Millstone Nuclear Power Plant

Last updated
Millstone Power Station
HD.6D.129 (10821944423).jpg
Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
Country
  • United States
Location Waterford, New London County, Connecticut
Coordinates 41°18′37.9614″N72°10′3.7194″W / 41.310544833°N 72.167699833°W / 41.310544833; -72.167699833
StatusOperational
Construction beganUnit 1: May 1, 1966
Unit 2: November 1, 1969
Unit 3: August 9, 1974
Commission date Unit 1: March 1, 1971
Unit 2: December 26, 1975
Unit 3: April 23, 1986
Decommission dateUnit 1: July 1, 1998
Construction cost$8.845 billion (2007 USD, Units 2–3 only) [1]
Owner(s) Dominion Energy
Operator(s) Dominion Energy
Nuclear power station
Reactor typeUnit 1: BWR
Units 2–3: PWR
Reactor supplierUnit 1: General Electric
Unit 2: Combustion Engineering
Unit 3: Westinghouse
Cooling source Long Island Sound
Thermal capacity1 × 2011 MWth (decommissioned)
1 × 2700 MWth
1 × 3650 MWth
Power generation
Units operational1 × 869 MW
1 × 1229 MW
Make and modelUnit 1: BWR-4 (Mark 1)
Unit 2: CE 2-loop (DRYAMB)
Unit 3: WH 4-loop (DRYSUB)
Units decommissioned1 × 641 MW
Nameplate capacity 2098 MW
Capacity factor 89.99% (2017)
71.23% (lifetime)
Annual net output 17,216 GWh (2021)
External links
Website Millstone Power Station
Commons Related media on Commons
[ edit on Wikidata]

The Millstone Nuclear Power Station is the only nuclear power plant in Connecticut [2] and the only multi-unit nuclear plant in New England. It is located at a former quarry (from which it takes its name) in Waterford. With a total capacity of over 2 GW, the station produces enough electricity to power about 2 million homes. The operation of the Millstone Power Station supports more than 3,900 jobs, and generates the equivalent of over half the electricity consumed in Connecticut. [3]

Contents

The Millstone site covers about 500 acres (2 km2). [4] The power generation complex was built by a consortium of utilities, using Long Island Sound as a source of secondary side cooling. Millstone Units 2 and 3, both pressurized water reactors (one from Westinghouse and one from Combustion Engineering), were sold to Dominion Resources by Northeast Utilities in 2000 and continue to operate. [5]

The plant has had numerous safety-related shutdowns and at times been placed on enhanced examination status by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. [6] [7] In 1999, Northeast Utilities, the plant's operator at the time, agreed to pay $10 million in fines for 25 counts of lying to federal investigators and for having falsified environmental reports. Its subsidiary, Northeast Nuclear Energy Company, paid an additional $5 million for having made 19 false statements to federal regulators regarding the promotion of unqualified plant operators between 1992 and 1996. [8] [9]

On November 28, 2005, after a 22-month application and evaluation process, Millstone was granted a 20-year license extension for both units 2 and 3 by the NRC. [10]

Licensing history and milestones

Work being performed on the containment structure at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant. Millstone containment structure.jpg
Work being performed on the containment structure at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant.

Unit 1

Millstone 1 was a General Electric boiling water reactor, producing 660 MWe, shut down in November 1995 before being permanently closed in July 1998.

Unit 2

Millstone 2 is a Combustion Engineering pressurized water reactor plant built in the 1970s, and has a maximum power output of 2700 thermal megawatts, or MWth (870 MWe). It has 2 steam generators, and 4 reactor cooling pumps. It is[ when? ] undergoing an upgrade to its safe shutdown system which already met NRC standards. During its refueling outage in October 2006, the operator installed a new pressurizer.

