Names of European cities in different languages (M–P)

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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

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There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[ citation needed ] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago.[ citation needed ] In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev. [1]

M

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Maastricht Maastricht (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*), Mastriht (Serbian), Maseuteuriheuteu/Masŭt'ŭrihŭt'ŭ - 마스트리흐트 (Korean), Maestricht (former French, Romanian variant), Måstrek / Li Trek (Walloon), Mastrichtas (Lithuanian), Māstrihta (Latvian), Mastrique (Portuguese rare*, Spanish), Māsutorihito - マーストリヒト (Japanese)*, Mestreech (Limburgish), Traiectum ad Mosam or Traiectum superius (Latin)
Flag of Spain.svg Madrid Madrid (Afrikaans, Asturian, Azeri, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Interlingua, Italian, Maltese, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*, Swedish, Tagalog*, Turkish), Mǎdélǐ - 馬德里 (Traditional Chinese), Mǎdélǐ - 马德里 (Simplified Chinese), Madeurideu/Madŭridŭ - 마드리드 (Korean), Madhríti - Μαδρίτη (Greek), Madorīdo - マドリード (Japanese)*, Madri (Brazilian Portuguese), Madrid - Мадрид (Bulgarian, Russian), Madridas (Lithuanian), Madride (Latvian), Madrido (Esperanto), Madril (Basque), Madrit (Old Catalan), Madryd - Мадрыд (Belarusian), Madryt (Polish), Maidrid (Irish), مدريد (Arabic), मद्रीद (Hindi), مادرید (Persian), মাদ্রিদ - Madrid (Bengali),
Flag of Belarus.svg Mahilyow Mahiloŭ - Магілёў (Belarusian), Mogilew or Mohylew (Polish), Mogiļeva or Mahiļova (Latvian), Mogilyov - Могилёв (Russian), Molev - מאָלעװ (Yiddish), Movilău (Romanian), Moghilău (Romanian variant), Mogiliavas (Lithuanian), Mohyliov - Могильов (Ukrainian), Mohyliv - Могилів (Ukrainian variant)
Flag of Germany.svg Mainz Määnz (local dialect), Mentz (early modern English), Maghentía - Μαγεντία (Greek), Magonza (Italian), Maguncia (Spanish), Maienţa (old Romanian), Mainca (Latvian), Maincheu/Mainch'ŭ - 마인츠 (Korean), Maintsu - マインツ (Japanese)*, Mainz (Dutch, Finnish, German, Romanian, Swedish), Majnc (Serbian), Mayence (French), Meenz (former local dialect), Měiyīncí - 美因茨 (Traditional and Simplified Chinese), Mogúncia (Portuguese), Moguncja (Polish), Moguntiacum (Latin), Mohuč (Czech, Slovak)
Flag of Hungary.svg Makó Macău (Romanian), Makó (Hungarian), Makov (Slovak), Makov - מאַקאָוו (Yiddish), Makowa (German)
Flag of Sweden.svg Malå Maalege, (Southern Sami), Malå (Swedish), Máláge (Ume Sami)
Flag of Spain.svg Málaga Malaca (Latin), Málaga (German, English, Basque, French, Galician, Interlingue, Italian, Portuguese), Màlaga (Catalan), Malaga (Kabyle, Ladino, Polish), Malago (Esperanto), Malaca (Latin), مالقة (Arabic), Málaga - מאלגה (Hebrew), Málaga - 马拉加 (Chinese), Mallaga - 말라가 (Korean)*, Maraga - マラガ (Japanese)*, Mlkʾ - 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀 (Punic)
Flag of Poland.svg Malbork Malborg (Romanian), Malbork (Polish), Marienburg (German)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Malmedy Malmedy (Dutch, French, German), Malmünde (former German)
Flag of Sweden.svg Malmö Ellenbogen (former German), Malme (Latvian), Malmo (Portuguese) Malmø (Danish),Málmey (Icelandic) Malmö (Azeri, Finnish, German, Swedish, Turkish), Malmő (Hungarian), Malmoe - 말뫼 (Korean), Malmogia (Latin), Marume - マルメ (Japanese)*, MǎěrMò - 马尔默 (simplified) 馬爾默 (traditional) (Chinese), Malme - מאלמה (Hebrew), মালমা - Malma (Bengali)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Manchester Manchain (Irish, Scottish Gaelic*), Maencheseuteo/Maench'esŭt'ŏ - 맨체스터 (Korean), Mamucium (Latin), Manceinion (Welsh), Mančestra (Latvian), Manĉestro (Esperanto), Mančesteris (Lithuanian), Mançester (Albanian), Mànchèsītè - 曼彻斯特 (simplified) 曼徹斯特 (traditional) (Chinese), Manchéster (Portuguese), Manchesutā - マンチェスター (Japanese)*, Manchuin (Manx)*, Mankhestría - Μαγχεστρία (Greek), منچستر (Persian), ম্যানচেস্টার - Mencheshtar (Bengali)
Flag of Italy.svg Mantua Mantoue (French), Mantova (Italian, Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Maltese, Romanian, Slovak), Mantobha (Scottish Gaelic), Mantua (Dutch, German, Latin, Spanish), Màntua (Catalan), Mântua (Portuguese), Mantoba/Mant'oba - 만토바 (Korean)
Flag of Slovenia.svg Maribor Marburg an der Drau (German), Marburgo (Portuguese, Italian), Maribor (Azeri, Finnish, Romanian, Croatian, Slovene), Morpurgo (old Italian), Марибор (Russian, Serbian, Macedonian, Ukrainian)
Flag of Finland.svg Flag of Aland.svg Mariehamn Maarianhamina (Finnish), Mariehamn (Swedish), Maríuhöfn (Icelandic)
Flag of Germany.svg Marktredwitz Marktredwitz (German), Ředvice (Czech)
Flag of France.svg Marseille Marselha * (Occitan), Marselha (Portuguese)*, Marseille (Finnish*, French*, Swedish*, Scottish Gaelic*), Marsiglia (Italian)*, Marseilla (Basque)*, Marsella (Catalan*, Spanish*, Tagalog*), Mạc Xây or Mac-xây (Vietnamese), Marcel - Մարսել (Armenian), Mareuseyu/Marŭseyu - 마르세유 (Korean), Marsey - מרסיי (Hebrew)*, Marseilles (English variant)*, Marsejlo (Esperanto)*, Marsel (Azeri*, Marsel’ - Марсель (Russian)*, Marseļa (Latvian)*, Marselis (Lithuanian)*, Marselj (Serbian), Marseya (Ladino)*, Marsigghia (Sicilian)*, Marsigla (Romansh), Marsilia (Romanian)*, Marsilja (Maltese), Marsīliyā - مارسيليا (Arabic)*, Marsilya (Turkish*), Marsylia (Polish)*, Maruseiyu - マルセイユ (Japanese)*, Masalía - Μασσαλία (Greek)*, Massilia (Latin)*, مارسی (Persian), MǎSài - 马赛 (simplified) 馬賽 (traditional) (Chinese)
Flag of Italy.svg Mazzano Romano Mazzano Romano (Italian), Narce (Etruscan) Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mechelen Malinas (Spanish), Malines (French, Romanian), Mechelen (Dutch, Finnish), Mecheln (German), Mechlin (older English name), Mekeln (Gronings)
Flag of Germany.svg Meißen Maisen - マイセン (Japanese)*, Meisene (Latvian), Meißen (German), Meissen (Dutch, English, French, Romanian), Míšeň (Czech), Misnia (Italian), Miśnia (Polish)
Flag of Austria.svg Melk Medlík (Czech), Melk (German), Mölk (former German)
Flag of France.svg Menton Menton (French), Mentone (Italian)
Flag of Italy.svg Messina Missina (Sicilian), Messina (Azeri, Catalan, Dutch, Finnish, Irish, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic, Turkish), Mesīna (Latvian), Mesina (Spanish), Mesíni - Μεσσίνη (Greek), Messana (Latin), Messēnē - Μεσσήνη (Ancient Greek), Messhīna - メッシーナ (Japanese)*, Messine (French), Messyna / Mesyna (Polish), Micina (Old Spanish), Zánklē - Ζάγκλη (Ancient Greek alternate)
Flag of France.svg Metz Divodurum (Latin), Meca (Latvian), Mec - Мец (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Méty (Czech), Metz (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)
Flag of Ukraine.svg Medzhybizh Medschybisch (German), Medžibož - Меджибож (Russian), Medžybiž (Finnish), Medžybiž - Меджибіж (Ukrainian), Mezbizh - מעזביזש (Yiddish), Międzybórz (Polish)
Flag of Romania.svg Miercurea-Ciuc Csíkszereda (Hungarian), Miercurea-Ciuc (Romanian), Szeklerburg (German)
Flag of Finland.svg Mikkeli Mikkeli (Finnish), Sankt Michel (Swedish)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Mikulov Mikulov (Czech), Nikolsburg (German)
Flag of Italy.svg Milan Milano (Croatian, Danish, Esperanto, Finnish, Irish, Italian, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian, Swedish, Tagalog*, Turkish), Mailand (Former Danish, German), Majland (Old Hungarian), Mediolan (Polish), Mediólana - Μεδιόλανα (former Greek), Mediolānum (Latin), Milà (Catalan), Milaan (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), Milan (Azeri, French, Friulian, Maltese, Milanese, Slovene), Milán (Czech, Galician, Spanish), Mǐlán - 米兰 (simplified) 米蘭 (traditional) (Chinese), Milāna (Latvian), Milanas (Lithuanian), Milano - Милано (Bulgarian), Miláno - Μιλάνο (Greek), Milánó (Hungarian), Miláno (Slovak), Mīlānū (Arabic), Milão (Portuguese), Milaun (Romansh), Millano - 밀라노 (Korean), Mirano - ミラノ (Japanese)*, میلان (Persian)
