Gur languages

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Gur
Central Gur
Mabia
Geographic
distribution
Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Togo, Nigeria
Linguistic classification Niger–Congo?
Subdivisions
  • Northern
  • Southern
Language codes
Glottolog cent2243  (Gur + Waja–Jen)
Gur languages.png
  1. Koromfé
  2. Oti–Volta
  3. Bwamu
  4. Gurunsi
  5. KirmaLobi
  6. DogosoKhe
  7. ? DoghoseGan

The Gur languages, also known as Central Gur or Mabia, belong to the Niger–Congo languages. They are spoken in the Sahelian and savanna regions of West Africa, namely: in most areas of Burkina Faso, and in south-central Mali, northeastern Ivory Coast, the northern halves of Ghana and Togo, northwestern Benin, and southwestern Niger. A few Gur languages are spoken in Nigeria. Additionally, a single Gur language, Baatonum, is spoken in Benin and in the extreme northwest of Nigeria. Three other single Gur languages, the Tusya, Vyemo and Tiefo languages, are spoken in Burkina Faso. Another unclassified Gur language, Miyobe, is spoken in Benin and Togo. In addition, Kulango, Loma and Lorhon, are spoken in Ghana, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a few Mossi speakers are in Senegal, and speakers of the Dagaare language are also found in Cameroon. The Samu languages of Burkina Faso are Gur languages.

Contents

Typological features

Like most Niger–Congo languages, the ancestor of Gur languages probably had a noun class system; many of today's languages have reduced this to a system of nominal genders or declensions or no longer have a class system. [1] A common property of Gur languages is the verbal aspect marking. Almost all Gur languages are tonal, with Koromfé being a notable exception. The tonal systems of Gur languages are rather divergent. Most Gur languages have been described as following the model of a two tone downstep system, but the languages of Oti-Volta branch and some others have three phonemic tones.

History of study

Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle first mentions twelve Gur languages in his 1854 Polyglotta Africana , which represent ten languages in modern classification. Notably, he correctly identified these languages as being related to one another; his 'North-Eastern High Sudan' corresponds to Gur in modern classification.

Gur languages
Map showing the Mabia Languages that are currently under study.

The Gur family was previously called Voltaic, following the French name (langues) Voltaïques (named after the Volta River). It was once considered to be more extensive than it is often regarded today, including the Senufo languages and a number of small language isolates. The inclusion of Senufo within Gur has been rejected by many linguists, including Tony Naden. [2] Williamson and Blench [3] place Senufo as a separate branch of Atlantic–Congo, while other non-Central Gur languages are placed somewhat closer as separate branches within the Savannas continuum.

Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) notes that the closest relatives of Gur appear to be several branches of the obsolete Adamawa family, since many "Adamawa" languages in fact share more similarities with various (Central) Gur languages than with other Adamawa languages. He proposes that early Gur-Adamawa speakers had cultivated guinea corn and millet in a wooded savanna environment. [4]

Classification

The regions on the map denote regional distribution of the Central Gur languages. The tree-diagram below denotes the relations between these languages and their closest relatives:

The position of Dogoso–Khe in Southern Gur is not clear; it is not closely related to other members of the branch.

Bodomo (2017)

Bodomo (2017) refers to the entire Central Gur group as Mabia. [5] The term Mabia is a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ma- 'mother' + bia 'child'. [6]

The following is a classification of the Mabia (or Central Gur) languages from Bodomo (2017), as cited in Bodomo (2020). [6] Bodomo divides Mabia into three primary branches, namely West, East, and Central.

The term Mabia, instead of Gur, is also used by Naden (2021). [7]

Naden (2021) lists the languages of the Southern/Eastern Mabia group as Dagbani, Hanga, Kantoosi, Kamara, Kusaal (Kusasi), Mampruli (Mamprusi), Nabit, Nanun/Nanuni (also considered a dialect of Dagbani), and Talni.

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary of Gur languages:

Note: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.

