Ngbandi language

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Ngbandi
Ngbandi–Mongoba–Kazibati
Native to Democratic Republic of the Congo
Region Équateur Province
Ethnicity Ngbandi, Yakoma
Native speakers
Northern Ngbandi: 250,000 (2000) [1]
Southern Ngbandi: 110,000
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Variously:
ngb   Northern Ngbandi
nbw   Southern Ngbandi
yky   Yakoma
deq   Dendi
mgn   Mbangi
gyg   Gbayi
Glottolog ngba1290
ELP Gbayi

The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.

Contents

Varieties

Northern Ngbandi is the lexical source of the trade language Sango , which has as many native speakers as Ngbandi and which is used as a second language by millions more in the CAR.

A variety of Ngbandi may have been spoken further east, in the DRC villages of Kazibati and Mongoba [2] [3] near Uganda, until the late 20th century, but this is uncertain.

Yakoma, with a central position on the Ubangi River that divides the CAR from the DRC, has a high degree of intelligibility with all other varieties of Ngbandi, though as with any dialect continuum, it does not follow that more distant varieties are necessarily as intelligible with each other as they are with Yakoma.

Gbayi or Kpatiri is a divergent Ngbandic language. Gbayi had likely been adopted by people who had formerly spoken a Zande language. Nzakara, a Zande language, is spoken near Gbayi. Perhaps not coincidentally, Kpatili also happens to be the name of a spurious Zande language for which there is no linguistic data. [4]

Phonology

The phonology consists of the following: [5]

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-
velar
Glottal
Nasal mnɲ
Plosive voicelessptkk͡p
voicedbdɡɡ͡b
prenasal ᵐbⁿdᵑɡᵑᵐɡ͡b
Fricative voicelessfsh
voicedvz
prenasal ᶬvⁿz
Rhotic (r)
Approximant ljw

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close iu
Close-mid eo
Open-mid ɛɔ
Open a

Writing system

Northern Ngbandi alphabet[ citation needed ]
abdeɛfghikkplmnnyoɔpstuvwyz

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References

  1. Northern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    Southern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    Yakoma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    Dendi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    Mbangi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
    Gbayi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. Linguasphere code 93-ABB-ae/af
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mongoba-Kazibati". Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN   978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID   133888593.
  5. Kamanda, Kola (1989). "La Conjugaison en Ngbandi (Langue non-Bantu)". Annales Aequatoria. 10: 181–200. JSTOR   25836516.
  6. Boyd, Raymond (1988). "Le kpatiri ou gbayi, une nouvelle langue du groupe ngbandi". Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Geuthner. pp. 35–49.