OMON

Last updated

Special Purpose Mobile Unit
Отряд мобильный особого назначения
Patch of the OMON.svg
Patch of OMON
Active5 May 1919;105 years ago (1919-05-05)
Country
Agency Rosgvardia-chevron.svg National Guard of Russia
Type Gendarmerie
Common nameOmonovtsy, "Black Berets"
AbbreviationOMOH/ОMON
Structure
Officersc. 20,000 (in Russia)
Notables
Significant operation(s)
Anniversaries3 October (OMON Day/День ОМОН)

OMON [1] is a system of military special police units within the Armed Forces of Russia. It previously operated within the structures of the Soviet and Russian Ministries of Internal Affairs (MVD). Originating as the special forces unit of the Soviet Militsiya in 1988, it has played major roles in several armed conflicts during and following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Contents

OMON is much larger and better known than SOBR, another special-police branch of the National Guard of Russia. In modern contexts, OMON serves as a riot police group, or as a gendarmerie-like paramilitary force. OMON units also exist in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and other post-Soviet states. However, some post-Soviet units have changed names and acronyms. Russian-speakers commonly refer to OMON officers as omonovtsy (Russian : омоновцы; singular: omonovyets – Russian : омоновец).

On 5 April 2016 OMON became part of the newly-established National Guard of Russia, ending its years as part of the MVD. [2] : 20  The MVD continues to operate the Police of Russia. [3]

History

Special purpose militia units were formed on May 5, 1919 in the Russian state in the structure of the "white" (Siberian) militia. [4] Alexander Kolchak emphasized that

OMON is a combat unit for the protection and restoration of state order and public peace, serves as a reserve for the formation of militia in areas liberated from Soviet power to train experienced police officers

These militia units operated where open war gave way to partisan war. The detachment consisted of four foot and one horse platoons. [5] The staff included 285 people. [4] In those days, there was no such thing as a "omonovets" therefore these units were called "guards". [6]

Soviet OMON originated in 1979, when the first Soviet police tactical unit was founded in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to ensure that there were no terrorist incidents like the Munich massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics. Subsequently, the unit was to be utilized in emergencies such as high-risk arrests, hostage crises and acts of terror.

Dmitry Medvedev inspecting Shchyolkovo OMON in 2011 Prezident RF na baze OMON <<Zubr>>..jpeg
Dmitry Medvedev inspecting Shchyolkovo OMON in 2011

The current OMON system is the successor of that group and was founded on 3 October 1988 in Moscow and was called the Militsiya Squad of Special Assignment. [7] Special police detachments were often manned by former soldiers of the Soviet Army and veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War. OMON units were used as riot police to control and stop demonstrations and hooliganism, as well as to respond to emergency situations involving violent crime. The units later took on a wider range of police duties, including cordon and street patrol actions, and even paramilitary and military-style operations.

Following Russia's 2011 police reform, Russian OMON units were to be renamed Distinctive Purpose Teams (KON), while OMSN (SOBR) would become Special Purpose Teams (KSN). [8] It was announced that Special Purpose Centers for Rapid Deployment forces would also be created in Russian regions, to include regional OMON and OMSN units. In essence, all police spetsnaz (special designation) units were brought together under the joint command of the Interior Ministry [9] — the Center for Operational Spetsnaz and Aviation Forces of MVD (Центр специального назначения сил оперативного реагирования и авиации МВД России).

In January 2012, Russia's OMON was renamed from otryad militsii osobogo naznacheniya, (Special Purpose Militia Unit) to otryad mobilniy osobogo naznacheniya (Special Purpose Mobile Unit), keeping the acronym.

