Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

Last updated
MOG
1PKO.pdb.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases MOG , BTN6, BTNL11, MOGIG2, NRCLP7, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
External IDs OMIM: 159465 MGI: 97435 HomoloGene: 111009 GeneCards: MOG
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4340

17441

Ensembl

ENSMUSG00000076439

UniProt

Q16653

Q61885

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_010814

RefSeq (protein)

NP_034944

Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 29.66 – 29.67 Mb Chr 17: 37.32 – 37.33 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein believed to be important in the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). In humans this protein is encoded by the MOG gene. [5] [6] [7] It is speculated to serve as a necessary "adhesion molecule" to provide structural integrity to the myelin sheath and is known to develop late on the oligodendrocyte. [8]

Molecular function

While the primary molecular function of MOG is not yet known, its likely role with the myelin sheath is either in sheath "completion and/or maintenance". [7] More specifically, MOG is speculated to be "necessary" as an "adhesion molecule" on the myelin sheath of the CNS to provide the structural integrity of the myelin sheath. [8] "

MOG's cDNA coding region in humans have been shown to be "highly homologous" [9] to rats, mice, and bovine, and hence highly conserved. This suggests "an important biological role for this protein". [7]

Physiology

The gene for MOG, found on chromosome 6 p21.3-p22, [10] was first sequenced in 1995. It is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of oligodendrocyte cell and on the outermost surface of myelin sheaths. "MOG is a quantitatively minor type I transmembrane protein, [11] and is found exclusively in the CNS. "A single Ig-domain is exposed to the extracellular space" [11] and consequently allows autoantibodies easy access. and therefore is easily accessible to autoantibodies too. [7] [11] The MOG "primary nuclear transcript … is 15,561 nucleotides in length" [7] and, for humans, it has eight exons which are "separated by seven introns". [7] The introns "contain numerous reptitive[ sic ] DNA [7] " sequences, among which are "14 Alu sequences within 3 introns", [7] and have a range varying from 242 to 6484 bp.

Structure

Alternatively spliced human mRNA of the MOG gene form at least nine isoforms. [12]

The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was determined by x-ray diffraction at a resolution of 1.45 Angstroms, using protein from the Norway rat. This protein is 139 residues long, and is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. [13] The dssp secondary structure of the protein is 6% helical and 43% beta sheet: there are three short helical segments and ten beta strands. [14] The beta strands are within two antiparallel beta sheets that form an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold. [15] Several features of the protein structure suggest MOG has a role as an "adhesin in the completion and/or compaction of the myelin sheath." There is a "significant strip" of electronegative charge beginning near the N-terminus and running about half the length of the molecule. Also, MOG was shown to dimerize in solution, and the shape complementarity index is high at the dimer interface, suggesting a "biologically relevant MOG dimer." [16]

Synthesis

Developmentally, MOG is formed "very late on oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath". [8]

Role in disease

Non-inflammatory demyelinating diseases

Interest in MOG has centered on its role in demyelinating diseases. Some of them are not-inflammatory, such as adrenoleukodystrophy, vanishing white matter disease, and Rubella induced mental retardation. [17]

Anti-MOG associated inflammatory demyelinating diseases

MOG has received much of its laboratory attention in studies dealing with MS. Several studies have shown a role for antibodies against MOG in the pathogenesis of MS, [8] [18] though most of them were written before the discovery of NMO-IgG and the NMO spectrum of diseases.

Anti-MOG status is different depending whether it is measured by ELISA or by microarray (CBA). The proper way to identify it is by microarray, reacting patient serum with living cells, and detecting the binding IgG via a fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody. [19]

In animal models

Animal models of MS, namely Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) models, have shown that "MOG-specific EAE models (of different animal strains) display/mirror human multiple sclerosis", [8] but basically explains the part involved in the optic neuritis. [20] These models with anti-MOG antibodies have been investigated extensively and are considered the only antibodies with demyelinating capacity [8] but again, EAE pathology is closer to NMO and ADEM than to the confluent demyelination observed in MS.