Flag of Belarus.svg Minsk Miensk - Менск (classical Belarusian), Minseukeu/Minsŭk'ŭ - 민스크 (Korean), Minsk (Azeri, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*, Turkish), Minsk - Мінск (Belarusian), Minsk - Минск (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Minsk - מינסק (Yiddish), Mińsk (Polish), Mins'k - Мінськ (Ukrainian), Minska (Latvian), Minskas (Lithuanian), Minsko (Esperanto), Minsque (Portuguese)*, Minsuku - ミンスク (Japanese)*, Minxcơ (Vietnamese), Minszk (Hungarian), مینسک (Persian), MíngSīKè - 明斯克 (simplified) 明斯克 (traditional) (Chinese), Mionsc (Irish, alternate Scottish Gaelic*)
Flag of Italy.svg Mirandola La Miràndla or La Miràndula (Emilian*), Mǐlándoulā - 米兰多拉 (semplified) 米蘭多拉 (traditional) (Chinese*), Mirándola (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish) - Μιράντολα (Greek), Miràndola (Catalan), Mirandole (French), Mirandora - ミランドラ (Japanese*), Mirandula (Latin*)
Flag of Hungary.svg Miskolc Miskolc (Hungarian, Finnish), Miškolc (Serbian), Miškovec (Czech, Slovak), Miszkolc (Polish), Mişcolţ (Romanian)
Flag of Romania.svg Moineşti Moineşti (Romanian), Mojnest (Hungarian)
Flag of Italy.svg Modena Modena (Dutch, English, German, Irish, Italian, Scottish Gaelic), Modène (French), Módena (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish), Mòdena (Catalan), Mutina (Latin), MōDiǎnNà - 摩德納 (simplified) 摩典納 (traditional) (Chinese)
Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Munegu (Monegasque), Monaco (Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Interlingua, Italian, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*, Swedish, Welsh), Monacó (Irish), Mónaco (Portuguese, Spanish), Mônaco (Brazilian Portuguese), Mónàgē - 摩納哥 (Traditional Chinese), Mónàgē - 摩纳哥 (Simplified Chinese), Monakas (Lithuanian), Monako (Azeri, Basque, Bosnian, Croatian, Esperanto, Frisian, Latvian, Maltese, Polish, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Turkish), Monakó - (Hungarian) Monakó - Μονακό (Greek), Mónakó (Icelandic), Monegue (Occitan), Monoecus (Latin), Manaka - Манака (Belarusian), Monako - モナコ (Japanese)*, Monako - Монако (Bulgarian), Monako/Monak'o - 모나코 (Korean), Mònec (Old Catalan), Mònaco (Catalan)
Flag of Italy.svg Monfalcone Tržič (Slovene), Falkenberg (German)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mons Berg (Limburgish), Bergen (Afrikaans*, Dutch, German), Berĥeno (Esperanto), Mons (Afrikaans variant, French, Romanian), Mont (Walloon)
Flag of Germany.svg Monschau Monschau (German), Montjoie (French)
Flag of France.svg Montbéliard Mömpelgard (former German), Montbéliard (French, Romanian)
Flag of Italy.svg Monza Montsch (former German), Montsa - モンツァ (Japanese)*, Monza (Italian, Maltese)
Flag of Poland.svg Morąg Mohrungen (German), Morąg (German, Polish)
Flag of Russia.svg Moscow Moskva (Azeri, Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, Hebrew, Icelandic, Norwegian, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish), Moskva - Москва (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Maskava (Latvian), Maskva (Lithuanian), Maskva - Масква (Belarusian), Mosca (Italian), Moscau (Romansh), Moscó (Irish), Moscou (Catalan, French, Brazilian Portuguese), Moscova (Galician, Romanian), Moscovo (European Portuguese), Moscú (Spanish), Mosgo/Moscobha (Scottish Gaelic) *, Moska (Maltese), Mosekao (Hawaiian), Mòsīkē - 莫斯科 (Traditional and Simplified Chinese), Moskau (German), Móskha - Μόσχα (Greek), Moskou (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), Moskova (Finnish, Turkish), Moskva - Մոսկվա (Armenian), Moskve - מאָסקװע (Standard written Yiddish), Moskiv - מאָסקעװ (spoken Southeastern Yiddish), Moskeve - מאָסקעװע (spoken Central Yiddish), Mosku (Tagalog*) Moskvo (Esperanto), Moskwa (Indonesian, Polish), Mosukuwa - モスクワ (Japanese)*, Moszkva (Hungarian), موسكو Mūskū (Arabic), Matxcơva or Mạc Tư Khoa (Vietnamese, the latter is old-fashioned), Moseukeuba/Mosŭk'ŭba - 모스크바 (Korean), مسکو (Persian), Moskë (Albanian)
Flag of Hungary.svg Mosonmagyaróvár Mosonmagyaróvár (Hungarian), Wieselburg-Ungarisch Altenburg (German), Uhorský Starhrad (Slovak)
Flag of Croatia.svg Motovun Montona (Italian), Motovun (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Mouscron Moeskroen (Dutch), Mouscron (French)
Flag of Belarus.svg Mstsislaw Amścisłaŭ - Амсьціслаў (Taraškievica Belarusian*), MscisłaŭМсціслаў (Belarusian*), Mścisłaŭ - Мсьціслаў (alternative Belarusian), Mscislav - Мсцислав (Serbian*), Mscislava (Latvian*), Mscislavas (Lithuanian*), Mścisław (Polish)*, [KNAB] Mstislav - Мстислав (alternative Serbian), MstislavǎlМстиславъл (Bulgarian*), Mstislavl′Мстиславль (Russian*), [KNAB] Mstislavlis (archaic Lithuanian), Mstsislau (Finnish*), Mstyslavl′Мстиславль (Ukrainian*), Mszislau (German*), Mǔsīqísīlāfū姆斯齊斯拉夫 (Mandarin Chinese*), Musutsisurauムスツィスラウ (Japanese*)
Flag of Ukraine.svg Mukachevo Moukatchevo (French), Mucacevo (Romanian), Mukačevo (Czech, Slovak), Mukačava - Мукачава (Belarusian), Mukaçevo (Crimean Tatar), Mukacheve - Мукачеве (Ukrainian variant), Mukachevo - Мукачево (Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian), Mukachiv - Мyкaчiв (Ruthenian), Mukaczewo (Polish), Minkatsh - מינקאַטש (Yiddish), Muncaci (Romanian variant), Munkács (Hungarian), Munkatsch (German)
Flag of France.svg Mulhouse Milhüse or Milhüsa (Alsatian), Mülhausen (German), Mulhouse (Finnish, French, Romanian), Mylhúzy (Czech), Miluza (Polish), Milouzi - Μυλούζη (Greek)
Flag of Germany.svg Munich Minca (Romansh), Minga (Bavarian), Minhen (Bosnian, Serbian), Minhene (Latvian), Minkhn - מינכן (Yiddish, Hebrew); Miunchenas (Lithuanian), Miyūnikh (Arabic), Myunkhen - Мюнхен (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Mnichov (Czech), Mníchov (Slovak), Monachium (Polish), Mnichów (old Polish), Monaco di Baviera (Italian), Mónakho - Μόναχο (Greek), Monakovo (old Slovene), München (Afrikaans, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, Frisian, German, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Low Saxon, modern Slovene, Swedish, Scottish Gaelic *), Munĥeno or Munkeno (Esperanto), Múnic (Galician), Munic (Catalan), Múnich (Spanish), Münih (Turkish), Mùníhēi - 慕尼黑 (Traditional and Simplified Chinese), Munique (Portuguese), Mûnik (Walloon), Munikh (Armenian), Muunsjen (Gronings), Myunhen - ミュンヘン (Japanese)*, Mwinhen - 뮌헨 (Korean), مونیخ (Persian), Mynih (Albanian)
Flag of France.svg Munster Munster (French *, German*), Münster im Elsaß (German*)
Flag of Germany.svg Münster Minstere (Latvian), Monastério (Portuguese)*, Münster (German, Romanian, Turkish), Meuster (Walloon), Monastyr (Polish),뮌스터 (Korean)
Flag of Spain.svg Murcia Murcia (Spanish, English, German), Múrcia (Portuguese, Catalan), Murcie (French), Mursiya (Arabic), Mursyah (Hebrew)
Flag of Russia.svg Murmansk Moermansk (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), Mureumanseukeu/Murŭmansŭk'ŭ - 무르만스크 (Korean), Mourmansk (French), Murmanska (Latvian), Murmansk - Мурманск (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Murmansk (Finnish, Italian, Romanian), Múrmansk (Icelandic), Murmańsk (Polish), Murmanskas (Lithuanian), Murmansko (Esperanto), Murumansuku - ムルマンスク (Japanese)*, Muurmanni or Muurmanski (former Finnish), Muurmansk or Murmansk (Finnish), Muurman or Murmánska (Sami), Romanov-on-Murman (former name)
Flag of Ukraine.svg Mykolaiv Mikałajeŭ - Мікалаеў (Belarusian), Mikołajów (Polish), Mikolajiv (Hungarian), Mıkolayiv (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Mîkolaiv or Nicolaev (Romanian), Mykolaiv - Миколаїв (Ukrainian, Rusyn), Mykolaïv (French, Italian), Mykolajiv (Czech, Finnish, Slovak, Swedish), Mykolajiw (German), Nik'olaevi - ნიკოლაევი (Georgian), Nikolayev - Николаев (Bulgarian, Russian), Balaban (Crimean Tatar historic name)