Unit 3

Millstone 3 is a Westinghouse plant that started operating in 1986, and has a maximum power output of 3650 MWth (1260 MWe). In the summer of 2008, the NRC approved a power uprate for Unit 3 that increased its electrical output 7.006% to 3650 MWth (1230 MWe). The increase took effect by the end of 2008. [16]

Electricity Production

Generation ( MWh ) of Millstone Power Station [17]
YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAnnual (Total)
20011,366,126620,610643,0051,368,6191,342,3261,441,4691,464,6281,396,8711,435,4371,491,4691,372,5271,484,68015,427,767
20021,477,4621,020,136850,0421,159,7491,497,0371,421,4451,484,1631,292,391750,1801,251,9341,453,6401,260,09314,918,272
20031,447,6071,364,9271,087,6991,458,3261,509,6111,419,3201,496,7381,485,5701,442,5311,052,843823,3821,489,54116,078,095
20041,514,7251,416,9491,357,314669,7801,198,4341,466,1271,500,5581,494,4181,455,7881,514,3131,435,9261,514,76516,539,097
20051,517,9511,371,1511,512,889615,2981,098,0801,464,3411,506,5531,497,9801,406,057719,6361,459,3791,392,80715,562,122
20061,519,1361,308,3431,518,4581,280,6821,516,7251,463,4541,502,4441,498,3801,453,911959,2341,055,2641,513,41516,589,446
20071,413,2431,365,2361,510,387790,130959,0381,454,5481,498,8121,493,1121,446,5231,497,3111,456,3911,501,41116,386,142
20081,506,8551,407,9181,503,666923,5311,032,0941,394,0731,463,3571,484,1851,440,365940,798771,3581,564,74615,432,946
20091,568,5021,416,7761,560,5571,518,5101,566,8001,512,9571,086,9291,546,9441,502,1561,034,2161,130,8621,212,17316,657,382
20101,403,1291,368,3391,560,238918,593947,9901,518,3451,561,5231,446,1441,506,7381,565,4841,425,0061,528,77516,750,304
20111,573,2861,417,1441,571,839927,4581,501,9121,438,0581,555,8411,499,1911,189,238858,702823,2681,571,90015,927,837
20121,557,8881,455,9441,570,9281,518,1621,546,9331,512,6201,528,1261,287,0471,491,4881,015,8371,024,2751,568,63917,077,887
20131,570,4081,418,2391,568,4071,006,680998,3341,513,5011,554,3821,396,1221,500,6771,552,4891,434,9291,565,41417,079,582
20141,547,9211,370,1371,564,866984,611915,3741,433,7691,456,2601,545,2191,492,737957,7801,003,2321,568,71315,840,619
20151,569,3021,416,4741,566,3901,386,9981,564,0861,511,8091,555,1961,548,4211,494,525963,0251,278,2191,556,47217,410,917
20161,395,8041,453,7311,553,691870,9701,042,3981,157,2891,545,1571,465,9391,492,5591,541,9121,502,3981,553,64416,575,492
20171,552,8021,405,2991,549,445888,0221,440,3521,499,8611,540,4011,532,2031,488,432974,7621,069,6961,558,34616,499,621
20181,562,1981,408,1601,557,6041,503,5201,550,9571,500,2661,538,0281,528,4801,397,258907,772887,6931,539,55616,881,492
20191,556,8671,406,9871,549,156755,8001,035,4041,502,8051,537,5611,535,9681,486,0811,540,2701,500,3141,326,18516,733,398
20201,555,8621,460,8561,559,892985,158912,1691,380,6371,544,0501,511,8591,492,689664,0161,135,4121,512,25515,714,855
20211,399,6461,413,3621,565,7421,513,2261,561,5631,261,5481,547,1271,527,9621,488,6641,036,8561,341,6261,559,18717,216,509
20221,423,4401,408,8751,556,974802,500644,6491,385,1381,551,4141,546,7831,494,6891,557,6141,519,8211,572,27016,464,167
20231,526,1701,360,8791,556,546999,245868,98126,1081,443,0041,542,3601,311,7511,159,993624,9141,249,50713,669,458
20241,263,7811,466,5471,568,1551,517,4385,815,921
2025

Safety and environmental events

In December 1977, two hydrogen explosions occurred at the plant. [18] [19] The second explosion injured one man, who required hospitalization. [20]

In October 1990, operator error during a routine test caused a shutdown of unit 2. [6]

In September 1991, twenty reactor operators failed required licensing examinations. The shortfall of licensed operators necessitated a shutdown of unit 1 until March 1992. [6]

In 1995 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission began a safety investigation relating to refueling procedures at Millstone unit 1, based on information provided by George Galatis, a senior nuclear engineer. [14]

On February 26, 1996, a leaking valve forced the shutdown of units 1 and 2. Multiple equipment failures were found. [21] [22] Time magazine featured the plant on its cover, calling its operator a "rogue utility", and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission singled out Millstone for additional attention. [6] [7] Also in 1996, the plant released one gallon per hour of hydrazine into Long Island Sound. The plant's operators were convicted in 1999 for falsifying environmental records related to the hydrazine release. [9]