Soviet OMON activities

  • On 20 January 1991, Soviet-loyalist Riga OMON attacked Latvia's Interior Ministry, killing six people during the January 1991 events which was not confirmed by an internal investigation, in a failed pro-Moscow coup attempt following the Latvian SSR's declaration of independence. [10] Seven OMON officers were subsequently found guilty by the Riga District Court and were sentenced in absentia. Part of the Riga OMON troops remained loyal to the USSR and their oath of allegiance. The unit was evacuated from Riga to Tyumen in Russia by air force together with all ammunition, vehicles and firearms, and incorporated with local Tyumen OMON.
  • A series of attacks on border outposts of the newly independent Republic of Lithuania took place during the period of January to July 1991. These resulted in several summary execution-style deaths of unarmed customs officers and other people (including former members of Vilnius OMON), which were attributed to Riga OMON. [11] Some sources say that Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had lost control of the unit during that period. For years, Lithuania has continued to demand that the persons suspected in these incidents should be tried in Lithuania; one suspect was arrested in Latvia in November 2008. [12]
  • The April–May 1991 Operation Ring by the Azerbaijan SSR OMON and the Soviet Army against the Armenian irregular units in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, resulted in forty deaths of mostly Armenian civilians, and the forced displacement of nearly 10,000 ethnic Armenians. In later attacks, several more Armenian civilians were killed; others suffered abuse which included instances of rape. In continuing fighting in this area, fourteen Azerbaijani OMON members and one Armenian paramilitary fighter were reported killed in September 1991. [13]
  • Violent and often armed clashes occurred between the Georgian SSR's OMON and opponents of the first Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia prior to the Georgian Civil War of 1991–1993. Eleven combatants on both sides, including Georgian OMON members and regular militsiya officers, were reported killed in skirmishes during September and October 1991. There were also allegations of OMON firing at unarmed protesters. [13]

Post-Soviet OMON activities

Saint Petersburg, Field of Mars, 12 June 2017, OMON during the rally St. Petersburg, the Field of Mars, meeting on June 12, 2017 - 01.jpg
Saint Petersburg, Field of Mars, 12 June 2017, OMON during the rally
  • Prior to the creation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the bulk of the fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh, on the Azeri side, was conducted by the post-Soviet OMON units and irregular forces. This included the defence of the village of Khojaly by a group of Azeri OMON troops and armed volunteers against the Armenian and Russian Army forces prior to, and during, the Khojaly massacre on 25 February 1992; most of the group involved died along with several hundred other Azeris, mostly civilians.
  • South Ossetian ad hoc OMON, organized by a group of Tskhinvali internal affairs division militsiya officers, was reportedly the most combat-ready force on the separatist side at the outset of the South Ossetia War in April 1992.
  • In Tajikistan, the civil war began after local OMON began defecting to anti-Nabiyev protesters in May 1992. [14] The country's minority Pamiri people largely backed the United Tajik Opposition, and for that reason were targeted for massacres by pro-government forces during the bloody first phase of the war in 1992–1993. A significant portion of the Tajikistan MVD's command structure and its OMON consisted mainly of Pamiris who were then either killed or forced to flee to Gorno-Badakhshan. [15]
  • North Ossetia's OMON participated in the short but vicious 1992 East Prigorodny Conflict in Russia. They killed or 'disappeared' hundreds of local indigenous Ingush people. Ossetian OMON reportedly massacred residents of Ingush villages that had first been shelled by Russian federal army tanks that were officially in to the region for 'peacekeeping' purposes. [16]
  • Following the War of Transnistria in 1992, several high-ranking former OMON and KGB officers assumed senior posts in Moldova's pro-Russian separatist region of Transnistria. Former Riga OMON Major Vladimir Antyufeyev, who had led the attacks against Latvian authorities in 1991 and was put on the Interpol wanted list, renamed himself "General Vadim Shevtsov" and became Transnistria's minister of state security and intelligence. He is also alleged to have overseen the self-declared republic's organized criminal smuggling rackets. [17] [18] [19] In 2012, the KGB of Transnistria announced it has "launched a criminal investigation into Vladimir Antyufeev who is suspected of misuse of state powers."
  • Moscow OMON, and units brought from other cities, clashed with anti-Yeltsin demonstrators during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis and reportedly beat some members of the Supreme Soviet of Russia (Russian parliament at the time). [20]
OMON cracking down on a protest action in defense of Article 31 (freedom of assembly) of the Russian Constitution in Moscow in 2010 Strategy31 2010-05-31-12.jpg
OMON cracking down on a protest action in defense of Article 31 (freedom of assembly) of the Russian Constitution in Moscow in 2010
  • OMON have broken up several opposition rallies, including the Dissenters' Marches since 2006, sparking reports of police brutality, including excessive use of force and arbitrary detention of participants. [21] In 2007, the brutal actions of OMON against peaceful protesters and arrests of opposition figures were harshly criticised by the European Union institutions and governments. [22] Moscow OMON also made international news when it prevented gay rights activists (including the European Parliament members) from marching after the Mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov did not allow a planned parade to take place in 2007. [23]
  • On 24 March 2006, Belarusian OMON stormed the opposition's tent camp at Minsk's October Square without provocation, violently ending the peaceful Jeans Revolution against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko. Thousands of people were beaten and hundreds detained, including the opposition's presidential candidate Alaksandr Kazulin, as a result of the attack. [24]
  • In February 2008, Tajik OMON commander Oleg Zakharchenko was killed in a shootout with an anti-organized crime police unit composed of former opposition fighters, under disputed circumstances, in Gharm. [25] In 2009, the former Interior Minister of Tajikistan, Mahmadnazar Salihov, allegedly committed suicide to avoid being arrested in connection with the case; Salihov's family claimed he was murdered in a political purge. [26]
  • South Ossetian separatist OMON took part in the fighting against the Georgian Armed Forces in August, during the 2008 South Ossetia war and were accused of "special cruelty" against civilians in the overrun ethnic Georgian villages. [27] Subsequently, South Ossetian OMON fighters were absorbed into Russian regular forces in the area as contract soldiers and continued to be deployed in the highly disputed Akhalgori zone. [28]
  • Gulmurod Khalimov, the Russian-U.S. trained [29] OMON chief in Tajikistan since 2012, disappeared in 2015. [30] He had defected to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria, and threatened to attack American cities. [31] He was declared wanted for treason by Tajik government. [32]

