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| Parent | Department of Transport |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1 January 1969 |
| Ceased operation | April 1988 |
| Headquarters | London |
| Service area | England and Wales |
| Service type | Bus operator |
The National Bus Company (NBC) was a nationalised bus company that operated in England and Wales between 1969 and 1988. NBC did not run buses itself, but was the owner of a number of regional subsidiary bus operating companies.
Following the Labour Party victory at the 1966 General Election, Barbara Castle was appointed Minister for Transport. Castle immediately ordered a review of public transport, with a view to formulating a new transport policy.
Among the issues to be tackled were the ownership and operation of bus services, which were rapidly losing patronage and profitability due to increased prevalence of private motor cars. [1] The state owned a considerable proportion of scheduled bus operators outside the major cities, having obtained the Tilling Group companies in 1948 as a byproduct of nationalising the railways. The Tilling Group was subsequently placed under the ownership of the nationalised Transport Holding Company (THC). London Transport was also nationalised in 1948 and others voluntarily acquiesced, the last being Red & White in 1950. When the Labour Party suddenly lost power to the Conservatives in 1951, the nationalization programme remained unfinished.
Castle proposed forming regional transport authorities, which would take over the THC subsidiaries and municipal transport undertakings in their area, and would also have the power to acquire private bus operators. [1] However, in November 1967 British Electric Traction (BET) unexpectedly offered to sell its bus operations to the government. [2] BET, who had been the only major private bus operating group, received £35 million for its 25 provincial bus companies and 11,300 vehicles. [3] The deal meant that the state or municipal bus operators now operated some 90% of scheduled bus services in England and Wales. [1] Instead of forming the regional authorities, the government published a white paper proposing the merger of the THC and BET organisations into a single National Bus Company. [4] [5]
The recommendations of the White Paper formed part of the Transport Act 1968. The 1968 Act also reorganised the already nationalised bus operation in Scotland, where subsidiaries formed the Scottish Bus Group. [6]
The National Bus Company was formed on 1 January 1969. [7]
In 1970, the company was enlarged when it acquired the country area buses of London Transport (as London Country Bus Services), the bus operations of the county boroughs of Exeter and Luton, and the Gosport & Fareham Omnibus Company, trading under the name of Provincial. [8]
Buses were operated by locally managed subsidiary companies, with their own fleetnames and liveries. In the early years of the company, there was some rationalisation, generally leading to the amalgamation of operators into larger units and the transfer of areas between them. One was the merging of Aldershot & District with Thames Valley on 1 January 1972. [9] Another example was the transfer of the 'land-locked' Trowbridge operations from Western National to Bristol Omnibus in 1970.
Following the appointment of Fred Wood as chairman in 1972, the National Bus Company introduced a corporate identity designed by Norman Wilson, who had previously designed logos for Wood's Croda International chemical company. Henceforth, its coaches were branded as National Travel and painted in unrelieved white, with the NBC logo and the 'NATIONAL' name in alternate red & blue letters. The services were rebranded as National Express soon afterwards. The addition of blue and white stripes appeared in 1978. [10] National Travel was the country's first attempt at a uniformly marketable express network, which superseded Associated Motorways and the plethora of other services provided by individual NBC subsidiaries. The coaches were managed by a few areas and included travel agent booking offices based at major bus stations. A hub and spoke system operated with the main hub at Cheltenham.
Around the same time, the company launched a wide number of UK holiday services under the banner "National Holidays". This brand and its travel agent booking offices existed until the mid-1990s, when the coach holiday division closed.
The National Express overseas travel business was re-launched under the name Eurolines: this brand now operates services from the UK across Europe, booked through the main National Express website.
In the 1970s all local service buses adopted a uniform design, generally in either leaf green or poppy red, initially with white relief, and bearing the company fleetname in white Akzidenz-Grotesk typeface with the new NBC "double-N" arrow logo. There were, however, exceptions: buses operating in the area of the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive became yellow in a similar fashion to the PTE's own fleet but to the NBC design; some buses operating within West Yorkshire were liveried in WYPTE verona green and cream; Jones (Aberbeeg) and Midland General both liveried in blue until 1980, and the Northern General subsidiary, Sunderland District, also retained blue for a short period. [10]
Although NBC operated throughout England and Wales, it was not a monopoly. Services were provided by London Transport in Greater London, the fleets of the municipal bus companies and passenger transport executives, and by independent operators in some rural areas and a few small towns.
