservation sites and protected areas. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harrier (bird)</span> Genus of birds

A harrier is any of the several species of diurnal hawks sometimes placed in the subfamily Circinae of the bird of prey family Accipitridae. Harriers characteristically hunt by flying low over open ground, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, or birds. The young of the species are sometimes referred to as ring-tail harriers. They are distinctive with long wings, a long narrow tail, the slow and low flight over grasslands and skull peculiarities. The harriers are thought to have diversified with the expansion of grasslands and the emergence of C4 grasses about 6 to 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene and Pliocene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palm-nut vulture</span> Species of bird

The palm-nut vulture or vulturine fish eagle, is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is the only member of the genus Gypohierax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hen harrier</span> Species of bird

The hen harrier is a bird of prey. It breeds in Eurasia. The term "hen harrier" refers to its former habit of preying on free-ranging fowl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montagu's harrier</span> Species of bird

Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) is a migratory bird of prey of the harrier family. Its common name commemorates the British naturalist George Montagu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern harrier</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-toed snake eagle</span> Species of bird

The short-toed snake eagle, also known as the short-toed eagle, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. The genus name Circaetus is from the Ancient Greek kirkos, a type of hawk, and aetos, "eagle". The specific gallicus means "of Gallia".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink-backed pelican</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Booted eagle</span> Species of bird

The booted eagle is a medium-sized mostly migratory bird of prey with a wide distribution in the Palearctic and southern Asia, wintering in the tropics of Africa and Asia, with a small, disjunct breeding population in south-western Africa. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reddish egret</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plumbeous kite</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roadside hawk</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinereous harrier</span> Species of bird

The cinereous harrier is a South American bird of prey of the harrier family. Its breeding range extends from the Tierra del Fuego through Argentina and Chile to Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and southern Brazil; and across the Andes north to Colombia. The bird's population is declining but due to its large range is not considered vulnerable. The term cinereous, deriving from the Latin word for ashy, describes its colouration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papuan eagle</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-faced buzzard</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey goshawk</span> Species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upland buzzard</span> Species of bird

The upland buzzard is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. The largest species of the Buteo genus, this buzzard lives in mountainous grassy and rocky areas in areas of Central Asia, northern South Asia and East Asia from Kazakhstan to Korea. The upland buzzard is migratory but typically covers a short distance apparently to avoid snow cover that may hamper prey capture. This species primarily subsists on small mammals but does not shun alternate prey from small to large birds and insects. This little known raptor has a large range, and though generally uncommon, it is not thought to be rare or declining as a species. As a result it is classified as least concern by the IUCN.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Namaqua sandgrouse</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray hawk</span> Species of raptor

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-shouldered hawk</span> Species of bird

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References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Circus buffoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22695373A93505570. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695373A93505570.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 277.
  3. ↑ Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. pp. 91–92 No. 76 Var. A.
  4. ↑ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  5. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  6. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p.  109, 80. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. 1 2 Thiollay, J.M. (1994). "Long-winged harrier" . In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 138. ISBN   978-84-87334-15-3.
  8. 1 2 "Long-winged Harrier". www.oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  9. ↑ "Long-winged Harrier - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Long-winged Harrier - Introduction | Neotropical Birds Online". neotropical.birds.cornell.edu. doi:10.2173/bow.lowhar1.01. S2CID   241196103 . Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  11. 1 2 Peruaves. "Long-winged Harrier (Circus buffoni)". Peru Aves. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  12. 1 2 Calford, Michael B.; Wise, Lisa Z.; Pettigrew, John D. (1985). "Coding of sound location and frequency in the auditory midbrain of diurnal birds of prey, families accipitridae and falconidae". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 157 (2): 149–160. doi:10.1007/BF01350024. ISSN   1432-1351. S2CID   12763493.
  13. 1 2 "Circus buffoni (Long-winged Harrier) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  14. 1 2 3 "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
  15. ↑ Bó, Maria S.; Cicchino, Sandra M.; Martinez, Mariano M. (1996). "Diet of long-winged harrier (Circus buffoni) in southeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 30 (4): 237–239.
  16. 1 2 Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
  17. 1 2 Baladrón, Alejandro V.; Cavalli, Matilde; Pretelli, Matias G.; Bó, Maria S. (September 2016). "Time-activity budgets and hunting behavior of the Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) and the Long-winged Harrier (Circus buffoni)". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 24 (3): 197–203. doi: 10.1007/BF03544346 .
  18. 1 2 Segura, Luciano N.; Bó, María S. (2018). "Breeding phenology and nest survival of Cinereous (Circus cinereus) and Long-winged (C. buffoni) Harriers in the agricultural landscapes of north-east Patagonia, Argentina". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 118 (2): 218–223. doi:10.1080/01584197.2017.1404431. ISSN   0158-4197. S2CID   134093379.
  19. ↑ Narosky, S.; Yzurieta, D. (1973). "Nidificaciión de dos círcidos en la zona de San Vicente (Pcia. de Buenos Aires)" (PDF). Hornero. 11 (3): 172–176.
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