Anti-MOG antibodies have been shown to behave similarly to AQP4 antibodies in animal models, [20] and are considered a biomarker against the MS diagnosis [21] [22]

In seronegative neuromyelitis optica

Anti-MOG autoimmunity has been found to be involved in most AQP4-seronegative NMO [23] [24] and also in optic neuritis and some fulminant forms of ADEM. [25] MOG antibodies in NMOSD are variable depending on the seropositivity status. [26]

In other conditions

The presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies has been associated with the following conditions [27]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</span> Autoimmune disease

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), or acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, is a rare autoimmune disease marked by a sudden, widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. As well as causing the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed, ADEM also attacks the nerves of the central nervous system and damages their myelin insulation, which, as a result, destroys the white matter. The cause is often a trigger such as from viral infection or vaccinations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myelin</span> Fatty substance that surrounds nerve cell axons to insulate them and increase transmission speed

In vertebrates, most neuronal cell axons are encased in myelin. Simply put, myelin insulates axons and increases the rate at which electrical impulses are passed along the axon. The myelinated axon can be likened to an electrical wire with insulating material (myelin) around it. However, unlike the plastic covering on an electrical wire, myelin does not form a single long sheath over the entire length of the axon. Rather, myelin ensheaths the axon in segments: in general, each axon is encased in multiple long myelin sheaths separated by short gaps called nodes of Ranvier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optic neuritis</span> Medical condition

Optic neuritis describes any condition that causes inflammation of the optic nerve; it may be associated with demyelinating diseases, or infectious or inflammatory processes.

Encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Various types of encephalomyelitis include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demyelinating disease</span> Any neurological disease in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged

A demyelinating disease refers to any disease affecting the nervous system where the myelin sheath surrounding neurons is damaged. This damage disrupts the transmission of signals through the affected nerves, resulting in a decrease in their conduction ability. Consequently, this reduction in conduction can lead to deficiencies in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on the nerves affected.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), including neuromyelitis optica (NMO), are autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve and the spinal cord (myelitis). Episodes of ON and myelitis can be simultaneous or successive. A relapsing disease course is common, especially in untreated patients. In more than 80% of cases, NMO is caused by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system. A subset of anti-AQP4-negative cases is associated with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG). Rarely, NMO may occur in the context of other autoimmune diseases or infectious diseases. In some cases, the etiology remains unknown.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, sometimes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), is an animal model of brain inflammation. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is mostly used with rodents and is widely studied as an animal model of the human CNS demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). EAE is also the prototype for T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in general.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy</span> Medical condition

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system characterized by progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms. The disorder is sometimes called chronic relapsing polyneuropathy (CRP) or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. CIDP is closely related to Guillain–Barré syndrome and it is considered the chronic counterpart of that acute disease. Its symptoms are also similar to progressive inflammatory neuropathy. It is one of several types of neuropathy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis</span>

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage. The underlying cause is currently unknown. Current research in neuropathology, neuroimmunology, neurobiology, and neuroimaging, together with clinical neurology, provide support for the notion that MS is not a single disease but rather a spectrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system</span>

Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions and glial scars or scleroses. They present different shapes and histological findings according to the underlying condition that produces them.

Remyelination is the process of propagating oligodendrocyte precursor cells to form oligodendrocytes to create new myelin sheaths on demyelinated axons in the CNS. This is a process naturally regulated in the body and tends to be very efficient in a healthy CNS. The process creates a thinner myelin sheath than normal, but it helps to protect the axon from further damage, from overall degeneration, and proves to increase conductance once again. The processes underlying remyelination are under investigation in the hope of finding treatments for demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IDDs), sometimes called Idiopathic (IIDDs) due to the unknown etiology of some of them, are a heterogenous group of demyelinating diseases - conditions that cause damage to myelin, the protective sheath of nerve fibers - that occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. IDDs share characteristics with and are often grouped together under Multiple Sclerosis. They are sometimes considered different diseases from Multiple Sclerosis, but considered by others to form a spectrum differing only in terms of chronicity, severity, and clinical course.

Research in multiple sclerosis may find new pathways to interact with the disease, improve function, curtail attacks, or limit the progression of the underlying disease. Many treatments already in clinical trials involve drugs that are used in other diseases or medications that have not been designed specifically for multiple sclerosis. There are also trials involving the combination of drugs that are already in use for multiple sclerosis. Finally, there are also many basic investigations that try to understand better the disease and in the future may help to find new treatments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LINGO1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Leucine rich repeat and Immunoglobin-like domain-containing protein 1 also known as LINGO-1 is a protein which is encoded by the LINGO1 gene in humans. It belongs to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins which are known for playing key roles in the biology of the central nervous system. LINGO-1 is a functional component of the Nogo receptor also known as the reticulon 4 receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumefactive multiple sclerosis</span> Medical condition

Tumefactive multiple sclerosis is a condition in which the central nervous system of a person has multiple demyelinating lesions with atypical characteristics for those of standard multiple sclerosis (MS). It is called tumefactive as the lesions are "tumor-like" and they mimic tumors clinically, radiologically and sometimes pathologically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pathology of multiple sclerosis</span> Pathologic overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be pathologically defined as the presence of distributed glial scars (scleroses) in the central nervous system that must show dissemination in time (DIT) and in space (DIS) to be considered MS lesions.

Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) is a form of recurrent optic neuritis that is steroid responsive and dependent. Patients typically present with pain associated with visual loss. CRION is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion, and other demyelinating, autoimmune, and systemic causes should be ruled out. An accurate antibody test which became available commercially in 2017 has allowed most patients previously diagnosed with CRION to be re-identified as having MOG antibody disease, which is not a diagnosis of exclusion. Early recognition is crucial given risks for severe visual loss and because it is treatable with immunosuppressive treatment such as steroids or B-cell depleting therapy. Relapse that occurs after reducing or stopping steroids is a characteristic feature.

MOG antibody disease (MOGAD) or MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Serum anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are present in up to half of patients with an acquired demyelinating syndrome and have been described in association with a range of phenotypic presentations, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica.

Anti-neurofascin demyelinating diseases refers to health conditions engendered by auto-antibodies against neurofascins, which can produce both central and peripheral demyelination. Some cases of combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD) could be produced by them.

Anti-AQP4 diseases, are a group of diseases characterized by auto-antibodies against aquaporin 4.

References

  1. 1 2 3 ENSG00000232641, ENSG00000137345, ENSG00000230885, ENSG00000236561, ENSG00000237834, ENSG00000204655, ENSG00000234623 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000234096, ENSG00000232641, ENSG00000137345, ENSG00000230885, ENSG00000236561, ENSG00000237834, ENSG00000204655, ENSG00000234623 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000076439 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Pham-Dinh D, Della Gaspera B, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Dautigny A (September 1995). "Structure of the human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein gene and multiple alternative spliced isoforms". Genomics. 29 (2): 345–52. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.9995. PMID   8666381.
  6. ↑ Pham-Dinh D, Jones EP, Pitiot G, Della Gaspera B, Daubas P, Mallet J, Le Paslier D, Fischer Lindahl K, Dautigny A (1995). "Physical mapping of the human and mouse MOG gene at the distal end of the MHC class Ib region". Immunogenetics. 42 (5): 386–91. doi:10.1007/bf00179400. PMID   7590972. S2CID   8310478.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Roth MP, Malfroy L, Offer C, Sevin J, Enault G, Borot N, Pontarotti P, Coppin H (July 1995). "The human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene: complete nucleotide sequence and structural characterization". Genomics. 28 (2): 241–50. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1137. PMID   8530032.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berger, T., Innsbruck Medical University Dept. of Neurology interviewed by S. Gillooly, Nov. 24, 2008.
  9. ↑ Pham-Dinh D, Allinquant B, Ruberg M, Della Gaspera B, Nussbaum JL, Dautigny A (December 1994). "Characterization and expression of the cDNA coding for the human myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein". Journal of Neurochemistry. 63 (6): 2353–6. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63062353.x. PMID   7964757. S2CID   2788720.
  10. ↑ Pham-Dinh D, Mattei MG, Nussbaum JL, Roussel G, Pontarotti P, Roeckel N, Mather IH, Artzt K, Lindahl KF, Dautigny A (September 1993). "Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a member of a subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily encoded within the major histocompatibility complex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (17): 7990–4. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.7990P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7990 . PMC   47273 . PMID   8367453.
  11. 1 2 3 Berger T, Reindl M (August 2007). "Multiple sclerosis: disease biomarkers as indicated by pathophysiology". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 259 (1–2): 21–6. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.070. PMID   17367811. S2CID   23257594.
  12. ↑ Boyle LH, Traherne JA, Plotnek G, Ward R, Trowsdale J (September 2007). "Splice variation in the cytoplasmic domains of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein affects its cellular localisation and transport". Journal of Neurochemistry. 102 (6): 1853–62. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04687.x. PMC   2156149 . PMID   17573820.
  13. ↑ Breithaupt C, Schubart A, Zander H, Skerra A, Huber R, Linington C, Jacob U (August 2003). "Structural insights into the antigenicity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (16): 9446–51. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9446B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1133443100 . PMC   170938 . PMID   12874380.