Language (Village)eyeearnosetoothtonguemouthbloodbonetreewatereatname
Proto-Central Gur [8] *me (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)*ye (Gurunsi, Kurumfe)*ñam, *ñim (Oti-Volta, Kurumfe)*ʔob, *ʔo*tɪ (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)*ni, *ne; *nã (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)*di*yɪɗ, *yɪd (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)
Kirma [9] yifelle / yifiŋatuŋu / tunnimɛlle / miẽŋanyilaŋu / nyienedyumelle / dyumiẽŋanuŋu / nunnitammãkogwoŋu / kogonnetibiu / tibinnihummawyere
Tyurama [9] yisiri / yinyatwõgo / tõnyameare / miaganyirogu / nyiranyanambene / namblaganogu / nõnyatoamakukugogu / kukunyatibikugu / tibinyinyahumaowuyiri / yiga
Proto-Gurunsi [10] *s₁l*di₂/e/o(l/n)*mi₁/e/o*de/u₂(l)*no₂/i₁*ca*ti₂/e*le/a/o; *ni₂/a/o*di₁*yi₂(l/d)
Lyélé [9] yir / yirazyẽ / zyãmyél / myélayéél / yélamédyolo / médyaalényi / nyagyalku / kurkyoo / kyéménẽẽgyuyil / yila
Proto-Oti–Volta [11] *ni / *nun*tʊ*me*n / *n*lɪm / *lam; *z₂ɪ (?)*noː*z₁ɪm*kob; *kpab*yi / *tiː*ɲa*dɪ*yi / *yʊ
Dagbani [12] ninitiba (pl.)nyeenyinizinlinoliʒimkɔbilitiakomdiyuli
Gourmanchéma (Fada N’Gourma) [9] numbu / nuni/ninitubli / tubamiali / miananyenli / nyenalambu / landinyoabu / nyoanesoamakpabli / kpabatibu / tidinyimadiyeli / yela
Mossi [Moore] [9] nifu / ninitubre / tubanyõre / nyüyanyende / nyenazilemde / zilmanore / nwɛyazimkõbre / kõabatiɣa / tisekomdiyure / yuya
Frafra [13] nifo / ninitʊbre / tʊbayõore / yõayẽnnɛ / yẽnazɪlɪŋa / zɪlɪsɪnõorɛ / nõazɪɪmkõbrɛ / kõbatɪa / tɪɪsɪko'omdiyʊ'ʊrɛ / yʊ'ʊra
Dagaare [Dagara, Dagari] [9] mimir / mimietour / tublnyoboɣr / nyobogɛnyim / nyimɛzel / zelɛnwor / nɛ̃kobr / kobɛtiɛ / tirkõwõ/kwõõdiyur / ye
Proto-Eastern Oti–Volta [14] *nuan-*tuo-*wuan-*nin-*dian-*nua-*yia-*kuan-*tie-*nia-*di-*yi-
Bariba [15] nɔnu, nɔniso ~ soa, -suwɛ̃rudonduyara, -nunɔɔ (pl.?)yemkukurudã̀ã̀ (pl.?)nimtēm̄yísìrū
Natioro (Timba) [16] ɲǎːpéjáɲàŋwàmṹnṹpwã́ɲĩ́nã́ŋɟɛ̄nɛ̃́mɛ̃́sáːpɛ́lːɛ̄sjã́ːmĩ́kàːkwàsúmwàlwāàʔɔ́lɪ̄ɲĩ́nã́
Natioro (Niansogoni) [16] ɲĩ́kúpjéjɪ̀pã̌mṹnũ̀kũ̌ɲínːáːlámːjáːnã́tə́mǎnã́ŋkwáːʃjɛ̂nṹmṹːìwɔ́nːã́ínːã́
Natioro (Faniagara) [16] ɲã́pʊ̀ːnã́ífwã̀nã́ʔṹnṹfã̀nã́ĩ́ndáːnã̀nĩ́ŋsáːnã̄nã́ːnã̀tímĩ́nĩ́kʊ́kánã̄síːkénã́nĩ́mĩ́nĩ̀ɛ̀wòlòjɛ́ínã́ːnã̄
Moyobe [17] mɛnɪ́bɛ̀ / ɪ̀nɪ́bɛ̀kùtù / àtùtíŋwáyí / áŋwáyítìní, kùní / anítìlénbí / àlénbíńnɔ́ɔ̀ / ínɔ́ɔ̀ményɛ́ / ányɛ́kúkɔ́hɔ́ / ákɔ́hɔ́kùléé / àléémɪ́nɪ̀li / lètìnyírì / ànyírì
Kulango (Bouna) [18] piege / piewutengu / tenusaŋa / sãumkaɣangbo / kaɣamdelengbo / delemunɔɔɣɔ / nuomtuɔmzukukpo / zukumdiɛkɔ / diɛnuyɔkɔyukɔ / yum
Tiefo [19] éjúēnɑ̃́tōēmɛ́ʔɛ́kɔ̃́ʔɔ̃́mʲɔ̃̄ēnwɔ̃́ʔɔ̃́ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄kɑ̄ūʔùʃɪ̃́ʔɪ́éjɛ́
Viemo (Diosso) [20] gĩ́ːɾɔ̀cũ̄ljɔ̀mūmúɾōkɑ̃́ːdɔ̄lɑ̃́ːtīɾɔ̄ŋɑ̃́kjíːmōfūfūɾɔ́sóbònúmōɔnũ̄ɔ̃índō
Viemo (Soumaguina) [20] ɟĩ́ɾɔ̄tuĩ́jɔ̄mūmṹɾɔ̄kɑ̃̄ːnɔ̄lɑ̃́tīɾɔ̄ɲɑ̄tíɛ̄mɔ̄fúfūɾɔ̄sóbɔ̀númɔ̄jṹnũ̄ɔ̃̄kɛ̀ĩ́dɔ̄
Samo, Maka (Toma) [21] toɲɛ̃lɛwɔmɑ̀ɑ̀mɑ́mbíː
Samo, Matya (Kouy) [21] jɛrːɛtorojiːnisɔ̃ːnɛnɛnɛmɪjɑ̀jɛrɛdɑ́ɑnebɑ́rè
Samo, Maya (Bounou) [21] ɲoːnì; jɛrɛtoroɲinijɛrɛsoleːnèmɑ̌jɑremuɑfɑ́bjèrè
Téén hinbiye / hinbutenike / tenumɪtɪyaka / mɪtɪyɔkamaka / kaamʊdelenge / delemunʊfɪya / nʊfɪyɔtɔbɔ (pl)kpoloko / kpolowodɪyaa / dɪwɔɔkɔ / ɔwɔyɪraa / yɪrɔ
Toussian, South [Win] [9] nyi / nyɛnigi / nimene / menenãnyin / nyinɛnampar / namparnãṽiãʔ-lɛ / ṽiɛ-nɛ̃kəgbeke / kəgbalsesuo-lɛ / sesar-lɛnyõnyin
Toussian, North (Guéna-Kourinion) [9] nyi / nyɔni/nãn / ninã/nœnnãmle / mlənãnyen / nyennãnenpüœravia/ṽiã / wẽytiõ/tõkəble / kəblenâsepwel / sepyi
Siamou [Sɛmɛ] [9] nya/nyábí/nyábità-syẽ̀ / tàsyẽ̀márnyèn / nyěndɛ / dɛ́kõ̀ / kẽtṍkpár / kpartimõ / timẽdiỹi
Mambar [9] nyíí / nyíînyuweŋ / nyuwɛyɛmunna / munnaʔagã / gãʔanyire / nyireenyu / nyüyiʃiʃikatyiɣe / katyiyeʃiɣe / ʃireloeʔoedimbaɣe / mbɛyɛ
Senar (Kankalaba) [9] nyini / nyinyẽynupaɣa / nupayfunan / funãgegẽ/gan / gãgẽnyini / nyirkenyuɣu / nyuysisyẽkɛkayige / katyiyetiɣe / tĩyi/tĩrDogodimɛɣɛ
Tenyer [9] yɛde/yade / yɛgyɛ/yagyɛdyigi / dyiimənɛ / məligɛnkan / nhagalnyinkan / nyẽhegalnye / nyeytunokyilige / kyilerikatyigi / katyirlɔgɔdimigɛ / mii

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages: [22]