Conflict in Chechnya

The force was active in the First Chechen War of 1994–1996 in which OMON was often used in various security and light infantry roles, notably for the notorious "cleansing" ( zachistka ) operations. [33] Prior to the war, there was also an OMON formation belonging to the Interior Ministry (MVD) of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechnya's separatist government. The independent Chechnya had an OMON battalion prior to the war, but it was not battle trained, [34] and did not play any significant role as an organized force before disintegrating. During the armed conflict, almost every Russian city would be regularly sending militsiya groups, often OMON members, for tours of usually three or four months. The pro-Moscow administration of the Chechen Republic also formed its own OMON detachments. In February 1996, a group of thirty-seven Russian OMON officers from Novosibirsk surrendered to Chechen militants of Salman Raduyev and Khunkar-Pasha Israpilov during the Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis. [35]

OMON took part in the Second Chechen War as well. OMON forces sustained severe losses in the conflict, including from the March 2000 ambush which killed scores of servicemen from Berezniki and Perm (including nine captured and executed), [36] the July 2000 suicide bombing which killed at least twenty-five Russians at Argun base of OMON from Chelyabinsk, [37] and the April 2002 mine attack which left twenty-one Chechen OMON troops dead in central Grozny. [38] Control and discipline continued to be questionable in Chechnya, where OMON members were known to have engaged in, or fallen victim to, several deadly incidents of friendly fire and fratricide. In perhaps the bloodiest of such incidents, at least twenty-four were killed when OMON from Podolsk attacked a column of OMON from Sergiyev Posad in Grozny on 2 March 2000. [39] Among other incidents, several Chechen OMON servicemen were abducted and executed in Grozny by Russian military servicemen in November 2000, [40] members of Chechen OMON engaged in a shootout with the Ingush police on the border between Chechnya and Ingushetia resulting in eight fatalities in September 2006, [41] and Ramzan Kadyrov-controlled local OMON clashed with a group of rival Chechens belonging to the Kakiyev's Spetsnaz GRU military unit in Grozny, resulting in at least five being killed in 2007.[ citation needed ]