The NBC inherited from the Transport Holding Company 75% shareholdings in chassis manufacturer Bristol Commercial Vehicles and body builder Eastern Coach Works. [7] In 1969 NBC formed a joint venture with British Leyland (who owned the other 25% of Bristol and ECW), by means of which British Leyland became a 50% owner of the NBC's manufacturing companies. The joint venture designed and built a new single-deck bus, the Leyland National. The first was delivered in 1972, and it remained in production until 1986. The National was also available to other bus operators. In 1982 NBC sold its 50% interest in the joint venture (including Bristol and ECW) to British Leyland.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s services were reviewed under a process known within instigator Midland Red as the Viable Network Project and subsequently more generally as the "Market Analysis Project" (MAP). This followed on from the West Oxfordshire Market Analysis Project conducted in 1975 by the newly formed Public Transport Unit of Oxfordshire County Council. With an all-county remit Oxfordshire included services from the Banbury area running into the West Oxfordshire survey area. Having assisted in the programme and been fully informed as to the findings, the Midland Red Area Manager (Brian Barrett) was able to recommend that the programme should be extended elsewhere within National Bus Company. Conscious of the very limited information on their market (their passengers), NBC extended the programme throughout the areas served by the subsidiary Companies. Each company carefully considered its existing and potential new demands, surveyed both on and off bus, and recast local networks to reflect the results, indicating to local authorities those services requiring subsidy. As part of the MAP local area identities were invariably introduced, with new fleet names applied to buses, bus stops, timetables and publicity. The process culminated in the splitting of several larger NBC subsidiaries.
From 1986, bus services in the UK were deregulated and progressively privatised, with the remaining larger companies forcibly broken up.
NBC was divided into 70 units, with the first sale being of National Holidays to Pleasurama in July 1986. [11] The last sale was completed in April 1988. [12] [13] [14]
The sales spawned a renewed interest in individual liveries and the "double-N" logo disappeared. However, it was kept by National Express when it was sold to their management and continued to be used until 2003, when the NBC logo finally disappeared in favour of a new logo, since replaced in 2007. Most local companies passed from state control to management buyouts. [12] The independence of many however, was short lived, as they were acquired by the emerging large private bus groups, represented today by:
The original bus and coach operating subsidiaries of the National Bus Company in 1969 and 1970 were:
In addition, another NBC subsidiary Amalgamated Passenger Transport Ltd. inherited the former British Railways/THC shareholdings in several further Joint Omnibus Committees in Yorkshire, comprising Halifax JOC and Todmorden JOC (merged to form Calderdale JOC in 1971), Huddersfield JOC and Sheffield JOC.
During its early years, NBC pursued a policy of merging smaller subsidiaries to form larger regional companies. At the same time, some depots were transferred between subsidiaries to reduce overlap between operating territories. In addition to those businesses inherited from the Transport Holding Company, NBC took over the municipal bus operations in Exeter and Luton during 1970, with these operations being absorbed by Devon General and United Counties respectively, while the country area services of London Transport also passed to NBC in 1970 as London Country. Notable independent operators acquired during this period included Jones of Aberbeeg, Venture of Consett, Provincial of Fareham, and Wessex of Bristol which were (at least initially) retained as subsidiaries. 1974 saw the coach-only subsidiaries consolidated into four "National Travel" companies, while a fifth was established to take over another independent coach operator, Don Everall of Wolverhampton.
On the other hand, the NBC shareholdings in Huddersfield and Sheffield JOCs were sold to the respective local authorities in 1969, and most of Hebble's bus operations passed to the jointly owned Halifax JOC during 1970. The 1968 Transport Act gave the new passenger transport executives the right to purchase any bus operations within their territories, including those of the National Bus Company. Not all of the PTEs chose to exercise this power, but on 1 January 1972 SELNEC PTE purchased the majority of North Western Road Car, and in 1973 the services of Midland Red within the West Midlands PTE passed to that executive. In 1974 the remaining NBC interest in Calderdale JOC was acquired by the newly-formed West Yorkshire PTE.
By 1978 the following bus-operating companies existed:
In 1981 Midland Red, weakened by losing its core area, was broken into six smaller operating companies. Most of the National Travel companies were closed down in the mid-1980s, with coaches mainly going to local bus companies. Wessex National was formed from part of National Travel South West, and Pilgrim Coaches from part of National Travel West.