ClassificationLanguage12345678910
Bariba Baatonum (1)tíaìruìtaǹnɛnɔɔbùnɔɔbù ka tía > nɔɔbatía (ka = and)nɔɔbù ka ìru > nɔɔbaìrunɔɔbù ka ìta > nɔɔbaìtanɔɔbù ka ǹnɛ > nɔɔbaǹnɛɔkuru
Bariba Baatonum (2)tiāyìruìta / yìtaǹnɛnɔ̀ɔbùnɔ̀ɔbâ tiā (5 + 1)nɔ̀ɔbá yìru (5 + 2)nɔ̀ɔbâ yìta (5 + 3)nɔ̀ɔbâ ǹnɛ (5 + 4)wɔkuru
Central Gur, Northern, Bwamu Buamu dòũ̀ɲuːtĩːnáːhònúhèzĩ̀ː (5 + 1)hèɲuː (5 + 2)hètĩː (5 + 3)dènúpílú
Central Gur, Northern, Bwamu Cwi Bwamu dòònńɲūūnńɔlĩ̄īnńnáāhòóhòódwĩ̀ (5 + 1)hòòɲū (5 + 2)hɔ̀ɔ̀ˀlĩ̄ (5 + 3)dĩ̀í́ˀɓúrúù
Central Gur, Northern, Bwamu Láá Láá Bwamu ńɲɔńtĩńnɛ́hùanúhùezĩn (5 + 1)hòoɲu (5 + 2)hɔ̀ɔtĩ (5 + 3)dĩ̀inípíru
Central Gur, Northern, Kurumfe Koromfé -ndom / ɡadɔmɪhĩĩɪtããɪnããɪnɔmɪhʊrʊɪpɛ̃ɛ̃ɪtɔɔɪfafi
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma Buli -yéŋ / wà-ɲībà-yɛ̀bà-tàbà-nààsìbà-nùbà-yùèbìbà-yòpɔ̄āīnāāniŋnèūk
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Buli-Koma Konni kààníàbɛ́lí / àlîàbátá / àtâàbánìsà / ànísààbánʊ̀ / ànʊ́ńyúóbìŋm̀pṍĩ̀ǹníŋ̀ / àníìŋ̀wɛ́m̀bâŋ
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern Biali cə̄rə̄- / cə̄rə̄má (counting)dyātāārī / tāārə̄nààsī / nààrə̄nùmhã̀dwàmpèléīnēīwáīpwíɡə̄
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern Ditammari (1)-béé, dèǹnì (counting)-dyá, dɛ́ɛ́, diání-tããtī-nàà-nùmmù-kūà-yīēkà-nì-wɛ̄[tā]píítà
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern Ditammari (2)dennidɛɛnitâati / tâadináànumukuɔnyiekɛnninwɛitɛpiitɛ
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern Mbelime yɛ̃ndeyēdētāātēnaasinummudūodoodɛ̄ninyɛ̃̄wɛ̄īkɛ̄ piíkɛ
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Eastern Waama yònyɛ́ndítáárínáásìnùnk͡pàrùnbérénnɛ̃̀íwɛ̃̀ípííkà
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Gurma yèndó-lié-tà-nà-mù-luòbà-lèlé-nìː-yìapíìɡà
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Konkomba -bàa-lèe-tàa-nāa-nmúu-lúub-lílé-niín-wɛ́ɛpíìk
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Mɛyɔ́pɛ (Sola) nni (-sɛ)-tɛ́tɑɑni (-tɑɑni)nnɑ (-nɑ)nnupũ (-nupũ)kouulṹ (-kpuulũ)sɛ́ɛ́i (-sɛɛi)kɛpɑhɑ (-pɑhɑ), mɛtɛ́ ɑ́mɛ we kɛfikɛlɛɛ́, mɛsɛ ɑ́mɛ we kɛfikɛfi
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Nateni (1)-cɔ̃̄, dèn, dènà (counting)-dɛ́ɛ́, dɛ́ńtã̄lī, tã̄dinàhĩ̀nùm̀kɔ̄lì, kɔ̀dìyēhìnīìwɔ́ìpítā
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Nateni (2)màcɔ̃́dɛ́ɛ́tãdinàhìnùm̀kɔ̀dìyehìniìwɔ́ìpíta
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Ngangam (1)mikpìɛkmmilíémńtańnànńŋùnńlùòbǹlòléǹnìínǹwɛpíík
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma Ngangam (2)mibamilemitaminanmiŋunmiluobmiloleminiinmiwɛpiik
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba Bimoba yènn-lè-tà-ná-ŋmú-loòb-lòlé-niìn-yià
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba Moba jènǹŋáńlé / ńléŋáńtāː / ńtāːŋánnâ / nnâŋáńmû / ńmûŋáńlɔ́ːb̀ / ńlɔ́ːb̀ŋáńlílé / ńlíléŋáńníːń / ńníːńŋáńwáī / ńwáīpíːɡ̀
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Moba Ntcham ǹ.-bá /-bɔ́, m̀-báá (enumerative)ǹ.-lí, ǹ-léé (enumerative)ǹ.-ta, ǹtàà (enumerative)ǹ.-nàà, ǹnàà (enumerative)ǹ.-ŋmòò, ŋ̀-ŋmòò (enumerative)ǹ.-lùù, ǹ-lùù (enumerative)ǹ.-lùlí, ǹlùlí (enumerative)ǹ.-nìì, ǹníí (enumerative)ǹ.-wá / -wɔ, ŋ̀wáá (enumerative)sààláá, sààláá (enumerative)
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Gurma, Ntcham Akaselem m̀bámbìléǹtàǹnààm̀ŋmɔ̀ǹlòòbèǹlòléǹɲììŋ̀wɛ̀ʔpʷíʔ
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Nootre Notre yómbónjéntàntáátínnáásínnúnyúapènpwɛ̀nniinwà / ŋwàpíá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest Farefare yénnótã́n náásín núún yòòbín yòpɔ́ín níín wɛ́ípíá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest Mòoré yé/yémbreyì /yìibútã̀ /tã́abonáaseyòobéyòpoéníiwɛ́píiɡa