Following the Time article and the subsequent shutdown of all reactors, unit 2 restarted May 11, 1999 and unit 3 restarted July 1, 1998. Unit 1 was never restarted as the cost of remedying numerous safety issues was too high. [23]

In 2002 Millstone's operators were fined $288,000 for failing to have properly accounted for two uranium fuel rod components that had been misplaced 30 years earlier in 1972. [24]

On April 17, 2005, Millstone unit 3 safely shut down without incident when a circuit board monitoring a steam pressure line short-circuited, which caused the board to malfunction and indicate an unsafe drop in pressure in the reactor's steam system, when in reality there was no drop in steam pressure. The cause was attributed to tin whiskers on the board. [25] In response to this event, Millstone implemented a procedure to inspect for these whiskers at every refueling outage, or 18 months. [26]

In September, 2009, unit 2 shut down when an electrical storm caused power fluctuations. When workers tried to restart the unit, they discovered a small leak in the reactor coolant pump. [27] On December 21, 2009 the Unit 3 reactor tripped and shut down for longer than 72 hours. [28] On July 27, 2009, the Unit 2 reactor tripped and shut down for longer than 72 hours. On August 9, 2013, the Unit 3 reactor tripped and shut down due to a malfunction. In 2016, unit 3 was shut down following a hydrogen gas leak. [29]

Surrounding population

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity. [30]

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Millstone was 123,482, an increase of 29.5 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 2,996,756, an increase of 9.5 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Hartford (41 miles to city center) and New Haven (43 miles to city center). [31]

Seismic risk

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Millstone was 1 in 90,909 for Reactor 2 and 1 in 66,667 for Reactor 3, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. [32] [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</span> Government agency of the United States

The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy. Established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, the NRC began operations on January 19, 1975, as one of two successor agencies to the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Its functions include overseeing reactor safety and security, administering reactor licensing and renewal, licensing radioactive materials, radionuclide safety, and managing the storage, security, recycling, and disposal of spent fuel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station</span> Nuclear power plant in Ottawa County, Ohio

Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station is an 894 megawatt (MW) nuclear power plant, located northeast of Oak Harbor, Ohio in Ottawa County, Ohio. It has a single pressurized water reactor. Davis–Besse is operated by Vistra Corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant</span> Nuclear power plant located on Tennessee River, Alabama

The Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant is located on the Tennessee River near Decatur and Athens, Alabama, on the north side of Wheeler Lake. The site has three General Electric boiling water reactor (BWR) nuclear generating units and is owned entirely by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). With a generating capacity of nearly 3.8 gigawatts, it is the third most powerful nuclear power plant in the United States, behind the Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant in Arizona and the Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant in Georgia, and the most powerful generating station operated by TVA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station</span> Decommissioning nuclear power plant located in Plymouth, Massachusetts

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) is a closed nuclear power plant in Massachusetts in the Manomet section of Plymouth on Cape Cod Bay, south of the tip of Rocky Point and north of Priscilla Beach. Like many similar plants, it was constructed by Bechtel, and was powered by a General Electric BWR 3 boiling water reactor inside of a Mark 1 pressure suppression type containment and generator. With a 690 MWe production capacity, it produced about 14% of the electricity generated in Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station</span> Inactive nuclear power plant in Ocean County, New Jersey, US

Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Station is an inactive single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant in the United States. The plant is located on an 800-acre (3.2 km2) site adjacent to Oyster Creek in the Forked River section of Lacey Township in Ocean County, New Jersey. At the time of its closure, the facility was owned by Exelon Corporation and, along with unit 1 at Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station, was the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the United States. The plant first started commercial operation on December 23, 1969, and is licensed to operate until April 9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down in September 2018. The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station</span> Permanently closed nuclear power plant located south of San Clemente, California

The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) is a permanently closed nuclear power plant located south of San Clemente, California, on the Pacific coast, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV. The plant was shut down in 2013 after defects were found in replacement steam generators; it is currently in the process of decommissioning. The 2.2 GW of electricity supply lost when the plant shut down was replaced with 1.8 GW of new natural-gas fired power plants and 250 MW of energy storage projects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear and gas-fired power plant located near Homestead, Florida

Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear and gas-fired power plant located on a 3,300-acre (1,300 ha) site two miles east of Homestead, Florida, United States, next to Biscayne National Park located about 25 miles (40 km) south of Miami, Florida near the southernmost edge of Miami-Dade County. The facility is owned by Florida Power & Light.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byron Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear power plant located in Ogle County, Illinois

The Byron Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant located in Ogle County, Illinois, 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the Rock River. The reactor buildings were constructed by Commonwealth Edison and house two Westinghouse Four-Loop pressurized water reactors, Unit 1 and Unit 2, which began operation in September 1985 and August 1987 respectively. The plant is owned and operated by Constellation Energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant</span> Nuclear power plant in Calvert County, Maryland, US

The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) is a nuclear power plant located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay near Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland in the Mid-Atlantic United States. It is the only nuclear power plant in the state of Maryland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania

The Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station is an American nuclear power plant that is located 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Harrisburg in Peach Bottom Township, York County, Pennsylvania. Situated close to the Susquehanna River, it is three miles north of the Maryland border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant</span> Nuclear power plant in Seabrook, New Hampshire

The Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant, more commonly known as Seabrook Station, is a nuclear power plant located in Seabrook, New Hampshire, United States, approximately 40 miles (64 km) north of Boston and 10 miles (16 km) south of Portsmouth. It has operated since 1990. With its 1,244-megawatt electrical output, Seabrook Unit 1 is the largest individual electrical generating unit on the New England power grid. It is the second largest nuclear plant in New England after the two-unit Millstone Nuclear Power Plant in Connecticut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Anna Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear power plant in Louisa County, Virginia

The North Anna Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant on a 1,075-acre (435 ha) site in Louisa County, Virginia, in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The site is operated by Dominion Generation company and is jointly owned by the Dominion Virginia Power corporation (88.4%) and by the Old Dominion Electric Cooperative (11.6%).

The Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant is a nuclear power plant located in Monticello, Minnesota, along the Mississippi River. The site, which began operating in 1971, has a single nuclear reactor of the General Electric BWR-3 design generating 671 MWe. The plant is owned by Xcel Energy and operated by Northern States Power, its regional subsidiary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear power plant located near Jenkinsville, South Carolina

The Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Power Station occupies a site near Jenkinsville, South Carolina, in Fairfield County, South Carolina, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Gulf Nuclear Station</span> Nuclear power plant in Mississippi

Grand Gulf Nuclear Station is a nuclear power station with one operational GE BWR reactor. It lies on a 2,100 acres (850 ha) site near Port Gibson, Mississippi. The site is wooded and contains two lakes. The plant has a 520-foot natural draft cooling tower. As of January 2023, the plant employs 675 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clinton Power Station</span> Nuclear power plant in DeWitt County, Illinois

The Clinton Power Station is a nuclear power plant located near Clinton, Illinois, USA. The power station began commercial operation on November 24, 1987 and has a nominal net electric output of 1062 MWe. Due to inflation and cost overruns, Clinton's final construction cost was $4.25 billion, nearly 1,000% over the original budget of $430 million and seven years behind schedule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station</span> Nuclear power plant in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan

The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power plant on the shore of Lake Erie near Monroe, in Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan on approximately 1,000 acres (400 ha). All units of the plant are operated by the DTE Energy Electric Company and owned by parent company DTE Energy. It is approximately halfway between Detroit, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio. It is also visible from parts of Amherstburg and Colchester, Ontario as well as on the shore of Lake Erie in Ottawa County, Ohio. Two units have been constructed on this site. The first unit's construction started on August 4, 1956 and reached initial criticality on August 23, 1963, and the second unit received its construction permit on September 26, 1972. It reached criticality on June 21, 1985 and was declared commercial on November 18, 1988. The plant is connected to two single-circuit 345 kV Transmission Lines and three 120 kV lines. They are operated and maintained by ITC Transmission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station</span> Decommisioned power plant in California, US

The Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station is a decommissioned nuclear power plant built by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in Herald, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor</span> Nuclear reactor design

The Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) is a passively safe generation III+ reactor design derived from its predecessor, the Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (SBWR) and from the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR). All are designs by GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH), and are based on previous Boiling Water Reactor designs.

George Galatis is a senior nuclear engineer and whistleblower who reported safety problems at the Millstone 1 Nuclear Power Plant, relating to reactor refueling procedures, in 1996. The unsafe procedures meant that spent fuel rod pools at Unit 1 had the potential to boil, possibly releasing radioactive steam throughout the plant. Galatis was the subject of a Time magazine cover story on March 4, 1996. Millstone 1 was permanently closed in July 1998.