OMON was often accused of severe human rights abuses during the course of the conflict, [42] including abducting, torturing, raping and killing civilians. By 2000, the bulk of such crimes, as recorded by international organisations in Chechnya, appeared to have been committed either by or with the participation of OMON. [43] Moscow region OMON took part in the April 1995 rampage in the village of Samashki, where up to 300 civilians were reportedly killed during a large-scale brutal cleansing operation by federal MVD forces. [44] In December 1999, a group of unidentified OMON members manning a roadblock checkpoint shot dead around forty refugees fleeing the siege of Grozny. [45] OMON from Saint Petersburg [46] are believed to have been behind the February 2000 Novye Aldi massacre in which at least sixty civilians were robbed and then killed by Russian forces entering Grozny after the fall of the city; [47] one officer, Sergei Babin, was to be prosecuted in relation to the case in 2005 but he vanished. [48] [49] In April 2006, the European Court of Human Rights found Russia guilty of the forced disappearance of Shakhid Baysayev, a Chechen man who had gone missing after being detained in a March 2000 security sweep by Russian OMON in Grozny. [50] In 2007, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug OMON officer Sergei Lapin was sentenced for the kidnapping and torture of a Chechen man in Grozny in 2001, [51] with the Grozny court criticising the conduct of OMON serving in Chechnya in broader terms. [52] In an event related to the conflict in Chechnya, several OMON officers were also accused of starting the May 2007 wave of ethnic violence in Stavropol by assisting in the racially motivated murder of a local Chechen man. [53]

Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses

In 2021 OMON officers tortured Jehovah's Witnesses in Irkutsk in an attempt to make them inform about other members. [54]

Russo-Ukrainian War

Some OMON units participated in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine where they were intended to disperse riots and control civil unrest after Kyiv would be captured. The failure to capture Kyiv resulted in some SOBR missions becoming redundant, they also ended up engaging in military combat and some of its personnel being killed in action or captured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces. [55]

A group of OMON officers are suing for unlawful dismissal after being sacked for refusing to fight in Ukraine. [56] On 28 September 2022, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and National Police of Ukraine published CCTV footage showing OMON and Rosgvardiya personnel shooting at civilians during the battle of Hostomel. [57] [58] [59]

Russia

In Russia, there is an OMON unit in every oblast, as well as in many major cities. Since 2016, the OMON units report directly to the National Guard Forces Command as part of its regional district commands, and they are expected to be deployed in support of the police forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Information from different sources suggested that there were between 10,500 and 15,000 OMON members stationed at population centers and transportation hubs around the country during the 1990s.[ citation needed ] The number officially rose to about 20,000 nationwide by 2007; the biggest OMON unit in Russia, Moscow OMON, numbers over 2,000 members. Most OMON officers retire at the age of approximately forty-five.[ citation needed ] They were also sometimes not paid for their service. In 2001, for example, some fifty OMON members from Moscow filed a lawsuit claiming they had not been paid for one month of combat operations in Chechnya. [60] The use of OMON members in high-risk situations, especially in Chechnya and elsewhere in the North Caucasus, often causes the group to lose members in combat.[ citation needed ]

Moscow Zubr

Former Russian President, Medvedev, and Interior Minister, Rashid Nurgaliyev, inspects Zubr in 2011 Medvedev i Nurgaliev na baze OMON <<Zubr>>..jpeg
Former Russian President, Medvedev, and Interior Minister, Rashid Nurgaliyev, inspects Zubr in 2011
OMON Zubr GAZ Tiger SPM-2. OMON Zubr SPM-2 vehicle 2.jpg
OMON Zubr GAZ Tiger SPM-2.

