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β-Glucocerebrosidase is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity that cleaves by hydrolysis the β-glycosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes. It is localized in the lysosome, where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane. β-Glucocerebrosidase is 497 amino acids in length and has a molecular mass of 59,700 Da.
Hexosaminidase is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of terminal N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides.
Beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HEXB gene.
Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, also referred to as mucolipidosis III, is a lysosomal storage disease closely related to I-cell disease. This disorder is called Pseudo-Hurler because it resembles a mild form of Hurler syndrome, one of the mucopolysaccharide (MPS) diseases.
Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease, also referred to as mucolipidosis II, is part of the lysosomal storage disease family and results from a defective phosphotransferase. This enzyme transfers phosphate to mannose residues on specific proteins. Mannose-6-phosphate serves as a marker for proteins to be targeted to lysosomes within the cell. Without this marker, proteins are instead secreted outside the cell, which is the default pathway for proteins moving through the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes cannot function without these proteins, which function as catabolic enzymes for the normal breakdown of substances in various tissues throughout the body. As a result, a buildup of these substances occurs within lysosomes because they cannot be degraded, resulting in the characteristic I-cells, or "inclusion cells" seen microscopically. In addition, the defective lysosomal enzymes normally found only within lysosomes are instead found in high concentrations in the blood, but they remain inactive at blood pH because they require the low lysosomal pH 5 to function.
Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) is a molecule bound by lectin in the immune system. M6P is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by mannose phosphate isomerase.
The mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that target enzymes to lysosomes in vertebrates.
Mannose-6 phosphate isomerase (MPI), alternately phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) is an enzyme which facilitates the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and mannose-6-phosphate (M6P). Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase may also enable the synthesis of GDP-mannose in eukaryotic organisms. M6P can be converted to F6P by mannose-6-phosphate isomerase and subsequently utilized in several metabolic pathways including glycolysis and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis. PMI is monomeric and metallodependent on zinc as a cofactor ligand. PMI is inhibited by erythrose 4-phosphate, mannitol 1-phosphate, and to a lesser extent, the alpha anomer of M6P.
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. It is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues to substrates. D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. To be specific, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. The end-product of this pathway is UDP-GlcNAc, which is then used for making glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycolipids.
The enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, also known as UDP-galactose 4-epimerase or GALE, is a homodimeric epimerase found in bacterial, fungal, plant, and mammalian cells. This enzyme performs the final step in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, catalyzing the reversible conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose. GALE tightly binds nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a co-factor required for catalytic activity.
In enzymology, N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.25), also known as GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase or NagA, is an enzyme that catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P) to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P):
In enzymology, an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DPAGT1 gene.
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiester alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAGPA gene.
Protein O-GlcNAc transferase also known as OGT or O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OGT gene. OGT catalyzes the addition of the O-GlcNAc post-translational modification to proteins.
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine:ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine---decaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine:trans,octacis-decaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Protein O-GlcNAcase (EC 3.2.1.169, OGA, glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase, O-GlcNAcase, BtGH84, O-GlcNAc hydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name (protein)-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine/threonine N-acetylglucosaminyl hydrolase. OGA is encoded by the OGA gene. This enzyme catalyses the removal of the O-GlcNAc post-translational modification in the following chemical reaction:
- [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine + H2O ⇌ [protein]-L-serine + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine + H2O ⇌ [protein]-L-threonine + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
GNPTG is a gene in the human body. It is one of three genes that were found to correlate with stuttering.
References
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): MUCOLIPIDOSIS II ALPHA/BETA - 252500
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): MUCOLIPIDOSIS III GAMMA - 252605
- ↑ Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, et al. (2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 21 (6): 665–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x . PMID 19067971. S2CID 24698373.
Kang, C., Riazuddin, S., Mundorff, J., Krasnewich, D., Friedman, P., Mullikin, J.C., and Drayna, D. (2010). Mutations in the Lysosomal Enzyme–Targeting Pathway and Persistent Stuttering. New England Journal of Medicine 362, 677–685.