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest Safaliba àyàʔàyîʔàtâʔànáásíànúúàyòòbíàyòpõ̀ĩ̂ànɪ́ɪ̀àwã̀ĩ̂pẽ́ẽ́, pĩ́ẽ́
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest Wali bʊ́ŋjɪ̀ŋ ('one thing') / jíntì ('one)ájì ('two thing') / jééátà / tààánááhì / nááhɪ̀ánú / nùùájʊ̀ɔ̀biɛ́ / jʊ̀ɔ̀bɛ́ájúpúì / jʊ̀púiánì / nììáwɛ́ɪ́ / wáìpíé / píé
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor Malba Birifor bõ-ƴén (bomƴén)áyiataánãanãnũunayʊɔbánũu-nɪ-áyi (5 + 2)ánũu-nɪ-ata (5 + 3)pié for birpié
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Birifor Southern Birifor boyænayiataanaaranuuayʊɔbayopoinaniinpie for birpie
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari Northern Dagaara bõ-yen / bõe (thing-one)ayiataanaaranũuayʊɔbayɔpõe (six-one)anĩiawaɪ / pi-waɪpie
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Northwest, Dagaari-Birifor, Dagaari Southern Dagaare bòn yéní / yenti-yé / ye-tà / ta-nádɪ / nadɪ-nù / nu-yʊ̀ɔ́ / -yʊ̀ɔ́bʊ́ / yʊɔ-yʊ̀ɔ́pɔ̃́ɔ̃́ / pɔ̃ĩ-nìì / nii-wáì / waɪpíé
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Dagbani (Dagomba) ndààm, yín-ó, yín-í-yí-tá-náhí-nú-yóbù-yòpóìn-níì-wéypíá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Hanga -yɪnnɪ / lʊ̀ŋ̀kʷɔ́ʌ́yíʔʌ́tʰʌ́ʔʌ́nʌ́ːsɪʌ́nʊ́ʌ́yóːbʊ̀ʌ́yʌ́pʷòⁱʌ́níːʌ́wáⁱpʰíːʌ́
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Kamara yínèáyiátaánâsɛánúáyɔ̀wíáyɔ̀poiánnîawàɛpíyá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Kantosi yénía-yía-táa-násía-núa-yóbùa-yàpóìa-níìa-wàipíá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Kusaal àɾàkṍʔ / àdàkṍʔàjíàtáànáasíʔànúàjɔ̀ɔbíʔ / àjɔ̀ɔbʊ́ʔàjɔ́póéʔáníiàwáíʔpíi
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Western, Southeast Mampruli yɪ́nní / ndààm (in counting)a-yía-táa-náásía-núa-yóóbùa-yòpɔ̃́ì / -yòpwèa-níìa-wã̀ypííyá
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm Nawdm m̩̀hénm̩̀ɾéʔm̩̀tâʔm̩̀náːm̩̀nûm̩̀ɾòːndím̩̀lèbléʔm̩̀nìːndím̩̀wɛ́ʔkwíʔɾí
Central Gur, Northern, Oti-Volta, Yom-Nawdm Yom (Pila) nyə̌ŋ- / nyə̌rɣə--li-ta-nɛ̀ɛ̀sə̀-nù-lèèwə̀r-nùɣa -li ('five and two', ɣa > 'and')-li k͡pa fɛɣa (' two are not in ten ')nyə̌ŋ- /nyə̌rɣə- k͡pa fɛɣafɛɣa
Central Gur, Southern, Dyan Dyan (1)bɛ̃̀ɡ / bɪ̀ɛlèyèɲɔ̃̀yèthɛ̃̀sìyènàadìemàmɔ̀lɔ̀dũ̀ (5 + 1)mɔ̀lɔ̀ɲɔ̃̀ (5 + 2)mɔ̀lɔ̀thɛ̃̀sì (5 + 3)nĩ́kpó-cí-bèrè (10 - 1) ?nĩ́kpó
Central Gur, Southern, Dyan Dyan (2)bɛ̃ɡ / bɪɛleyenyɔ̃yethɛ̃siyenaadiemamɔlɔdũ (5 + 1)mɔlɔnyɔ̃ (5 + 2)mɔlɔthɛ̃si (5 + 3)nĩkpo-ci-bere (10 - 1) ?nĩkpo
Central Gur, Southern, Gan-Dogose Dogosé tìkpóʔìyɔ̰́ʔìsá̰a̰ʔìyḭ̀i̬ʔìwà̰aʔmà̰ nḭ̀ póʔ (5 + 1)mà̰ nḭ̀ yɔ̰́ʔ (5 + 2)mà̰ nḭ̀ sá̰a̰ʔ (5 + 3)mà̰ nḭ̀ yḭ̀i̬ʔ(5 + 4)ɡbùnè
Central Gur, Southern, Gan-Dogose Kaansá (Kaansé) tʰik̩͡poɛɲɔ̰isãaɛɲeeɛmwãamaʔnik͡po (5 + 1)maʔniyɔ̃ (5 + 2)maʔnisãaʔ (5 + 3)k͡ponko (10 - 1) ?k͡pooɡo
Central Gur, Southern, Gan-Dogose Khisa (Komono) ílèŋád͡ʒɔ̃̀ŋátʰɔ̀ʔádàaánɔ̃̀nnɔ̀k͡pòŋ (5 + 1)nɔ̀́d͡ʒɔ̃̀ŋ (5 + 2)nɔ́tʰɔ́ʔ (5 + 3)nɔ̀dáa (5 + 4)hʊ̀ k͡pélé / sínʊ̃y
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Kassem (1)kàlʊ̀ǹlèǹtɔ̀ǹnāǹnūǹdʊ̀nǹpɛ̀nānānʊ̀ɡʊ̄fúɡə́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Kasem (2)kàlʊ̀ǹlèǹtɔ̀ǹnāǹnūǹdʊ̀nm̀pɛ̀nānānʊ̀ɡʊ̄fúɡə́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Kasem (3)kàlʊ/ dìdʊǎǹlè / ǹlèiǹtɔ̀ǹnāǹnūǹdʊ̃̀m̀pɛ̀ / m̀pwɛ̀nānānʊ̌ɡʊ /nǒɡofúɡə
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Lyélé èdùsə̀lyèsə̀tə̀sə̀nasə̀nuʃə̀ldù (5 + 1) ?ʃàlpyɛ̀ (5 + 2) ?lyɛlɛnə̀bɔ́ʃíyə́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Northern Nuni ùdùbìlə̀bìtwààbìnabìnubadùbàpàlɛlɛnìbufíɡə́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Southern Nuni nə̀dʊ̀bə̀lə̀bàtwàbànīānbònūbàrdʊ̀bàrpɛ̀nānānʊ̀ɡʊ́fúɡə́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi Pana ténɡíɲìícɔ́ɔ̀nàasínṍnnõ̀mpínõ̀ncóbàndáɟèefó