In preparation for the introduction of deregulation in 1986, and for privatisation soon after, many of the companies were broken up into smaller units. In some cases the names of earlier companies – such as Wilts & Dorset or North Western – were revived, although often with quite different areas from their namesakes.
| Original company | Year of split | Companies formed | Privatisation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alder Valley | 1986 | Alder Valley North – renamed The Beeline | 1987 |
| Alder Valley | 1986 | Alder Valley South | 1987 |
| Bristol | 1983 | Bristol (Cityline) | 1987 |
| Bristol | 1983 | Badgerline | 1986 |
| Bristol | 1983 | Cheltenham & Gloucester | 1986 |
| Crosville | 1986 | Crosville | 1988 |
| Crosville | 1986 | Crosville Wales | 1987 |
| Cumberland | Gained Ribble's North Cumbrian operations in 1986 | Cumberland | 1987 |
| East Kent | n/a | East Kent | 1987 |
| East Midland | n/a | East Midland | 1988 |
| East Yorkshire | n/a | East Yorkshire | 1987 |
| Eastern Counties | 1984 | Ambassador Travel | 1987 |
| Eastern Counties | 1984 | Cambus | 1986 |
| Eastern Counties | 1984 | Eastern Counties | 1986 |
| Eastern National | 1986 | Eastern National/Thamesway | 1986 |
| Hants & Dorset | 1983 | Hampshire Bus | 1987 |
| Hants & Dorset | 1983 | Shamrock & Rambler | 1987 |
| Hants & Dorset | 1983 | Wilts & Dorset | 1987 |
| Lincolnshire | n/a | Lincolnshire | 1988 |
| London Country | 1986 | London Country North East | 1988 |
| London Country | 1986 | London Country North West | 1988 |
| London Country | 1986 | London Country South East – renamed Kentish Bus | 1988 |
| London Country | 1986 | London Country South West | 1988 |
| Maidstone & District | 1986 | Hastings & District | 1987 |
| Maidstone & District | 1986 | Maidstone & District | 1987 |
| Midland Red | 1981 | Midland Red East renamed Midland Fox | 1987 |
| Midland Red | 1981 | Midland Red Express – renamed Midland Red Coaches | 1986 |
| Midland Red | 1981 | Midland Red North | 1988 |
| Midland Red | 1981 | Midland Red South | 1987 |
| Midland Red | 1981 | Midland Red West | 1986 |
| National Travel East | n/a | National Travel East | 1987 |
| National Welsh | n/a | National Welsh | 1987 |
| Northern General | n/a | Northern General | 1987 |
| Oxford | 1986 | Oxford Bus Company | 1987 |
| Oxford | 1986 | South Midland | 1986 |
| Pilgrim Coaches | n/a | Pilgrim Coaches Limited | 1987 |
| Potteries | n/a | PMT Limited | 1986 |
| Provincial | Gained part of Hants & Dorset 1983 | Provincial Bus Company | 1987 |
| Ribble | 1986 Transfer of North Cumbrian operations | Cumberland | 1988 |
| Ribble | 1986 | North Western | 1988 |
| Ribble | 1986 | Ribble | 1988 |
| South Wales | n/a | SWT | 1987 |
| Southdown | 1986 | Brighton & Hove Bus & Coach Company | 1987 |
| Southdown | 1986 | Southdown | 1987 |
| Southern Vectis | n/a | Southern Vectis | 1986 |
| Trent | n/a | Trent Motor Traction | 1986 |
| United | 1986 | Northumbria | 1987 |
| United | 1986 | United | 1987 |
| United Counties | 1986 | Luton & District | 1987 |
| United Counties | 1986 | Milton Keynes City Bus | 1987 |
| United Counties | 1986 | United Counties | 1987 |
| Wessex National | n/a | Wessex National Limited | 1987 |
| West Riding / Yorkshire Woollen | n/a | West Riding | 1987 |
| West Yorkshire | n/a | West Yorkshire | 1987 |
| Western National / Devon General | 1983 | Devon General | 1986 |
| Western National / Devon General | 1983 | North Devon (Red Bus) | 1988 |
| Western National / Devon General | 1983 | Southern National | 1988 |
| Western National / Devon General | 1983 | Western National | 1987 |
| Yorkshire Traction | n/a | Yorkshire Traction | 1987 |
Two additional non-bus-operating subsidiaries were also disposed of in 1988:
The Scarborough operations of United Automobile Services passed to East Yorkshire Motor Services in September 1986. [15]
The Scottish Bus Group (SBG) was a state-owned group of bus operators covering the whole of mainland Scotland.