N

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of Hungary.svg Nagykanizsa Nagykanizsa or Kanizsa (Hungarian), Kan(j)iža (Croatian), Velika Kan(j)iža (Croatian, Großkirchen (German), Groß-Kanizsa (German), Velika Kaniža (Slovene), Kanije (Turkish), Velika KanјižaВелика Кањижа (Serbian).
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Namur Namen (Dutch, former German), Nameur (Walloon), Namur (Albanian, French, German, Romanian)
Flag of France.svg Nancy Nanci (Portuguese, rare)*, Nancy (Dutch, English, French, German, Romanian), Nanzeg (Luxembourgish), Nanzig (old German, Rhine Franconian), 낸시 (Korean), NansiНанси (Serbian).
Flag of France.svg Nantes Nangteu/Nangt'ŭ - 낭트 (Korean), Nánti - Νάντη (Greek), Nantes (Dutch, French), Nanto - ナント (Japanese)*, Naoned (Breton)*, Naunnt (Gallo), NantНант (Serbian)
Flag of Greece.svg Naoussa Náousa - Νάουσα (Greek), Negush - Негуш (Macedonian, Bulgarian), Ağostos (Turkish)
Flag of Italy.svg Naples Napule (Neapolitan), Napoli (Albanian*, Italian, Indonesian*, Finnish, Norwegian, Romanian, Scottish Gaelic*, Turkish), Napels (Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian), Naples (French, Scots*), Napli (Maltese), Nápoles (Portuguese, Spanish), Napoles (Tagalog*) Nápoli - Νάπολη (modern Greek), Napolo (Esperanto), Nàpols (Catalan), Nápols (Aragonese), Nápoly (Hungarian), Nābūlī (Arabic), Napolli/Nap'olli - 나폴리 (Korean), Napori - ナポリ (Japanese)*, Napulj (Croatian, Serbian), Neapel (German, Swedish), Neapelj (Slovene), Neapol (Azeri, Czech, Polish, Slovak), Neapol’ - Неаполь (Russian, Ukrainian), Neapole (Latvian, old Romanian), Neapolis (Latin, Lithuanian), Neápolis - Νεάπολις (ancient Greek), 拿坡里 (Chinese), Neapol - Неапол (Bulgarian), Neap'oli - ნეაპოლი (Georgian*)
Flag of France.svg Narbonne Narbo or Narbo Martius (Latin), Narbona (Catalan, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese*, Spanish), Narbonne (Dutch, English, French, German, Romanian), NarbonaНарбона (Serbian)
Flag of Norway.svg Narvik Áhkanjárga (Northern Sami), Narviika (Northern Sami alternate), Narvique (Portuguese)*, Narwik (Polish), Narbhaig (Scottish Gaelic), Victoriahavn (former name 1887–98), Nareubikeu/Narŭbik'ŭ - 나르비크 (Korean)
Flag of Belarus.svg Navahrudak Naugardukas (Lithuanian), Navahradak - Наваградак (Belarusian, archaic), Nowogródek (Polish), Novogrudok - Новогрудок (Russian)
Flag of Spain.svg Nerja Nerja (Spanish), Narixa (Arabic)
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Neuchâtel Neuchâtel (French, Romanian), Neuenburg (German), NešatelНешател (Serbian)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Newcastle upon Tyne An Caisteal Nuadh (Scottish Gaelic*), An Caisleán Nua (Irish), Nova Castra (Latin), Newcastle upon Tyne (Dutch *, French*, German*, Italian*, Polish*, Scots*, Spanish*, Welsh*), 纽卡素 (Chinese), Njukasl na TajnuЊукасл на Тајну (Serbian)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg Newport (Monmouthshire)Casnewydd (Welsh*, Irish, Scottish Gaelic), Novus Burgus (Latin), NjuportЊупорт (Serbian)
Flag of France.svg Nice Niça (Catalan*, Occitan), Nice (Albanian*, French*, Portuguese*, Scottish Gaelic*, Swedish*, Welsh* ), Nizza (Italian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian, Maltese, former Swedish*), Nica (Latvian, Lithuanian*, Slovene*), Nica or Nitsa - Ница (Belarusian, Bulgarian*, Serbian*), Nicaea (Latin)*, Nitstsa - Ницца (Russian)*, Nicea (Polish)*, Nico (Esperanto)*, Níkea - Νίκαια (Greek), Nis (Turkish), Nisa (Romanian)*, Nissa (Piedmontese, Occitan variant*, Provençal), Nīsu - ニース (Japanese)*, Niza (Spanish* Tagalog*), Niseu/Nisŭ - 니스 (Korean), 尼斯 (Chinese), نیس (Persian)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Nieuweschans Bad Neuschanz (German), Nieuweschans (Dutch), Nijeskâns (Frisian), Schaanze/Nijschaanze (Gronings)
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Nijmegen Nijmege (Limburgish), Nijmegen (Dutch*, Romanian), Nimega (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese variant, Spanish), Nimegue (Portuguese)*, Nimègue (French), Nîmegue (Walloon), Nimwege (local dialect), Nimwegen (German), Noviomagus, Oppidum Batavorum and Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum (Latin *), نایمیخن (Persian), NajmegenНајмеген (Serbian), Nymwegen (Frisian)
Flag of France.svg Niort

