Nalu language

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Nalu
Native to Guinea, Guinea-Bissau
Native speakers
23,000 (2017–2018) [1]
Niger–Congo?
Language codes
ISO 639-3 naj
Glottolog nalu1240
ELP Nalu

Nalu (nalɛ, nul; [2] also spelled Nalou [3] ) is an Atlantic language of Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, spoken by the Nalu people, a West African people who settled the region before the arrival of the Mandinka in the 14th or 15th centuries. [4] It is spoken predominantly by adults. It is estimated to be spoken by a range of 10,000 to 25,000 people, [3] whereas Wilson (2007) reports that there are around 12,000 speakers. [2] It is considered an endangered language due to its dwindling population of speakers. [5]

Contents

Classification

Contrary to prior classifications, Güldemann (2018) classifies Nalu as unclassified within Niger-Congo. It also does not form a subgroup with the Rio Nunez languages. [6]

Nalu is traditionally classified as Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Mbulugish-Nalu. [7] [8]

History

The Nalu people who speak Nalu have been described as settling in West Africa before the Mandinka people. [9] This would place them as existing in West Africa between the 14th and 15th centuries. Wilson (2007) reports that the Nalu people had originally come from Guinea-Bissau. [2]

Today, the Nalu speakers are shifting toward the Susu language which is gaining more popularity in Guinea. [10] It has a predominantly adult-speaking population. The next generation is being passed on the language, however, in a few remote villages around Katoufoura.

Geographic distribution

Nalu is spoken predominantly on the littorals, or shore regions, of Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. [11] Most Nalu speakers in Guinea live north of the Nuñez River on the Tristão islands, in the sub-prefecture of Kanfarandé which is the prefecture of Boké. In Guinea-Bissau, most speakers of Nalu live in the Cacine estuary in the Tombali region. [12]

Phonology

Consonants [2]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Plosive p b t d c g gb
Fricative f θ , s h
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant w r , l j
Vowels [2]
Front Central Back
High i u
Mid-high e o
Mid-low ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a

Vocabulary

Nalu underwent a sound change in its language. [13] Sound change generally occurs due to what sounds require less effort for the speaker. These sound changes are usually limited to each dialect in a language and examples of the Nalu language sound changes are in the section below. Nalu has six dialects. Three are spoken in Guinea-Conakry and three are spoken in Guinée-Bissau. [13] However, the relationship between the dialects is unknown.

Examples

Nouns [13] [14]

EnglishNalu
manbe-cel
dirty/blackm-balax
coldm-hon
arrown-kiam
axen-wōfañ
blooda-nyak
bowm-firl
brothern-wōke
chief/kingm-fem/be-fem
devil/evil spiritm-banjon
medicine man (doctor)mi-let
firemet
godgu-dana
moonm-bilañ
nightfot
slavem-bōl
snakemi-sis

Verbs [14]

EnglishNalu
to comem-ba
to killrama
to dien-ref

Sound Changes Over Time [13]

EnglishPre-Sound Change NaluPost-Sound Change Nalu
bonenhola-hol
mouthn-sola-sol
to killm-ramarama
mannlam-celbe-cel
eyen-ceta-cet

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Atlantic languages</span> Niger–Congo language subgroup of West Africa

The West Atlantic languages of West Africa are a major subgroup of the Niger–Congo languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mande languages</span> Language family of West Africa


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References

  1. Nalu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
  3. 1 2 "Did you know Nalu is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  4. Seidel, Frank (2012). "Language Documentation of Nalu in Guinea, West Africa" (PDF). Center for African Studies Research Report: 18.
  5. Hair, P. E. H. (1967). "Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast". The Journal of African History. 8 (2): 253. doi:10.1017/s0021853700007040. JSTOR   179482. S2CID   161528479.
  6. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN   978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID   133888593.
  7. "Nalu". The Endangered Languages Project. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  8. Simons, G. & Fennig, C. "Nalu". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 2017-03-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Rodney, Walter (1970). A History of the Upper Guinea Coast. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  10. Seidel, Frank (2017). "Nalu Language Archive". Endangered Languages Archive. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  11. Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 213.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. "Project Gallery". Endangered Language Documentation Programme. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Voeltz, F. K. Erhard (1996). "Les Langues de la Guinée". Cahiers d'Étude des Langues Guinéennes. 1: 24–25.
  14. 1 2 Johnston, H (1919). A Comparative Study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages. Clarendon Press: Oxford. pp. 750–772).