Mongo language

Last updated
Mongo
Nkundu
Lomongo
RegionDemocratic Republic of Congo
Ethnicity Mongo people
Native speakers
(400,000 cited 1995) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-2 lol
ISO 639-3 lol – inclusive code
Individual code:
ymg   Yamongeri
Glottolog mong1338   Mongo
bafo1235   Bafoto
C.61,611; C.36H [2]

Mongo, also called Nkundo or Mongo-Nkundu (Lomongo, Lonkundu), is a Bantu language spoken by several of the Mongo peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mongo speakers reside in the north-west of the country over a large area inside the curve of the Congo River. Mongo is a tonal language.

Contents

Dialects

There are several dialects. Maho (2009) lists one of these, Bafoto (Batswa de l'Equateur), C.611, as a separate language. The others are: [2]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal mnɲŋ
Plosive plainp bt dk ɡ
prenasalᵐpᵐbⁿt ⁿdᵑkᵑɡ
Affricate plaint͡s d͡z
prenasalⁿt͡sⁿd͡z
Fricative plainfsh
prenasalⁿs
Lateral l
Approximant wj

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close iu
Close-mid eo
Open-mid ɛɔ
Open a

Oral literature

In 1921, Edward Algernon Ruskin, a Christian missionary at Bongandanga from 1891 until 1935 in what was then the Belgian Congo, [4] published Mongo Proverbs and Fables , with the Mongo text and an English translation. [5] As Ruskin explains in the foreword to the book, his goal was to train missionaries in the Mongo language. The book contains 405 Mongo proverbs. Here are some examples:

There are also 21 Mongo fables in the book, including a story about Ulu, the trickster Tortoise. [6]

In an earlier booklet, Proverbs, Fables, Similes and Sayings of the Bamongo , published in 1897, Ruskin provides a word by word analysis of some Mongo proverbs, often accompanied by a brief fable. [7]

In 1909, Frederick Starr published a collection of 150 Nkundo (Mongo) proverbs with English translations, "Proverbs of Upper Congo," [8] which he selected from a 1904 publication, Bekolo bi' ampaka ba Nkundo. Bikolongo la nsako. Beki Bakola otakanyaka (Stories of the Elders of Nkundo: Adages and Proverbs Gathered by Bakola) by Bakola, also known as Ellsworth Farris, and Royal J. Dye, missionaries based near Coquilhatville (now Mbandaka). [9] Here are some of those proverbs:

Starr is also the author of A Bibliography of Congo Languages. [10] For more recent bibliography, see A. J. de Rop's La littérature orale mongo, published in 1974. [11] For a comprehensive study of Mongo proverbs, see Hulstaert's Proverbes mongo, published in 1958, which contains over 2500 Mongo proverbs with accompanying French translations. [12]

References

  1. Mongo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Yamongeri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. de Rop, Albert J. (1958). Grammaire du lomongo: phonologie et morphologie. Leuven & Léopoldville: Université Lovanium.
  4. Elders at Bongandango, Congo, ca. 1920-1930 Calisphere. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  5. Ruskin, Edward Algernon (1921). Mongo Proverbs and Fables (available online at the Internet Archive).
  6. "Ngila L'Ulu" in Ruskin, Edward Algernon (1921). Mongo Proverbs and Fables . pp. 82-86.
  7. Ruskin, Edward Algernon (1897). Proverbs, Fables, Similes and Sayings of the Bamongo (available online at the Internet Archive).
  8. Starr, Frederick (1909). "Proverbs of Upper Congo." Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences. 12: 176-196.
  9. Farris, Ellsworth; Dye, Royal J. (1904). Bekolo bi' ampaka ba Nkundo. Bikolongo la nsako. Beki Bakola otakanyaka. Page images at Hathi Trust; U.S. access only.
  10. Starr, Frederick (1908). A Bibliography of Congo Languages..
  11. de Rop, A. J. (1974). La littérature orale mongo, synthèse et bibliographie. Bruxelles: Centre d'Etude et de Documentation Africaines.
  12. Hulstaert, G. (1958). Proverbes mongo. Tervuren: Musée Royal du Congo Belge.