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Bago-Kusuntu ŋʊrʊk͡pák͡pábààlɛ̀bàtòòrobànásábàànʊ́lèèjòlʊ̀ŋlèɖìk͡pèèrèkàkààrè /ŋʊrʊk͡pák͡pá tá sàlá (10 -1)sàlá
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Bogoŋ (Cala / Chala) -re-, rʊ, -dʊ́ndʊlʊŋ-la-tooro-náárá-nʊ́ŋlʊʊrʊlɪkaarɛjiŋináárá (4 + 4) ?saŋɡʊ́ɡifí
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Delo daalealaatooroanaaraanoŋlooronyetooro (10 - 3) ?ɡyanaara (2 x 4) ?kadaale (10 - 1) ?kufu
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Kabiyé kʊ́yʊ́mnàálɛ̀nàádozónàã́zákàɡ͡bã́nzìloɖòlʊ̀bɛ̀lùtoozonakʊ̀híu / náánʊ́wá
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Lama (Lamba) kóɖə́mnásə̂lnàsìsɨ̀násə́násánásə́nálə̀ɖə̀naosanautɨsɨ (4 + 3)násə́nnásá (4 + 4)nàkòhʲú
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Lukpa kʊ̀lʊ̀mnaalɛ̀tòòsónaasákàk͡pásɪ̀náátòsò (2 x 3 ??)náátòsò m̀pɔ̀ɣɔ̀laɣá (6 + 1)pə́lé fɛ́jɪ́ (- 2)pɔ̀ɣɔ̀láɣáfɛ́jɪ́́ (- 1)náánʊ́á
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Tem (1)káɔ́ɖesííɛ̀tóózonáázanʊ́ʊ́waloɖolʊbɛlutoozokéénííréfuú
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Eastern Tem (2)káɔ́ɖesííɛ̀tóózónáázánʊ́ʊ́waloɖolʊbɛlutoozokéénííréfuú
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Chakali dɪ́ɡɪ́máná / dɪ́ɡɪ́máŋáálìɛ̀átʊ̀rʊ̀ / átʊ̀lì / á-tòròànáásìāɲɔ̃̄állʊ̀rʊ̀ / állʊ̀lʊ̀àlʊpɛ̀ / lʊ́pɛ̀ŋmɛ́ŋtɛ́ldɪ́ɡɪ́tūū (10 - 1) ?
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Deg (Degha) beŋk͡paŋ / k͡pee (for counting only)anɛ / nɛɛatoro / tooroanaarɛ / naarɛanue / nueanʊmɛl / nʊmɛl (5 + 1)anʊanɛ / nʊanɛ (5 + 2)anʊatoro / nʊatoto (5 + 3)anʊanaarɛ / nʊanaarɛ (5 + 4)fi
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Paasaal (Passale) kɪ́dɪ́ɡɪ́ / dííŋbàlìyà / lìyàbòtò / tóóbànāā / náábɔ̀nɔ̀ŋ / nɔ́ɔ́ŋbàdʊ̀ / dʊ́ʊ́bàpɛ̀ / pɛ́ɛ́kyórí / kyóríníbí / níbífí / fí
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Phuie (Puguli) déò / dùdúmíʔɛ̃́ɛ̃́ʔárʊ̀ànɛ̃́ / ànɛ́ŋ ?ànɔ̃́ / ànɔ́ŋ ?ànṍ déò (5 + 1)ànṍ ʔɛ̃́ɛ̃́ (5 + 2)ànɔ̃́ ʔárʊ̀ (5 + 3)ànóŋ ànɛ̃́ / fí dùdúmí tʰõ̀
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Western Sisaala bàlá / dɪ̀ɛ́nbɛ́llɛ́ / lɛ́bàtòró / tòróbànáá / náábɔ̀mmʊ̀ɔ́ / mʊ̀ɔ́bóldó / dóbálpɛ́ / pɛ́tʃòrínɛ̀mɛ́fíí
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Sisaala Tumulung kʊ̀bàlá / dɪ̀áŋbàlɪ̀á / lɪ̀abàtórí / tóríbànɛ́sɛ́ / nɛ̀sɛ́bànɔ́ŋ / nɔ́ŋbàlídú / dúbàlɪ̀pɛ́ / pɛ́tʃòrínìbífíí
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Sissala balábɛllɛbotorobanábɔmmʊ́ɔ́balɡobalpɛcórínɛ́mɛ́
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Tampulma diiɡɛalɛɛwaatooraanaasianyuúnanɔɔràanɔpɛŋmɛnaasadiɡtó
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Vagla k͡páŋ / k͡péé (when counting)ànɛ̀ɛ̀àhòròànáázʊ̀ànúèànʊ́mbɛl (bɛl a certain one )àníídàànɛ̀ɛ̀ámàntánnààzí / ŋmàntánnààzíkábɛl (ka to remain )
Central Gur, Southern, Grusi, Western Winyé (Kõ) ndonyɪ̃ɛntɔɔnnánwɔ̃́nɡonpiɛnpɔɔnlɛbɪfʊ̃́
Central Gur, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama Cerma (Kirma) ǹdéiŋǹhã́ĩǹsíɛiǹnáàǹdîìníedìeí (5 + 1)níehã́ĩ (5 + 2)níisìɛí (5 + 3)nénnáà (5 + 4)cĩ́ŋcíelùó
Central Gur, Southern, Kirma-Tyurama Turka dẽẽnáhãlsiɛln̩nə̃̀n̩dinã́ndèin (5 + 1)nə̃́rə̃́hã̀l (5 + 2)nə̃́rə̃́siɛ̀l (5 + 3)dɛ̃̀ɛ̃̀sə́ (10 -1) ?nṹɔ̃́sɔ̃̀
Kulango Kulango (1)tabílasããbenatʊrɔtãtã (5 + 1)tʊrɔfriɲuu (5 + 2)tʊrɔfrisãã (5 + 3)tʊrɔfrina (5 + 4)nuun
Kulango Kulango (2)táàbílàsã̀ã̀bínã́tɔ́tɔ́rɔ́tàà (5 + 1)tɔ́rɔ́fíríɲũ̀ (5 + 2)tɔ́rɔ́fírísã̀ã̀ (5 + 3)tɔ́rɔ́fírínã́ (5 + 4)nṹnũ̀
Kulango Bouna Kulango taà, tãã̀bɪlà, nyʊʊ̀sãã̀naʔtɔ̀rɔ̀ fɪn taà, tɔrɔ fɪ(rɪ) nyʊʊ̀ (5 + 1)tɔ̀rɔ̀ fɪn bɪla (5 + 2)tɔ̀rɔ̀ fɪn sãã̀ (5 + 3)tɔ̀rɔ̀ fɪn na (5 + 4)nuùnu, nûnu, tɔtɔ bɪla, tɔtɔ nyʊʊ̀