Niort (France,Spanish,Portuguese,German,Finnish,Italian,Polish,Romanian), Niōru - ニオール (Japanese)*, Novioritum (Latin), Ньор (Russian)

Flag of Serbia.svg Niš Nis / Nisch (German), Nis / Nish (English, French), Niš - Ниш (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian), Niš (Slovak, Slovene), Niş (Turkish*), Niŝo (Esperanto), Nissa (English, traditional name, Italian), Nisz (Polish), Nix (Asturianu), Naissus (Latin)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Nivelles Nijvel (Dutch), Nisch (German),
Flag of Russia.svg Nizhny Novgorod Ala osh - Ала ош (Moksha), Alauz'lidn (Veps), Aloosh - Алоош (Erzya), Alyn Novgorod - Алын Новгород (Sakha), Čulhula - Чулхула (Chuvash), Dood Novgorod - Доод Новгород (Mongol), Gorky (former name 1932–90), Lejasnovgoroda (former Latvian), Makarya - Макарья/Макаръя (Komi Permyak, Komi Zyrian), Nijeuninobeugorodeu/Nichŭninobŭgorodŭ - 니즈니노브고로드 (Korean), Nijgar - Нижгар (alternative name in Tatar)*, Nijni-Novgorod (French, Romanian, Turkish), Nischnij Nowgorod (German), Nižni Novgorod (Finnish, Serbian, Slovene), Nižni Noŭharad - Ніжні Ноўгарад (Belarusian), Nižnij Novgorod - Нижний Новгород (Russian), Nižnij Novgorod (Czech), Ņižņijnovgoroda (Latvian), Nižny Novgordas (Lithuanian), Nižný Novgorod (Slovak), Nowogród (Polish), Nyizsnyij Novgorod (Hungarian), Tübän Novgorod - Түбән Новгород (Tatar)*, Ugarman - Угарман (Hill Mari, Meadow Mari), Xiànuòfūgēluódé - 下诺夫哥罗德 (Chinese)
Flag of Sweden.svg Norsjö Nåarene (Southern Sami), Norsjö (Swedish), Nuoráne (Ume Sami)
Flag of Russia.svg Novgorod see Veliky Novgorod
Flag of Serbia.svg Novi Sad Neoplanta (Latin), Neusatz (German), Nobisadeu / Nobisadŭ - 노비사드 (Korean)*, Novi Sad (Azeri, Croatian, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish), Novi Sad - Нови Сад (Bulgarian, Montenegrin, Macedonian, Ruthenian, Russian, Serbian), Novi Sadas (Lithuanian), Novisada (Latvian), Nový Sad (Czech, Slovak), Nowy Sad (Polish), Novi Trist (Danish), Novi Triste (French, Italian), Novi Verdrietig (Dutch) Újvidék (Hungarian)
Flag of Poland.svg Nowy Sącz Neu-Sandez (German), Nowy Sącz (Polish), Novy-Sonch - Новы-Сонч (Russian), Sandz - סאַנדז (Yiddish), Újszandec (old Hungarian)
Flag of Italy.svg Nuoro Nugoro (Sardinian), Nuoro (Italian)
Flag of Germany.svg Nuremberg Nürnberg (Estonian, Finnish, German, Indonesian*, Russian, Hungarian, Swedish, Norwegian, Scottish Gaelic*, Turkish), Nämberch (Franconian), Näöreberg (Limburgish), Neurenberch (West Frisian), Neurenberg (Dutch), Niremvéryi - Νυρεμβέργη (Greek), NirnbergНирнберг (Serbian), Nirnberga (Latvian), Niǔlúnbǎo - 纽伦堡 (Chinese), Niurnbergas (Lithuanian), Norimberg (Slovak, Slovene), Norimberga (Italian), Norimberk (Czech), Nörnberg (Low Saxon), Norymberga (Polish), Nuremberg (Scots*), Núremberg (Spanish), Nurembergu (Albanian),Nuremberga (Portuguese), Nürenberg (Romanian), Nwireunbereukeu/Nwirŭnberŭk'ŭ - 뉘른베르크 (Korean), Nyurumberuku - ニュルンベルク (Japanese)*, نورمبرگ (Persian)
Flag of Denmark.svg Flag of Greenland.svg Nuuk Godthåb (Danish)*