The Zubr Special Purpose Police Detachment (Russian : Отряд Милиции Особого Назначения "Зубр"; is Russian for Bison, particularly the European bison) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was created in February 2006 on the basis of the OMON GUVD in the Moscow Region that existed since 1988. [61] It is based in Shchelkovo-7 near Moscow. Zubr was made up of officers drawn from the OMON riot police near Moscow and numbered about 430 people. Zubr is equipped with armored personnel carriers, Tigrs and other special equipment, and includes snipers and dog handlers. [62] [63]

Equipment

OMON groups use a wide range of firearms, including AK-74 assault rifle, AKS-74U carbine assault rifle, 9A-91 compact assault rifle, and PP-19 Bizon submachine gun, and the Makarov pistol, Stechkin automatic pistol and the MP-443 Grach or GSh-18 are assigned as sidearms. OMON units may use other weaponry, typically used by Russian light infantry during special operations and in war zones, such as: the PK machine gun, the GP-25 underbarrel grenade launcher for assault rifle or the GM-94 pump-action grenade launcher, RPG series rocket-proppelled grenade launchers, and the Dragunov and Vintorez designated marksman rifles. The kind of issued protective gear is shared with regular National Guard units. The Bagariy body armor is a common sight replacing the older Kora-Kulon while the ZSH 1–2 is the main issued helmet with the older Kolpak being used only on riot duty. They are sometimes called "OMON soldiers". [64]

Moscow OMON "Lavina-Uragan" (Avalanche-Hurricane) riot control vehicle. Moscow OMON Lavina-Uragan riot control vehicle.jpg
Moscow OMON "Lavina-Uragan" (Avalanche-Hurricane) riot control vehicle.

As riot police, OMON often uses special equipment termed riot gear to help protect themselves and attack others. Riot gear typically includes personal armor, batons, riot and tactical shields, and riot helmets. OMON also deploys specialized less-than-lethal weapons, such as water cannon, pepper spray, tear gas, sponge grenades, pistols, rifles, and shotguns which fire rubber bullets, bean bag rounds, stun grenades, and Long Range Acoustic Devices.[ citation needed ]

Transport

OMON vehicles include specially-equipped vans, buses and trucks of various types (often armored and sometimes equipped with mounted machine guns), as well as a limited number of armored personnel carriers such as GAZ Tigr, BTR-60, BTR-70 and BTR-80.

Uniforms

Members during the Gulonov March Golunov march 238.jpg
Members during the Gulonov March
Members of the St. Petersburg OMON OMON.jpg
Members of the St. Petersburg OMON

OMON's headgear remains their signature black beret (they are thus sometimes called Black Berets), which they share with the Naval Infantry.

OMON, as part of the RosGvard, is transitioning to the Russian version of the ATACS LE (blue/grey) but units are still seen wearing the traditional Noch-91 uniform in all-black, and blue or gray Tigerstripe camouflage, [66] a not uncommon sight has been a variety of Russian Army and Russian Internal Troops uniforms, [66] often with (black) balaclava masks and/or helmets.

Rest of former Soviet Union

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Chechen War</span> 1994–96 Russian invasion of Chechnya

The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a struggle for independence waged by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation from 11 December 1994 to 31 August 1996. This conflict was preceded by the battle of Grozny in November 1994, during which Russia covertly sought to overthrow the new Chechen government. Following the intense Battle of Grozny in 1994–1995, which concluded with a victory for the Russian federal forces, Russia's subsequent efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. The recapture of Grozny in 1996 played a part in the Khasavyurt Accord (ceasefire), and the signing of the 1997 Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Chechen War</span> 1999–2009 conflict in Chechnya and the North Caucasus

The Second Chechen War took place in Chechnya and the border regions of the North Caucasus between the Russian Federation and the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, from August 1999 to April 2009.

Spetsnaz are special forces in many post-Soviet states. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spetsnaz GRU, special operations units of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff (GRU). Today it refers to special forces branches and task forces subordinate to ministries including defence, internal affairs, or emergency situations in countries that have inherited their special purpose units from the now-defunct Soviet security agencies.