Lobi Lobi bìɛ̀lyɛnyɔyentʰeryɛnã́yɛmɔɪmàadõmakonyɔ (5 + 2)makõtʰer (5 + 3)nyʊ̌ɔr bìr pʰéro (10 - 1)nyʊ̌ɔr
Senufo, Karaboro Eastern Karaboro (1)nɔ̀niʃyɔ̃̀ / ʃiɲ̀tã̀ã̀tíʃyàr /díʃyàr /ríʃyàrbwà / bwɔ̀kwaɲ̀kwa-sĩ̀ĩ̀ (lit: "a second six")kwa-tã̀ã̀ (lit: " a third six")kwa-ríʃyàr (lit: "fourth six")sĩʃye
Senufo, Karaboro Eastern Karaboro (2)nɔ̀nīsyã̀ŋtã̀ãtésyàr / résyàrbwàkwāykwásĩ̀ĩkwátã̀àkwàrésyàrsẽ̄nsyē
Senufo, Karaboro Western Karaboro nɔ̀niʃintaàrtɪhyɛɛ̀rbwɔ̀k(ʋ)lɔ̀nklɔʃìnkwɔtàar̀wɔ̀dèfèr / wɔ̀def(ə)r ?síncíl
Senufo, Kpalaga Palaka Senoufo niŋɡ͡besɔinŋtaanri = tããri ?jijilɛi = d͡ʒid͡ʒilɛi ?kanɡuruɡokuɡɔlɔŋkuɡɔlɔŋ sɔinŋ (5 + 2)kuɡɔlɔŋ taanri (5 + 3)kuɡɔlɔŋ d͡ʒid͡ʒilɛi (5 + 4)kɔ́jɛ
Senufo, Nafaanra Nafaanra Senoufo núnuçííntáárɛ̀ɟíɟírɛ̀kúnɔkɔ́ɔ̀nánù (5 + 1)kɔ́ɔ̀náçíín (5 + 2)kɔ́ɔ̀nátárè (5 + 3)kɔ́ɔ̀náɟirɛ (5 + 4)kɛ́
Senufo, Senari Cebaara Senoufo nìbínsīintāanrisīcɛ̄rɛ̄kāɡūnɔ̀kɔ̀rɔ́nī (5 + 1)kɔ̀rɔ́sīin (5 + 2)kɔ̀rɔ́tāanrì (5 + 3)k͡pǎjɛ̄rɛ̄ (5 + 4)kɛ́ɛ
Senufo, Suppire-Mamara Mamara Senoufo (Minyanka) niɡĩ̀ / niɡĩ (second set from SIL)ʃɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀ / ʃũ̀ũ̀tããrè / tããriʃiʃyɛ̀ɛrɛ̀ / ʃiʃɛɛrɛkaɡuru / kaɡuroɡ͡baara / ɡ͡baaraɡ͡baa-ʃɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀ / ɡ͡baaraʃũũ (5 + 2)ʃɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀lake / ʃũ̀ũ̀lakɛ (2 to 10)niɡĩ̀fɔ̀kɛ / niɡĩlakɛ (1 to 10)kɛ / kɛ
Senufo, Suppire-Mamara Shempire Senoufo (1)ninɡinʃuunnitaanrisicɛɛrɛkaɡuruɡ͡baaniɡ͡baʃuuni (5 + 2)ɡ͡bataanri (5 + 3)ɡ͡baɛɛrɛ (5 + 4)
Senufo, Suppire-Mamara Shempire Senoufo (2)nanbinʃuunnitaanrisicɛɛrɛkaɡroɡ͡baaniɡ͡baʃuuni (5 + 2)ɡ͡bataanri (5 + 3)ɡ͡baɛɛrɛ (5 + 4)
Senufo, Suppire-Mamara Sìcìté Senoufo nìkĩ̀sɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀nì / sũ̀ũ̀nìtã̀ã̀rìsìcɛ̀ɛ̀rìkānkūròɡ͡bāārùɡ͡bārsɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀nìɡ͡bārtã̀ã̀rì / kāzɛ̄ɛm̀bēɡ͡bārsìcɛ̀ɛ̀rì / nìkĩ̀ndáʔá (10 - 1)kɛ̄
Senufo, Suppire-Mamara Supyire Senoufo nìŋkìnʃùùnnìtàànrèsìcyɛ̀ɛ̀rèkaŋkuro (< 'fist ')baa-nì (5 + 1)baa-ʃùùnnì (5 + 2)baa-tàànrè (5 + 3)baa-sìcyɛ̀ɛ̀rè (5 + 4)kɛ̄
Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini Djimini Senoufo nuŋɡ͡baʃyɛntããritid͡ʒɛrɛkaŋɡuruɡokɔɡɔlɔnikɔlɔʃyɛn (5 + 2)kɔlɔtããri (5 + 3)kɔlɔd͡ʒɛrɛ (5 + 4)
Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini Nyarafolo Senoufo nīɡbesīintāanrisīcɛrikōɡunɔ̀kɔ̀línī (5 + 1)kɔ̀lisīin (5 + 2)kàtāanrì (5 + 3)kàcɛ̄rì (5 + 4)kíɛ̀
Senufo, Tagwana-Djimini Tagwana Senoufo nuɡ͡besyẽtãritityerekoɡununõlinasyẽ (5 + 2)natãri (5 + 3)natyere (5 + 4)kẽ / k͡prò
Teen Téén (Lorhon) tanɪnyoorsaanrnatɔtanɪ (lit: five one)tɔnyoor (lit: five two)tɔsaanr (lit: five three)tanbalˈpɔrwɔ (lit: one less than ten)ˈpɔrwɔ
Tiefo Tiéfo (1)ʔe diɛ̃ni (attributive use: dɛ̃̀)ɟɔ̃sã́ʔuʔɔ̃́ / ŋɔɔ (variant of Noumoudara)kã̀kã̀-dĩ (5 + 1)kã-ɟɔ̃ (5 + 2)kã-sá (5 + 3)kã-ʔuɔ̃́ (5 + 4)támúwá / kɛ̃
Tiefo Tiéfo (2)dɛ̃̀ / ʔë diɛ̃̀nijɔ̃sã́ʔuʔɔ̃́kã̀kã̀-dĩ (5 + 1)kã̀-jɔ̃ (5 + 2)kã̀-sá (5 + 3)kã̀-ʔuɔ̃ (5 + 4)tamʷúá / támú
Tusia Northern Toussian (1)nāɣ, nāɣ, nāɣnīnìtɔ̄nɔ̀jã᷇klòkùnũ᷇kālèjkɔ̀tɔ̃̂kàjã̂bwɔ̀
Tusia Northern Toussian (2)nṍṍkə̀nĩ́ŋnõ̀tṍṍnõ̀ĩ́jã̂klʊ̂kv̀v̀nə̃̀ŋ (5 + 1)kvììnĩ̀ (5 + 2)k͡pwɛ̀ɛ̀tṍ (5 + 3)k͡pààrĩ̀jã́ (5 + 4)sàbwɔ̀
Tusia Southern Toussian núkúnínɔ́tɔ̃́nɔ́ńyã́hkwlɔkénúkò (5 + 1)kwǎrninɔ (5 + 2)kwǎrtɔ̃́nɔ (5 + 3)kwǎryã́h (5 + 4)ɡbãm
Viemo Viemo (Vigye) dũde [dʷũⁿde]niinĩ [niːnĩ]sãsĩ [sãsĩ]jumĩ [d͡ʒʷumĩ]kuɛɡe [kwɛɣe]kõnũrã [kõnũɾã]kõnĩse [kõnĩse]jumĩjɔ niinĩ [d͡ʒʷumĩd͡ʒɔ niːnĩ] 4 x 2 ?kwɔmĩdĩ fɛrɛyɔ [k͡pʷɔmĩⁿdĩ fɛɾɛjɔ] -1?kwɔmũ [k͡pʷɔmũ]
Wara-Natioro Wara púwòtĩ́náásúsùsúsírìpòsúrũ̌tó / sínĩ̀tósĩ̂tĩ́ (+ 3?)sĩ̂náású (+ 4 ?)kã̀ã̀sá