References

  1. ↑ "EIA - State Nuclear Profiles". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  2. ↑ "Facilities by NRC Region or State / Connecticut". United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Millstone Power Station | Dominion Energy".
  4. 1 2 3 4 Millstone Nuclear Power Station Unit 3, Operation: Environmental Impact Statement. 1985. pp. 19–.
  5. ↑ Spinella, Stan (January 26, 2021). "Dominion officials discuss future of Millstone Nuclear Power Station". The Day. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Paul W. MacAvoy; Jean W. Rosenthal (2005). Corporate Profit and Nuclear Safety: Strategy at Northeast Utilities in the 1990s. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–. ISBN   0-691-11994-5.
  7. 1 2 National Academy of Engineering (16 September 2004). Accident Precursor Analysis and Management: Reducing Technological Risk Through Diligence. National Academies Press. pp. 24–. ISBN   978-0-309-09216-6.
  8. ↑ Hechinger, John (28 September 1999). "Northeast Utilities Pleads Guilty To Polluting at Millstone Plant". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  9. 1 2 Allen, Mike (28 September 1999). "A Record U.S. Fine at a Connecticut Nuclear Plant". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  10. ↑ "Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Units 2 and 3 - License Renewal Application". U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. November 28, 2005. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  11. ↑ Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Unit 2, Construction: Environmental Impact Statement. 1973.
  12. ↑ Transactions of the American Nuclear Society. Academic Press. 1972.
  13. 1 2 Janette Sherman (1 May 2014). Life's Delicate Balance: Causes and Prevention of Breast Cancer. Taylor & Francis. pp. 73–. ISBN   978-1-135-91406-6.
  14. 1 2 "NRC Failure to Adequately Regulate - Millstone Unit 1" (PDF). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. December 21, 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Millstone - Unit 1". US NRC. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "NRC Approves Power Uprate for Millstone Nuclear Power Plant" (PDF). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. August 12, 2008.
  17. ↑ "Electricity Data Browser". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
  18. ↑ Licensee Contractor and Vendor Inspection Status Report. Office of Inspection and Enforcement, Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 1978.
  19. ↑ Mother Jones (January 1979). "Mother Jones Magazine". Mother Jones: 18–. ISSN   0362-8841.
  20. ↑ "Bulletin 78-03: Potential Explosive Gas Mixture Accumulations Associated With BWR Offgas System Operations". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  21. ↑ Benjamin K. Sovacool; Scott Victor Valentine (16 May 2012). The National Politics of Nuclear Power: Economics, Security, and Governance. Routledge. pp. 260–. ISBN   978-1-136-29437-2.
  22. ↑ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power (1996). Oversight hearing on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission: hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session, September 5, 1996. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN   978-0-16-053701-1.
  23. ↑ Lochbaum, David (24 November 2015). "Longstanding Nuclear Safety Impairments". Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  24. ↑ Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC needs to do more to ensure that power plants are effectively controlling spent nuclear fuel: report to Congressional requesters. United States Government Accountability Office. pp. 11–12. ISBN   978-1-4289-3176-3.
  25. ↑ John X. Wang (25 July 2012). Green Electronics Manufacturing: Creating Environmental Sensible Products. CRC Press. pp. 29–. ISBN   978-1-4398-2669-0.
  26. ↑ Daddona, Patricia. "Reactor Shutdown: Dominion Learns Big Lesson From A Tiny 'tin Whisker'". The Day. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  27. ↑ "Millstone 2 operating again after shutdown". September 2009.
  28. ↑ "Preliminary Notification of Event or Unusual Occurrence -- PNO-I-09-007" (PDF). nrc.gov. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  29. ↑ "Millstone Reactor Shuts Down Due to Hydrogen Gas Leak". nbcconnecticut.com. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  30. ↑ "NRC: Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Power Plants". Archived from the original on 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
  31. ↑ Bill Dedman, Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors, NBC News , April 14, 2011 https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42555888 Accessed May 1, 2011.
  32. ↑ Bill Dedman, "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk," NBC News , March 17, 2011 https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42103936 Accessed April 19, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Implications of Updated Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Estimates in Central and Eastern United States on Existing Plants" (PDF). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. August 23, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.