<i>Militsiya</i> Soviet and Eastern Bloc police force

Militsiya were the police forces in the Soviet Union until 1991, in several Eastern Bloc countries (1945–1992), and in the non-aligned SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992). The term Militsiya continues to be used in common and sometimes official usage in some of the individual former Soviet republics such as Belarus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as in the partially recognised or unrecognised republics of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria, DNR and LNR. In Russian law enforcement, the term remained official usage until 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SOBR</span> Spetsnaz unit of the National Guard of Russia

The Special Rapid Response Unit or SOBR, from 2002 to 2011 known as OMSN, is a spetsnaz unit of the National Guard of Russia (Rosgvardiya).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kadyrovites</span> Chechen paramilitary and protection unit

The 141st Special Motorized Regiment, colloquially known as the Kadyrovites or the Akhmat special forces unit, is a paramilitary organization in Chechnya, Russia, that serves as the protection of the Head of the Chechen Republic. The term Kadyrovtsy is commonly used in Chechnya to refer to any armed, ethnically-Chechen men under the control of Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov, although nominally they are under the umbrella of the National Guard of Russia. As of 2023, the regiment's official commander was Adam Delimkhanov, a close ally of Kadyrov.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass graves in Chechnya</span> Aspect of the Chechen Wars

In Chechnya, mass graves containing hundreds of corpses have been uncovered since the beginning of the Chechen wars in 1994. As of June 2008, there were 57 registered locations of mass graves in Chechnya. According to Amnesty International, thousands may be buried in unmarked graves including up to 5,000 civilians who disappeared since the beginning of the Second Chechen War in 1999. In 2008, the largest mass grave found to date was uncovered in Grozny, containing some 800 bodies from the First Chechen War in 1995. Russia's general policy to the Chechen mass graves is to not exhume them.

Human rights violations were committed by the warring sides during the second war in Chechnya. Both Russian officials and Chechen rebels have been regularly and repeatedly accused of committing war crimes including kidnapping, torture, murder, hostage taking, looting, rape, decapitation, and assorted other breaches of the law of war. International and humanitarian organizations, including the Council of Europe and Amnesty International, have criticized both sides of the conflict for blatant and sustained violations of international humanitarian law.

In June 2000, the North Caucasian Chechen separatist-led Chechen insurgents added suicide bombing to their tactics in their struggle against Russia. Since then, there have been dozens of suicide attacks within and outside the republic of Chechnya, resulting in thousands of casualties among Russian security personnel and civilians. The profiles of the suicide bombers have varied, as have the circumstances surrounding the bombings.

Sergei (Sergey) Lapin, also known by his radio communications call sign Kadet ("Cadet"), is a former Russian police officer who had served in Grozny, Chechnya as a Lieutenant in the OMON from the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug. He has been convicted for the torture and "disappearance" of a Chechen student.

The Battle of Grozny of August 1996, also known as Operation Jihad or Operation Zero Option, when Chechen fighters regained and then kept control of Chechnya's capital Grozny in a surprise raid. Russian federal forces had captured the city in a previous battle that ended in February 1995, and subsequently posted a large garrison of federal and republican Ministry of the Interior (MVD) troops in the city.

The Novye Aldi massacre was the mass murder of Chechen civilians on February 5, 2000, in which Russian forces went on a cleansing operation (zachistka), summarily executing dozens. The village had been cluster-bombed a day prior to the massacre, and local residents urged to come out for inspection the next day. Upon entering the village, Russian forces shot their victims with automatic fire at close range. The killings were accompanied by looting, rape, arson and robbery. As a result of the deadly rampage by Russian forces, up to 82 civilians were killed in the spree. Houses of civilians were burnt in an attempt to destroy evidence of summary executions and other crimes. Looting took place on a large scale and organised manner.

The Grozny OMON friendly fire incident took place on March 2, 2000, when an OMON unit from Podolsk, supported by paramilitary police from the Sverdlovsk Oblast in armored vehicles, opened friendly fire on a motorized column of OMON from Sergiyev Posad, which had just arrived in Chechnya to replace them.