O

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of France.svg Obernai Oberehnheim (German*), Obernai (French*, German*)
Flag of Hungary.svg Óbuda (now part of Budapest)Alt-Ofen or Alt-Buda (German*), Buda (Polish), Buda (Veche) (Romanian), Óbuda (Hungarian), Starý Budín (Czech)
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ochakiv Ochakiv - Очаків (Ukrainian), Vozia or Oceacov (Romanian), Alektoros - Ἀλέκτορος (Greek), Ochakov - Очаков (Russian), Özü (Crimean Tatar)
Flag of Ukraine.svg Odesa Ades - אַדעס (Yiddish), Hacıbey (obsolete Turkish), Odesa (Latvian, Romanian, Turkish), Odesa - Одеса (Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian), Odesa - 오데사 (Korean), Oděsa (Czech), Odessa (Azeri, Polish, Turkish variant), Odessa - Одесса (Russian), Odessza (Hungarian), Odhisós - Οδησσός (Greek)
Flag of Denmark.svg Odense Odense (Danish), Odensė - Òdensė (Lithuanian), Óðinsvé or Óðinsey (Old Norse), Othensia (Latin), Ottensee (German), Ottonia (Latin)
Flag of North Macedonia.svg Ohrid Akhrídha - Αχρίδα (Greek variant), Ochryda (Polish), Ocrida (Italian), Ohër (Albanian), Ohri (Turkish), Ohrid - Охрид (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian), Ohrid (Slovenie), Okhrídha - Οχρίδα (Greek). Older Graeco-Illyrian names include Dyassarites, Lychnis, Lychnidos
Flag of Italy.svg Olbia Olbia (Italian), Tarranoa (Corsican), Terranoa (Sardinian), Terranova Pausania (former Italian)
Flag of Germany.svg Oldenburg Oldemburgo (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Oldenbörg (Gronings), Oldenburg (German), Ollenborg (Low Saxon), Ooldenbuurich (Saterland Frisian), Starogard (Polish, Serbian)
Flag of Poland.svg Olkusz Hilcus (Latin), Ilkenau (German 1942–45), Ilkusz (former Polish), Olkusch (German), Olkusz (Polish)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Olomouc Alamóc (archaic Hungarian), Holomóc (Hanakian Czech dialect), Iuliomontium (Latin), Olmütz (German), Olomóc (Hanakian Czech dialect), Olomouc (Czech), Olomucium (Latin), Olomuncium (Latin), Ołomuniec (Polish)
Flag of Denmark.svg Ølstykke Elstiukė (Lithuanian), Ølstykke (Danish, Norwegian)
Flag of Poland.svg Olsztyn Allenstein (German), Olštinas (Lithuanian), Ol'štyn - Ольштын (Russian), Olsztyn (Polish)
Flag of Romania.svg Onești Onești (Romania), Onyest (Hungarian)
Flag of Croatia.svg Opatija Abbazia (Italian, Austrian German), Abbázia (Hungarian), Opatija (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Sankt Jakobi ( German, historic)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Opava Opava (Czech), Opavia (Latin), Opawa (Polish), Troppau (German)
Flag of Poland.svg Opole Opole (Polish), Opolí (Czech), Oppeln (German)
Flag of Romania.svg Oradea Gran Varadino (Italian), Großwardein (German), Magno-Varadinum (Latin variant), Nagyvárad (Hungarian), Oradea (Romanian, Polish), Oradea-Mare (former Romanian), Varadinum (Latin), Varat (Turkish), Veliki Varadin - Велики Варадин (Serbian)
Flag of Germany.svg Oranienburg Bocov (Czech), Bötzow (former German), Oranienburg (German)
Flag of Sweden.svg Örebro Örebro (Swedish)
Flag of Russia.svg Orenburg Arenburh - Арэнбург (Belarusian*), Ărenpur - Ăренпур (Chuvash*), Chkalov (English 1938–1957), Čkalov - Чкалов (Russian 1938–1957), [KNAB] Irımbur - Ырымбур (Bashkir*), [KNAB] Irınbur - Ырынбур (Tatar*), Oremburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Orenbourg (French*), [KNAB] Orenburg (German*), Orenburg - Оренбург (Russian*), [KNAB] Orenburgum (Latin*), Orenburh - Оренбург (Ukrainian*), Orınbor - Орынбор (Kazakh*), [KNAB] Orynbor - Орынбор (Meadow Mari*)
Flag of Italy.svg Oristano Aristanis (Sardinian), Oristán (Spanish), Oristano (Italian), Oristany (Catalan)
Flag of Sweden.svg Örnsköldsvik Örnsköldsvik (Swedish), Orrestaare (Southern Sami)
Flag of Croatia.svg Osijek Esseg (former German), Eszék (Hungarian), Mursa (Latin), Osek (Slovene), Osiek (Polish, early Croatian), Osijek (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Romanian, Swedish), Osijek - Осијек (Serbian), Osijekas (Lithuanian), Osik (Ikavian - Shokac), `Ōsīyēk - โอซีเยค (Thai)
Flag of Norway.svg Oslo Àosīlù - 奧斯陸 (Chinese), Asloa (Latin), Christiania (former Dano-Norwegian name 1624–1925), Kristiania (late version of former name), Oseullo/Osŭllo - 오슬로 (Korean), Oslas (Lithuanian), Oslo (Azeri, Indonesian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Latvian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Scots *, Scottish Gaelic *, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Osló (Irish), Ósló (Icelandic), Oslove (Southern Sami), Osuro - オスロ (Japanese)*, Ūslū (Arabic), اسلو (Persian)
Flag of Germany.svg Osnabrück Ansibarium (Latin), [2] Àosīnàbùlǔkè - 奧斯納布魯克 (Mandarin Chinese*), Osenbrugge (archaic Dutch), Oseunabeulwikeu - 오스나브뤼크 (Korean*), Osnabrik - Оснабрик (Serbian*), Osnabruga (Latin*), Osnabrugge (archaic Dutch), Osnabrück (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Osnabrük - (archaic Estonian), [KNAB] Osnabruque (Portuguese alternative*), Osnaburg (archaic English), Osnabryuk - Оснабрюк (Bulgarian*, Russian*, [KNAB] Ukrainian*), Osnebrog (Gronings), Ossenbrügge (Westphalian/Low German*), Osunaburyukku - オスナブリュック (Japanese*)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Ostend Oostende (Dutch, Irish*, Scottish Gaelic), Ostándi - Οστάνδη (Greek), Ostenda (Italian, Polish), Ostende (Czech, French, German, Latvian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian), Ostendė (Lithuanian), Ostendo (Esperanto), Ostinde (Walloon)
Flag of Sweden.svg Östersund Luvlieluspie (former Southern Sami), Östersund (Swedish), Østersund (Danish, Norwegian), Staare (Southern Sami)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Ostrava Ostrau (German), Ostrava (Czech, Slovak, Slovene), Ostrava - Острава (Bulgarian), Ostrawa (Polish)
Flag of Poland.svg Ostróda Osterode (German), Ostróda (Polish)
Flag of Poland.svg Ostrów Wielkopolski Ostrovia (Latin), Ostrów (former Polish), Ostrów Wielkopolski (Polish), Ostrowo (German)
Flag of Poland.svg Oświęcim Àosīwēixīn - 奧斯威辛 (Chinese), švits (Persian), Auschwitz (former German*, Romanian), Aushvitsa (Romani), Aušvice (former Latvian), Oshpitizin (Yiddish), Osventsim - Освенцим (Russian), Osvencima (Latvian), آشویتسOsvětim (Czech), Osvienčim (Slovak), Osvyenchim (Romani), Oświęcim (Polish, German*, Italian, Scottish Gaelic)
Flag of Croatia.svg Otočac Àotuōchácí奧托查茨 (Mandarin Chinese*), Otočac (Croatian*, German, English, Slovenian*), OtočacОточац (Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Otocsán (Hungarian*), Ottocaz (archaic Italian, archaic German), Ottochaz (archaic German, archaic English), Ottocio (Italian), [3] Ottocium (Latin*), [4] Ottocsaz (archaic German), Ottotschaz (archaic German), Ottotschan (archaic German)
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Oudenaarde Audenarde (French), Oudenarde (old English), Audenaerde (old Flemish)
Flag of Finland.svg Oulu Oulu (Estonian, Finnish, Polish, Latvian), Uleåborg (Norwegian, Swedish), Uloa (Latin)
Flag of Sweden.svg Överkalix Badje-Gáinnas (Northern Sami), Badje-Gájnaj (Lule Sami), Överkalix (Swedish), Ylikainus (Meänkieli), Ylikainuu (Finnish)
Flag of Sweden.svg Övertorneå Badjeduornos (Lule Sami), Badje-Duortnus (Northern Sami), Matarengi (Meänkieli, former Swedish), Matarenki (Finnish), Övertorneå (Swedish), Ylitornio (Finnish alternate)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Oxford Àth nan Damh (Scottish Gaelic *), Áth na nDamh (Irish *), Niújìn - 牛津 (Chinese), Okkusufōdo - オックスフォード (Japanese)*, Okseupodeu/Oksŭp'odŭ - 옥스포드 (Korean), Oksford (Azeri, Polish, Serbian), Oksforda (Latvian), Uxnafurða (Icelandic), Oksfordas (Lithuanian), Oksfórdhi - Οξφόρδη (Greek), Oksfordo (Esperanto), Oxford (Scots *), Oxford - Оксфорд (Bulgarian, Russian), Oxonia (Latin), Oxónia (Portuguese, rare), Resoghen (Cornish), Rhydychen (Welsh)
Flag of Italy.svg Ozieri Ocier (Spanish, Catalan), Othieri (Sardinian), Ozieri (Italian)