Writing System

The Goulsse Alphabet was invented in 2022 as a native script for the Gur languages

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senufo languages</span> Language family of West Africa

The Senufo or Senufic languages comprise around 15 languages spoken by the Senufo in the north of Ivory Coast, the south of Mali and the southwest of Burkina Faso. An isolated language, Nafaanra, is also spoken in the west of Ghana. The Senufo languages constitute their own branch of the Atlantic–Congo sub-family of the Niger–Congo languages. Anne Garber estimates the total number of Senufos at some 1.5 million; the Ethnologue, based on various population estimates, counts 2.7 million.

Dagbani, also known as Dagbanli or Dagbanle, is a Gur language spoken in Ghana and Northern Togo. Its native speakers are estimated around 1,170,000. Dagbani is the most widely spoken language in northern Ghana, specifically among the tribes that fall under the authority of the King of Dagbon, known as the Yaa-Naa. Dagbon is a traditional kingdom situated in northern Ghana, and the Yaa-Naa is the paramount chief or king who governs over the various tribes and communities within the Dagbon kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Mali</span>

Mali is a multilingual country of about 21.9 million people. The languages spoken there reflect ancient settlement patterns, migrations, and its long history. Ethnologue counts more than 80 languages. Of these, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Arabic, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay languages, Soninke and Tamasheq are official languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volta–Congo languages</span> Major branch of the Atlantic–Congo languages

Volta–Congo is a major branch of the Atlantic–Congo family. It includes all the Niger-Congo languages and subfamilies except the families of the erstwhile Atlantic and Kordofanian branches, Mande, Dogon, and Ijo. It thus only differs from Atlantic–Congo in that it excludes the Atlantic languages and, in some conceptions, Kru and Senufo.

Kusaal is a Gur language spoken primarily in northern eastern Ghana, and Burkina Faso. It is spoken by about 121,000 people and takes its name from the Kusaal people, or Kusasi. There is a distinctive dialect division between Agole, to the East of the Volta River, and Toende, to the West. Agole has more speakers. The 6-district capital; Bawku West with Zebilla as capital and the rest; Binduri, Bawku, Tempane, Garu and Pusiga districts mostly Agole dialect speakers. The complete Bible translation is in the Agole dialect.

The Grũsi or Gurunsi languages, also known as the East Mabia languages, are a group of Gur languages, comprising about 20 languages spoken by the Gurunsi peoples. The Grũsi languages are spoken in northern Ghana, adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and Togo. The largest language in the Grusi group is Kabiye, a language spoken by approximately 1.2 million people throughout central Togo.

Gurunsi or Grusi may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Ghana</span>

Ghana is a multilingual country in which about eighty languages are spoken. Of these, English, which was inherited from the colonial era, is the official language and lingua franca. Of the languages indigenous to Ghana, Akan is the most widely spoken in the south. Dagbani, Dagare, Sisaala, Waale, and Gonja are among the most widely spoken in the northern part of the country.