The Samashki massacre was the mass murder of Chechen civilians by Russian Forces in April 1995 during the First Chechen War. Hundreds of Chechen civilians died as result of a Russian cleansing operation and the bombardment of the village. Most of the victims were shot in cold blood at close range or killed by grenades thrown into basements where they were hiding. Others were burned alive or were shot while trying to escape their burning houses. Much of the village was destroyed and the local school blown up by Russian forces as they withdrew. The incident attracted wide attention in Russia and abroad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal Troops of Russia</span> Former paramilitary force of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (1991–2016)

The Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation was a paramilitary force of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from 1991 to 2016.

Zachistka is a Russian military term for "mopping-up" operations to cleanse a territory from enemy military forces. They were frequently conducted in villages and included house to house searches. The term was widely used in the Second Chechen War. A number of zachistka operations became notorious for human rights violations by Russian forces, including ethnic cleansing and pillaging, and the term zachistka is used in English exclusively to refer to these violations, particularly in Chechnya and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

References

  1. ↑ Russian: ОМОН – отряд мобильный особого назначения, romanized: OMON - otryad mobilnyy osobogo naznacheniya, lit.  'Special Purposes Mobile Unit (SPMU)', pronounced [ɐˈtrʲætməˈbʲilʲnɨjɐˈsobɐvənɐznəˈt͡ɕʲɛnɪjə] , previously Russian: отряд милиции особого назначения, romanized: otryad militsii osobogo naznacheniya, lit.  'Special Purposes Unit of the Militia'
  2. ↑ Sliwa, Zdzislaw (2018). The Russian National Guard: A Warning or a Message? (PDF). Centre for Security and Strategic Research. p. 20. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  3. ↑ МВД России – "Сегодня от работы МВД зависят многие аспекты повседневной жизни граждан. Органы внутренних дел занимаются обеспечением порядка на улицах, предотвращением и раскрытием преступлений, защитой и охраной частной собственности, государственных и коммерческих объектов. Подразделения МВД борются за безопасность на дорогах страны, обеспечивают проведение массовых мероприятий, днем и ночью приходят на помощь гражданам в чрезвычайных ситуациях. От министра до участкового Министерство внутренних дел – на страже интересов гражданина, закона и общества."
  4. 1 2 Агалаков, Александр (8 February 2012). "Отряды ОМОНа создал адмирал Колчак". nsk.aif.ru. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  5. ↑ "Милиция адмирала Колчака | Back in the USSR". maxpark.com. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "Милиция другого цвета | Библиотека сибирского краеведения". bsk.nios.ru. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  7. ↑ Министерство Внутренних ДелРоссийской Федерации. "MVD website, history". Mvd.ru. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  8. ↑ Moscow News, 22 August 2011: Retooling Russia's Riot Police
  9. ↑ "Police spetsnaz reforms 2011". Agentura.ru. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  10. ↑ BBC News, 27 March 2007: Timeline: Latvia
  11. ↑ Pasienio apsaugos tarnyba // Fight for Independence 1990–1991 (English)
  12. ↑ Novaya Gazeta , 29.11.2008: The unmasked face Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  13. 1 2 Human Rights Watch World Report 1992: Events of 1991. Human Rights Watch. 1991. p.  532. ISBN   9781564320537 . Retrieved 23 February 2014– via Internet Archive.
  14. ↑ From Promise to Practice . Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2003. p.  276 . Retrieved 23 February 2014– via Internet Archive.
  15. ↑ Denber, Rachel (8 June 1993). Human Rights in Tajikistan: In the Wake of Civil War – Rachel Denber, Barnett R. Rubin, Jeri Laber. Human Rights Watch. ISBN   9781564321190 . Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  16. ↑ Huntington, Samuel P. (31 May 2007). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order – Samuel P. Huntington. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   9781416561248 . Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  17. ↑ Russia and the New States of Eurasia: The Politics of Upheaval – Karen Dawisha . Cambridge University Press. 28 January 1994. p.  183 . Retrieved 3 March 2014– via Internet Archive.