P

English nameOther names or former names
Flag of Italy.svg Padua Padoue (French), Padova (Italian, Finnish, Maltese, Romanian, Croatian, Czech, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene), Padoa (Venetian), Pádova (Hungarian), Padua (Dutch, German, medieval Latin, Scots, Spanish, Swedish), Pádua (Portuguese), Pàdua (Catalan), Paduja (Latvian), Paduya - Падуя (Russian), Padwa (Polish), Padue (Friulian), Pàdoa (Piedmontese), Pádhoua - Πάδουα / Pádhova - Πάδοβα (Greek), Patavium (classical Latin), პადუა (Georgian), Padoba/P'adoba - 파도바 (Korean),帕多瓦(Chinese)
Flag of Sweden.svg Pajala Bájal (Lule Sami, Northern Sami alternate), Bájil (Northern Sami), Bájel (Lule Sami alternate), Pajala (Finnish, Meänkieli, Swedish)
Flag of Italy.svg Palermo Balharm or Balerm (Arabic), Palerm (Catalan), Palerma - Палерма (Belarusian), Palermo - Палермо (Russian), Palermas (Lithuanian), Palerme (French), Palermo (Azeri, Czech, Dutch, German, Italian, Finnish, Latvian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Scots*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Palermu or Palemmu (Sicilian), Pallereumo/P'allerŭmo - 팔레르모 (Korean), Pánormos - Πάνορμος (Greek), Panormus (Latin), Parerumo - パレルモ (Japanese)*, პალერმო (Georgian),巴勒莫(Chinese)
Flag of Spain.svg Palma Palma (Catalan, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian, Irish, Latin), Palma de Mallorca (Danish, Dutch, Polish, Spanish), Palma de Malhorca (Occitan), Palma de Maiorca (Portuguese), Palma di Maiorca (Italian) 팔마 (Korean)
Flag of Spain.svg Pamplona Banbalūna (Arabic), Iruña (Basque), Iruñea (Basque), Pamplona (Azeri, Catalan, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish), Pampelune (French), Pampaluna / Lunapampa (Old Provençal), Pampeluna (Polish), Pampeullona / P'amp'ŭllona - 팜플로나 (Korean)*, Pompaelo (Latin), პამპლონა (Georgian),潘普洛纳(Chinese)
Flag of Lithuania.svg Panevėžys Poniewież (Polish), Ponevezh - Паневежис (Russian), Ponewesch (German), פּאָנעװעזש - Ponevezh (Yiddish), Panevēža (Latvian), პანევეჟისი (Georgian), Ponevěž (old Czech)
Flag of France.svg Paris Paris (Azeri, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Piedmontese, Romanian, Swedish, Tagalog*, Turkish), Parigi (Italian), Paras (Scottish Gaelic)*, Bārīs (Arabic), Lutetia Parisiorum (Latin), Paräis (Luxembourgish), Páras (Irish), Pari - パリ (Japanese)*, Pari/P’ari - 파리 (Korean), Paries (Limburgish), Pariġi (Maltese), Pariis (Estonian), Pariisi (Finnish), Parijs (Dutch), París (Catalan, Spanish, Icelandic), Pa-ris or Ba-lê (Vietnamese, the latter is old-fashioned), Parísi - Παρίσι (Greek) / Parísii - Παρίσιοι (medieval Greek, καθαρεύουσα), Parisium (medieval Latin), Pariz (Breton, Croatian, Slovene), Pariž - Париж (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Paříž (Czech), Pariz - Париз (Serbian), Paríž (Slovak), Pariz - פּאַריז (Yiddish), Parīze (Latvian), Parizo (Esperanto), Párizs (Hungarian), Parys (Afrikaans, Frisian), Paryż (Polish), Paryžius (Lithuanian), Paryž - Парыж (Belarusian), Bālí - 巴黎 (Chinese), პარიზი (Georgian), Pērī প্যারী (Bengali),
Flag of Italy.svg Parma Parme (French), Párma (Hungarian), Párma - Πάρμα (Greek), პარმა (Georgian), Parma (Italian, Czech, Maltese, Slovak), Pareuma / P'arŭma - 파르마 (Korean)*, Paruma - パルマ (Japanese)*
Flag of Estonia.svg Pärnu Parnawa (Polish), Pärnu (Basque, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Swedish, alternative German spelling), Pernau (German), Pērnava (Latvian), Pernov - Пернов (former Russian), Pernu (Lithuanian), პიარნუ (Georgian)
Flag of Germany.svg Passau Batavia Bavariae (medieval Latin), Castra Batava (Latin), Pasawa (Polish), Pasov (Czech, Slovak), Passau (Dutch, French, German, Romanian, Turkish), Passavia (Italian), Pasava (Serbian), პასაუ (Georgian), Båssa (Bavarian), 帕绍(Chinese)
Flag of Greece.svg Patras Patra (Modern Greek, Turkish), Patrae (Latin), Patrasso (Italian), Patras (Azeri, Dutch, French, German)
Flag of Italy.svg Pavia Pavia (Italian, German, Dutch), Ticinum (classical Latin), Papia (medieval Latin), Pavìa (Piedmontese), Pavio (Esperanto), Paviya - Павия (Russian), Pavija - Павија (Serbian), პავია (Georgian), Pavia - Παβία / Papia - Παπία (Greek),帕维亚(Chinese)
Flag of Croatia.svg Pazin Mitterburg (German), Pazin (Croatian, Serbian), Pisino (Italian),
Flag of Russia.svg Pechory Pechory - Печёры (Russian), Petschur (former German), Petseri (Estonian, Finnish), Peczora (Polish), Pečori (Latvian)
Flag of Hungary.svg Pécs Beci (old Romanian), Pětikostelí (Czech), Päťkostolie (Slovak), Peç (Turkish), Pečuh (Croatian), Fünfkirchen (German), Pecz (Polish), Pięciokościoły (old Polish), Pečuj - Печуј (Serbian), Quinqueecclesiae (Latin), Sopianae (old Latin), Cinquechiese (old Italian), პეჩი (Georgian), Печ (Macedonian), Sophianè - Σοφιανή (Byzantine Greek)
Flag of Germany.svg Peenemünde Peenemünde (German), Pianoujście (Polish)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Penrith Pen Rhudd (Welsh), Pioraid (Scottish Gaelic)*, Peerit (Scots)
Flag of Russia.svg Perm Perm (English, German, Czech, Finnish), Пермь (Russian), Permjo (Esperanto), Perma (Latvian),彼尔姆(Chinese)
Flag of France.svg Perpignan Perpignan (Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Romanian), Perpignano (Italian), Perpiñán (Spanish), Perpinhan (Occitan), Perpinhã / Perpinhão (Portuguese)*, Perpinjan (Serbian), Perpinyà (Catalan)
Flag of Italy.svg Perugia Pérouse (French), Peruja / P'eruja - 페루자 (Korean)*, Perūja - ペルージャ (Japanese)*, Perugia (Dutch, German, Italian, Romanian), Perúgia (Portuguese), Perusa (Spanish), Perusia (Latin), Perúsia (Old Portuguese), პერუჯა (Georgian), Perusia - Περουσία (Greek), Perudža (Latvian),佩鲁贾(Chinese)