The Gbaya languages, also known as Gbaya–Manza–Ngbaka, are a family of perhaps a dozen languages spoken mainly in the western Central African Republic and across the border in Cameroon, with one language (Ngbaka) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and several languages with few speakers in the Republic of the Congo. Many of the languages go by the ethnic name Gbaya, though the largest, with over a million speakers, is called Ngbaka, a name shared with the Ngbaka languages of the Ubangian family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dagaare language</span> Language

Dagaare is the language of the Dagaaba people of Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. It has been described as a dialect continuum that also includes Waale and Birifor. Dagaare language varies in dialect stemming from other family languages including: Dagbane, Waale, Mabia, Gurene, Mampruli, Kusaal, Buli, Niger-Congo, and many other sub languages resulting in around 1.3 million Dagaare speakers. Throughout the regions of native Dagaare speakers the dialect comes from Northern, Central, Western, and Southern areas referring to the language differently. Burkina Faso refers to Dagaare as Dagara and Birifor to natives in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. The native tongue is still universally known as Dagaare. Amongst the different dialects, the standard for Dagaare is derived from the Central region's dialect. Southern Dagaare also stems from the Dagaare language and is known to be commonly spoken in Wa and Kaleo.

The Savannas languages, also known as Gur–Adamawa or Adamawa–Gur, is a branch of the Niger–Congo languages that includes Greenberg's Gur and Adamawa–Ubangui families.

The Gurma languages, also known as the West Mabia languages, form part of the Oti–Volta subgroup of the Gur languages. They are spoken in eastern Burkina Faso, northern Ghana, Togo and Benin and western Niger.

The Oti–Volta languages form a subgroup of the Gur languages, comprising about 30 languages of northern Ghana, Benin, and Burkina Faso spoken by twelve million people. The most populous language is Mooré, the national language of Burkina Faso, spoken by over 55% of Burkina Faso’s 20 million population and an additional 1 million in neighboring countries such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, and Mali.

The Siamou language, also known as Seme (Sɛmɛ), is a language spoken mainly in Burkina Faso. It is part of the Kru languages or unclassified within the proposed Niger–Congo languages. It is also spoken in Ivory Coast and Mali, and could likely be a language isolate.

Viemo, also known as Vige, Vigué, Vigye, is a language of Burkina Faso. Vigué is the term for the ethniciity while Viemo is the name of the language. It may be related at a higher level to the Gur language family, but its exact affiliation within Niger–Congo languages is not yet established. It is spoken in Karangasso-Vigué Department and in neighbouring provinces.

The Mampruli language is a Gur language spoken in northern Ghana, Northern Togo, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali by the Mamprusi people. It is partially mutually intelligible with Dagbani. The Mamprusi language is spoken in a broad belt across the northern parts of the Northern Region of Ghana, stretching west to east from Yizeesi to Nakpanduri and centred on the towns of Gambaga, Nalerigu and Walewale.

Miyobe or Soruba is an unclassified Niger-Congo language of Benin and Togo.

Tampulma, anglicized as Tamprusi is a Mabia language of Ghana. It is primarily spoken in the Savannah Region. It is related to the languages of Deg, Sisaala and Vagla.

Duli is an extinct Adamawa language of northern Cameroon.

Gabriel Manessy was a French linguist who worked on Niger–Congo languages, especially the Gur languages.

References

  1. Manessy (1968/71), Naden (1989)
  2. Naden, Tony. 1989:143
  3. Williamson and Blench. 2000:18,25-6
  4. Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
  5. Bodomo, Adams. 2017. Mabia: its etymological genesis, geographical spread and some salient genetic features. Paper presented at the Mabia Languages Conferences in Winneba, Ghana and Vienna, Austria.
  6. 1 2 Bodomo, Adams. 2020. "Mabia: Its Etymological Genesis, Geographical Spread, and some Salient Genetic Features." In: Bodomo A., Abubakari H. & Issah, S. 2020. Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa. Galda Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 400 pages, ISBN 978-3-96203-117-6 (Print) ISBN 978-3-96203-118-3 (E-Book)
  7. Naden, Tony. 2021. Comparative Dictionary of Central Mabia Languages (Formerly Western Oti-Volta) / Dictionnaire Comparatif Des Langues Mabia-Central (anciennement Western Oti-Volta). m.s.
  8. Manessy, Gabriel. 1979. Contribution à la Classification Généalogique des Langues Voltaïques. (Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale, 37.) Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Prost, André. 1964. Contribution à l'étude des langues voltaiques. (Memoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 70.) Dakar: Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (IFAN).
  10. Manessy, Gabriel. 1969. Les Langues Gurunsi: Essai d'application de la méthode comparative à un groupe de langues Voltaïques. (Bibliothèque de la SELAF, 12, 13.) Paris: SELAF.
  11. Manessy, Gabriel. 1975. Les Langues Oti-Volta. (Langues et Civilisations a Tradition Orale, 15.) Paris: SELAF.
  12. Naden, Tony (2014). Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  13. "Ninkare Frafra Dictionary - La ãn sõŋa" . Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  14. Sambiéni, Coffi. 2005. Le Proto-Oti-Volta-Oriental: Essai d'application de la méthode historique comparative. (Gur Monographs, 6.) Köln: Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
  15. Welmers, William E. 1952. Notes on Bariba. Language 28:82-103.
  16. 1 2 3 Sawadogo, Tasséré. 2002. Rapport d'enquête sur le natioro . SIL Electronic Survey Reports (SILESR), 2003-005. SIL International.
  17. Rongier, Jacques. 1996. Aperçu sur le mɔyɔbɛ. Cahiers voltaïques / Gur papers 1: 115-145.
  18. Prost, André. 1974. Description sommaire du koulango (dialecte du Bouna, Côte d'Ivoire). Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan, série H: linguistique 7. 21-74.
  19. Berthelette, Carol; Berthelette, John. 2002. Sociolinguistic survey report for the Tiéfo language . SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-006. PDF.
  20. 1 2 Berthelette, John. 2002. Sociolinguistic survey report for the Vigué (Viemo) language. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-009. PDF.
  21. 1 2 3 Berthelette, John (2002). Survey report on the San (Samo) language . SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-005. (PDF)
  22. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.