Central Scottish Omnibuses Ltd was a bus operating subsidiary of the Scottish Transport Group formed in June 1985 from Central SMT, and operated until July 1989 when it was merged with Kelvin Scottish to form Kelvin Central Buses.
Eastern Scottish Omnibuses Ltd. was a bus and coach operator based in Edinburgh, Scotland and a subsidiary of the Scottish Bus Group. Eastern Scottish was formed in June 1985 from the main part of Scottish Omnibuses Ltd., which had itself traded as 'Eastern Scottish' since the 1960s. Following privatisation in 1990 the company traded as 'SMT' reviving the original name of the company. It operated until 1994, when it became part of GRT Bus Group plc.
Midland Red was a bus company that operated in The Midlands from 1905 until 1981. It was one of the largest English bus companies, operating over a large area between Gloucester in the south and Derbyshire in the north, and from Northampton to the Welsh border. The company also manufactured buses.
Badgerline was a bus operator in and around Bristol from 1985 until 2003. Its headquarters were in Weston-super-Mare. Initially a part of the Bristol Omnibus Company, it was privatised in September 1986 and sold to Badgerline Holdings in a management buyout. It went on to purchase a number of bus companies in England and Wales. In November 1993, Badgerline Group was listed on the stock exchange and, on 16 June 1995, it merged with the GRT Group to form FirstBus.
Yorkshire Traction was a bus operator in Yorkshire that operated from 1902 until 2005.
Crosville Motor Services was a bus operator based in the north-west of England and north and mid-Wales.
The Transport Holding Company (THC) was a British Government-owned company created by the Transport Act 1962 to administer a range of state-owned transport, travel and engineering companies that were previously managed by the British Transport Commission (BTC). It came into existence on 1 September 1962, with certain assets of the BTC vested in it on 1 January 1963.
Hants & Dorset Motor Services Ltd was a stage carriage bus service operator in southern England between 1920 and 1983.
South Yorkshire Transport (SYT) was a bus operator that provided services around South Yorkshire and outlying areas. The company was formed as an 'arms-length' successor of the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE) in 1986, which was broken up as a result of the deregulation of bus services. South Yorkshire Transport operated buses in and around Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield with some services extending to Chesterfield, Leeds and Barnsley.
National Welsh Omnibus Services was a bus company which operated in south-east Wales and in the Forest of Dean area of Gloucestershire from 1978 to 1992. It used the trading name National Welsh and its Welsh equivalent Cymru Cenedlaethol.
The "Big Four" was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923–1947. The name was coined by The Railway Magazine in its issue of February 1923: "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".
North Western Road Car Company was a bus operator based in Liverpool, England. The company operated between 1986 and 1998.
The Bristol Omnibus Company was a dominant bus operator in Bristol, and was one of the oldest bus companies in the United Kingdom. It ran buses over a wide area of Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire and neighbouring counties.
Red & White Services was a bus company operating in south east Wales and Gloucestershire, England between 1929 and 1978.
The Tilling Group was one of two conglomerates that controlled almost all of the major bus operators in the United Kingdom between World Wars I and II and until nationalisation in 1948.
Western National was a bus company operating in South West England from 1929 until the 1990s.
'First Manchester, Midlands & South Yorkshire is an operating unit of FirstGroup operating in the English Midlands, Manchester and South Yorkshire. The unit was formed in 2008 with the merger of the management and administration of First Potteries, First Worcester and First Leicester. On 1 June 2020, First Midlands merged with First Manchester and First South Yorkshire. During a group restructure in 2022, Worcester moved from Midlands control to First West & Wales.
W. Alexander & Sons Ltd was a bus operator and coachbuilder in Scotland. The company grew from small beginnings to become the largest bus operator in Scotland, and one of the largest in the U.K., by the time it was split up in 1961. Its coachbuilding activities, which were transferred to a separate company in 1947, still survive as part of Alexander Dennis.
History of bus transport in the United Kingdom | |
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| General | |
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