Flag of Russia.svg Petrozavodsk Petrosawodsk (German), Petroskoi (Finnish, Karelian), Petrozavodsk - Петрозаводск (Russian), Petrozavodskas (Lithuanian), Pietrazavodzk - Петразаводзк (Belarusian), Petrozavodsk (Azeri), Äänislinna (former Finnish), Pietrozawodzk (Polish), პეტროზავოდსკი (Georgian)
Flag of Italy.svg Piacenza Piacenza (Dutch, German, Italian), Pjaćenca (Serbian), Plaisance (French), Plasencia (Spanish), Placência (Portuguese), Piacenţa (Romanian), Placentia (Latin), Plakentía - Πλακεντία (Greek), პიაჩენცა (Georgian), Pjačenca (Latvian)
Flag of Romania.svg Piatra Neamț Karácsonkő (Hungarian), Kreuzburg an der Bistritz (German), Piatra Neamț (Romanian)
Flag of Poland.svg Piła Piła (Polish), Schneidemühl (German 1772-1945)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Pilsen Pilsen (Dutch, German, Italian, former Romanian), Pilzene (Latvian), Pilzno (Polish), Plzeň (Czech, Romanian, Slovak), პლზენი (Georgian)
Flag of Belarus.svg Pinsk Pinsk - Пінск (Belarusian), Pinsk - Пинск (Bulgarian, Russian), Pinsk (Dutch, French, German), Pińsk (Polish), Pins'k - Пінськ (Ukrainian), פינסק (Yiddish),平斯克(Chinese)
Flag of Poland.svg Piotrków Trybunalski Piotrków Trybunalski (Polish), Petrikau (German), Petrikev - פּעטריקעװ (Yiddish), Petrokov (Russian)
Flag of Slovenia.svg Piran Piran (Croatian, German, Serbian, Slovene), Pirano (Italian), Pyrrhanum (Latin), Pirànon - Πιράνον (Greek)
Flag of Sweden.svg Piteå Bidám (Pite Sami), Bihtám (Lule Sami), Bihtán (Lule Sami alternate), Bisum (Pite Sami alternate), Biŧon (Northern Sami), Byöhđame (Ume Sami), Piitime (Finnish*), Piitin (Meänkieli), Pita (Latin*), Piteå (Swedish*), Piteo (Lithuanian*), Pitovia (Latin alternate*)
Flag of Germany.svg Plauen Plauen (Dutch, French, German, Polish), Plavno (Czech, old Slovak)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Pleven Pleven (Bulgarian, French, Serbian), Plevna (French alternate, Romanian, Russian), Plevne (Turkish), Plevno (Czech), Plewen (German, Polish), პლევენი (Georgian)
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Plovdiv Filippopoli (old Italian), Philippopolis (Latin), Philipúpoli - Φιλιππούπολη (Greek), Plovdiv (Azeri, Bulgarian, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak), Plowdiw (German), Płowdiw (Polish), Pulpudeva (Thracian, former name), Evmolpias (Thracian), Trimontium (Latin, former name), Filibe (Turkish, former name), Paldin (Slavic, former name), პლოვდივი (Georgian)
Flag of Romania.svg Ploieşti Ploieashti (Aromanian), Ploesht - Плоещ (Bulgarian), Plorescht (old German), Ploésti - Πλοέστι (Greek), Ploesht - פלוישט (Hebrew), Ploeszti (Polish), Ploešti - Плоешти (Russian)
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Flag of England.svg Plymouth Aberplym (Cornish), Pleimuiden (Dutch alternate), Plimuto (Esperanto), პლიმუთი (Georgian), Plimuta (Latvian),普利茅斯(Chinese)
Flag of Montenegro.svg Podgorica Podgairítse (Irish), Podgorica (Finnish, French, German, Latvian, Portuguese, Polish, Slovak), Podgoritsa / Podgoritza / Podgoriza (Portuguese variants)*, Podogoritsa - ポドゴリツァ (Japanese)*, Ribnica (former name), Titograd (former name), პოდგორიცა (Georgian)
Flag of Belarus.svg Polatsk Połacak - Полацак (Belarusian, obsolete), Połack - Полацк (Belarusian), Polock (Czech), Połock (Polish), Polotsk - Полоцк (Russian), Poloţk (Romanian), Polotzk (German), Polocka (Latvian)
Flag of Italy.svg Pompeii Pompei (Italian, Azeri, Romanian, Turkish), Pompéi (French), Pompei - Помпеи (Russian), Pompeia (Catalan, Portuguese), Pompeii (Latin), Poimpé (Irish), Pompej (Maltese, Hungarian), Pompeji (Danish, Dutch, German, Slovene, Swedish, Hungarian), Pompeya (Spanish, Tagalog*), Pompeja (Latvian, Serbian), Pompeje (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Pompiía - Πομπηία (Greek), Pompeiji (Finnish), Pompėja (Lithuanian), Pompei/P'omp'ei - 폼페이 (Korean), Pompei - ポンペイ (Japanese)*
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Pontresina Pontresina (French, German, Italian), Puntraschigna (Romansh)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Poprad Deutschendorf (German), Poprad (Slovak), Poprád (Hungarian)
Flag of Croatia.svg Porec Parenzo (Italian), Poreč (Croatian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene), Porech - Пореч (Russian)
Flag of Finland.svg Pori Björneborg (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish), Pori (Finnish, Portuguese, Romanian, Latvian), Arctopolis (Latin)
Flag of Portugal.svg Porto Burtuqāl (Arabic), Oporto (Irish, Italian, Spanish, English variant), Poreutu / P'orŭt'u - 포르투 (Korean)*, Portas (Lithuanian), Porto (Azeri, Czech, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, French, German, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Turkish), Portó (Hungarian), Portus Cale (Latin), Portu (Latvian), პორტუ (Georgian), Poruto - ポルト (Japanese)*
Flag of Italy.svg Porto Torres Porto Torres (Italian), Pòlsthu Tòrra (Sassarese), Pòrtu Tòrres (Sardinian)
Flag of Slovenia.svg Portorož Portorose (Italian), Portorož (Serbian, Slovak, Slovene)
Flag of Finland.svg Porvoo Borgå (Swedish), Porvoo (Estonian, Finnish, Portuguese, Romanian), Borgoa (Latin)
Flag of Germany.svg Potsdam 波茨坦 (Chinese), Podstupim (Lower Sorbian), Postupim (Czech, Slovak), Potsdam (Azeri, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish), Poczdam (Polish), Potsdama (Latvian), Potsdamas (Lithuanian), პოტსდამი (Georgian), 포츠담 (Korean), Potsudamu - ポツダム (Japanese)*