  14. ↑ Kabsch W, Sander C (December 1983). "Dictionary of protein secondary structure: pattern recognition of hydrogen-bonded and geometrical features". Biopolymers. 22 (12): 2577–637. doi:10.1002/bip.360221211. PMID   6667333. S2CID   29185760.
  15. ↑ Murzin AG, Brenner SE, Hubbard T, Chothia C (April 1995). "SCOP: a structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures". Journal of Molecular Biology. 247 (4): 536–40. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80134-2. PMID   7723011.
  16. ↑ Clements CS, Reid HH, Beddoe T, Tynan FE, Perugini MA, Johns TG, Bernard CC, Rossjohn J (September 2003). "The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a key autoantigen in multiple sclerosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (19): 11059–64. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10011059C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1833158100 . PMC   196926 . PMID   12960396.
  17. ↑ Cong H, Jiang Y, Tien P (November 2011). "Identification of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein as a cellular receptor for rubella virus". Journal of Virology. 85 (21): 11038–47. doi:10.1128/JVI.05398-11. PMC   3194935 . PMID   21880773.
  18. ↑ Berger T, Rubner P, Schautzer F, Egg R, Ulmer H, Mayringer I, Dilitz E, Deisenhammer F, Reindl M (July 2003). "Antimyelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event". The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (2): 139–45. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022328 . PMID   12853586.
  19. ↑ Ichiro Nakashima, Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody in demyelinating diseases
  20. 1 2 Kezuka T, Usui Y, Yamakawa N, Matsunaga Y, Matsuda R, Masuda M, Utsumi H, Tanaka K, Goto H (June 2012). "Relationship between NMO-antibody and anti-MOG antibody in optic neuritis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 32 (2): 107–10. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e31823c9b6c . PMID   22157536. S2CID   46667141.
  21. ↑ Ketelslegers IA, Van Pelt DE, Bryde S, Neuteboom RF, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Hamann D, Hintzen RQ (October 2015). "Anti-MOG antibodies plead against MS diagnosis in an Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes cohort". Multiple Sclerosis. 21 (12): 1513–20. doi:10.1177/1352458514566666. PMID   25662345. S2CID   25321614.
  22. ↑ Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P, Leite MI, Devenney E, Craig J, Palace J, Vincent A (September 2012). "Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype". Neurology. 79 (12): 1273–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e. PMID   22914827. S2CID   855313.
  23. ↑ Pröbstel AK, Rudolf G, Dornmair K, Collongues N, Chanson JB, Sanderson NS, Lindberg RL, Kappos L, de Seze J, Derfuss T (2015). "Anti-MOG antibodies are present in a subgroup of patients with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype". Journal of Neuroinflammation. 12 (1): 46. doi: 10.1186/s12974-015-0256-1 . PMC   4359547 . PMID   25889963.
  24. ↑ CYNTHIA MCKELVEY, Press Report, What's the Role of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in NMO?
  25. 1 2 Di Pauli F, Höftberger R, Reindl M, Beer R, Rhomberg P, Schanda K, Sato D, Fujihara K, Lassmann H, Schmutzhard E, Berger T (December 2015). "Fulminant demyelinating encephalomyelitis: Insights from antibody studies and neuropathology". Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. 2 (6): e175. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000175. PMC   4635550 . PMID   26587556.
  26. ↑ Berger T, Reindl M (August 2015). "Antibody biomarkers in CNS demyelinating diseases - a long and winding road". European Journal of Neurology. 22 (8): 1162–8. doi:10.1111/ene.12759. PMID   26010364. S2CID   39301229.
  27. 1 2 3 Reindl M, Di Pauli F, Rostásy K, Berger T (August 2013). "The spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases". Nature Reviews. Neurology. 9 (8): 455–61. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.118. PMID   23797245. S2CID   7219279.
  28. ↑ Spadaro M, Gerdes LA, Mayer MC, Ertl-Wagner B, Laurent S, Krumbholz M, Breithaupt C, Högen T, Straube A, Giese A, Hohlfeld R, Lassmann H, Meinl E, Kümpfel T (March 2015). "Histopathology and clinical course of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis". Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 2 (3): 295–301. doi:10.1002/acn3.164. PMC   4369279 . PMID   25815356.
  29. ↑ Baumann M, Hennes EM, Schanda K, Karenfort M, Kornek B, Seidl R, Diepold K, Lauffer H, Marquardt I, Strautmanis J, Syrbe S, Vieker S, Höftberger R, Reindl M, Rostásy K (2016). "Children with multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): Extending the spectrum of MOG antibody positive diseases". Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 22 (14): 1821–1829. doi:10.1177/1352458516631038. PMID   26869530. S2CID   30428892.
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