Flag of Poland.svg Poznań Posnânia (Portuguese, rare)*, Poznań (Polish), Posen (Dutch, German), Posnania (Latin), Poyzn - פּױזן (Yiddish), Poznaņa (Latvian), Poznanė (Lithuanian), Poznaň (Czech, Slovak), Poznan (Azeri, French, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Turkish), Poznań - Познань (Belarusian, Ukrainian), პოზნანი (Georgian), Pojeunan/P'ojŭnan - 포즈난 (Korean), Pozunani - ポズナニ (Japanese)*,波兹南(Chinese)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Prague Birāġ (Arabic), Peuraha / P'ŭraha - 프라하 (Korean)*, Praach (Frisian), Praag (Afrikaans, Dutch, Limburgish), Prag (Bosnian, Croatian, Danish, German, Luxembourgish, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish, Icelandic), پراگ (Persian), Prâg (Welsh), Prág (Irish), Pràg (Scottish Gaelic), Praga (Latin, Basque, Catalan, Italian, Kashubian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Tagalog*), Prago (Esperanto), Prága - Πράγα (Greek), Prága (Hungarian), Prague (English, French, Norman), Praha (Belarusian, Czech, Estonian, Finnish, Ido, Indonesian, Nauruan, Norwegian, Slovak, Ukrainian, Lithuanian), Prāga (Latvian), Prog - פּראָג or Prag - פּראַג (Yiddish), Puraha - プラハ (Japanese)*, 布拉格 (Chinese), პრაღა (Georgian), Praga - Прага (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian)
Flag of Russia.svg Pravdinsk Friedland (German), Frydland/Frydląd (Polish), Pravdinsk - Правдинск (Russian), Romuva (Lithuanian)
Flag of Slovakia.svg Prešov Eperies (German alternate), Eperjes (Hungarian), Peryeshis (Romani), Preschau (German), Presovia, Fragopolis, Eperiessinum (Latin), Prešov (Czech, Slovak), Preszów (Polish), Pryashev - Пряшев (Russian), Pryašiv - Пряшів (Ukrainian), Pryašuv - Пряшyв (Ruthenian)
Flag of Russia.svg Priozersk Kexholm / Keksholm (Swedish, Norwegian), Käkisalmi (Finnish), Korela (old Russian), Priozersk (German, Russian)
Flag of Kosovo.svg Pristina Prishtinë (Albanian), Prishtina (English, traditional name), Priština - Приштина (Serbian, Russian), Priština - Прищина (Bulgarian), Prischtina (German), Priština (Czech, Slovak, Latvian, Lithuanian, Slovene), Priştina (Romanian), Pristine (Irish), Priştine (Turkish), Pristina (French, Hungarian, Portuguese), Pristino (Esperanto), Prístina - Πρίστινα (Greek), Prisztina (Polish), პრიშტინა (Georgian)
Flag of Kosovo.svg Prizren Prisrend (English, traditional name)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Příbor Freiberg in Mähren (German*)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Přerov Prerau (German*), Przerów (Polish)
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Prostějov Proßnitz in Mähren (German), Prościejów (Polish)
Flag of Poland.svg Prudnik Neustadt in Oberschlesien (German), Prudnik (Polish), Prudník (Czech), Прудник (Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Russian), Prudnjik - Прудњик (Serbian), פרודניק (Hebrew), Purudoniku - プルドニク (Japanese), პრუდნიკი (Georgian), Prudnikas (Lithuanian), Prudnicium (Latin), Prudņika (Latvian)
Flag of Poland.svg Pruszcz Gdański Pruszcz Gdański (Polish), Praust (German)
Flag of Poland.svg Przemyśl Peremisla (Romanian, old), Peremyshl' - Перемышль (Russian, traditional), Peremyshl' - Перемишль (Ukrainian, traditional), Pieramyšl - Перамышль (Belarusian), Premisl (Romanian), Premisl - פּרעמיסל (Yiddish), Přemyšl (Czech), Przemyśl (Polish), Pshemysl' - Пшемысль (Russian, modern official), Pshemysl' - Пшемисль (Ukrainian, modern official)
Flag of Russia.svg Pskov Bskūfبسكوف (Arabic*), Opskova (local Estonian), [KNAB] Peskov (alternative Spanish), Pihkeva (local Estonian), [KNAB] Pihkova (local Estonian, [KNAB] Finnish [KNAB] ), Pihkõva (local Estonian), [KNAB] Pihkva (Estonian, [KNAB] Võro [KNAB] ), Plescovia (Latin), [5] Plescow (archaic English), [6] Pleskau (German), [KNAB] Pleskava (Latvian), [KNAB] PleskovПлесковъ (archaic Czech, archaic Russian), [KNAB] Pleskow (archaic English), [KNAB] Pl′skovПльсковъ (archaic Russian), [KNAB] Pscovia (Latin*), [7] PskoŭПскоў (Belarusian*), Pskov (Azeri*, Czech*, Dutch, French, Romanian, Spanish*), PskovПсков (Bulgarian*, Russian*, [KNAB] Ukrainian*), Pskovפּסקאָװ (Yiddish), PskovՊսկով (Armenian*), PskovΠσκοφ (Greek*), Ps′kovПьсковъ (archaic Russian), [KNAB] Pskovas (Lithuanian*), [KNAB] Psķoviფსკოვი (Georgian*), [KNAB] Pskow (Upper Sorbian*), Psków (Polish), [KNAB] Pszkov (Hungarian*), Pǔsīkēfū普斯科夫 (Mandarin Chinese*), Pusukofuプスコフ (Japanese*), Vopski liin (local Estonian) [KNAB]
Flag of Poland.svg Puck Puck (Polish), Pùck (Kashubian), Putzig (German)
Flag of Croatia.svg Pula Pola (Italian, Romanian, French, German, Dutch), Póla (Hungarian), Polei (older German), Pula (Croatian, Czech, Finnish, German, Portuguese, Serbian, Slovak), Pulj (Slovene), Poła (Venetian), Puola (Istriot), Pòlis - Πόλις (Greek)
Flag of Poland.svg Puławy Pilev - פּילעװ (Yiddish), Puławy (Polish) Pilev (English, Spanish), Pullno (German)
Flag of Poland.svg Pyrzyce Pyrzyce (Polish), Pyritz (German)

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Following is a list of rivers of classical antiquity stating the Latin name, the equivalent English name, and also, in some cases, Greek and local name. The scope is intended to include, at least, rivers named and known widely in the Roman empire. This includes some rivers beyond the bounds of the Roman empire at its peak.

An endonym is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and other languages in parts of Italy and Spain.

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Orbis Latinus, originally by Dr. J. G. Th. Graesse, is a Latin-German dictionary of Latin place names. Most recently updated in 1972, it is the most comprehensive modern reference work of Latin toponymy, covering antiquity to modern times.

References

  1. [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  1. "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
  2. Orbis latinus
  3. Cfr. alle p. 396, p. 929 e a p. 1897 sull' Annuario Pontificio - 1994.
  4. Ottocium (Titular See) at catholic-hierarchy.org, Retrieved on 25 May 2017.
  5. I. Hofmannus, Lexicon universale, tomus III., p. 790
  6. Bacon, George A (1889). The Academy: A Journal of Secondary Education, Volume 4. p. 403.
  7. J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972