  18. ↑ Galeotti, Mark (2004). "The Transdnistrian Connection: Big Problems from a Small Pseudo-state". Global Crime (in Polish). 6 (3–4). Academia.edu: 398–405. doi:10.1080/17440570500277359. S2CID   146405023 . Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  19. ↑ Wines, Michael (5 March 2002). "Trans-Dniester 'Nation' Resents Shady Reputation – New York Times". The New York Times . Moldova; Trans-Dnestr (Moldova). Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  20. ↑ Memorial, April 1994: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS UNDER THE STATE OF EMERGENCY IN MOSCOW DURING THE PERIOD FROM NOON, OCTOBER 4 TO OCTOBER 18, 1993 Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ Amnesty International, 16 April 2007: Russian Federation: Attack on public dissent Archived 15 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ (in Polish) Polska Agencja Prasowa, 26 November 2007: Milicja biła opozycję, Europa oburzona Archived 14 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ( Dziennik Polska-Europa-Świat )
  23. ↑ The Associated Press, 27 May 2007: Russian Police Detain Gay Activists ( The Washington Post )
  24. ↑ TIME , 25 March 2006: Belarus: 'They Knocked My Husband Down and Dragged Him Away'
  25. ↑ IWPR Central Asia – Central Asia. "Murder Invokes Ghosts of Tajikistan's Past – Institute for War and Peace Reporting – P220". Iwpr.net. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
    "Tajikistan: The opposition braces itself for clashes with the regular army – Ferghana Information agency, Moscow". Enews.fergananews.com. 4 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  26. ↑ "Tajikistan: Former Interior Minister Commits Suicide to Preempt Arrest, Officials Insist". EurasiaNet.org. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  27. ↑ The Georgian Times, 15 September 2008: "Resistance does not make any sense: they will kill us on the spot" Archived 6 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Imedi TV, 16 October 2008: Ossetian militiamen join Russian regular army (trans. BBC Monitoring)
  29. ↑ "U.S. Trained Tajik IS Recruit". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  30. ↑ "Mystery of Missing Tajik OMON Commander Deepens". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  31. ↑ "The U.S.-trained commander of Tajikistan's special forces has joined the Islamic State". The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "Tajik Police Officer Wanted For Treason". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
  33. ↑ Human Rights Watch, February 1995: Russia: Three Months of War in Chechnya
  34. ↑ "Dalkhan Khozhaev" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  35. ↑ The Independent , 20 January 1996: Fog of battle clouds Pervomayskoye's ugly truth
  36. ↑ The Sunday Times (UK), 9 April 2000: Chechens wipe out Russia's top troops (Center for Defense Information)
  37. ↑ People's Daily , 3 July 2000: Chechen Truck Bomb Kills at Least 25 Russians
  38. ↑ The St. Petersburg Times , 19 April 2002: Mine Leaves 21 OMON Troops Dead Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ The Independent , 15 January 2002: Russia invented ambush by Chechens to hide friendly-fire massacre
  40. ↑ European Court of Human Rights, 2007-11-15: CASE OF KUKAYEV v. RUSSIA
  41. ↑ The Moscow Times , 14 September 2006: 7 Dead in Police-OMON Battle
  42. ↑ The Washington Post , 2 June 2000: Civilian Massacre Fits Pattern Of Earlier Human Rights Abuse
  43. ↑ Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 5 April 2000: Chechens Rub Salt in Old Wounds
  44. ↑ Memorial, 1996: By All Available Means: The Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs Operation in the village of Samashki: 7–8 April 1995 Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ The Independent , 6 December 1999: Rebels inflict heavy losses as Russian forces close on Grozny
  46. ↑ Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 9 August 2007: Chechen Massacre Survivors See Justice
  47. ↑ Human Rights Watch, June 2000: FEBRUARY 5: A DAY OF SLAUGHTER IN NOVYE ALDI
  48. ↑ Los Angeles Times , 3 July 2005: An Unlikely Antiwar Hero for Russians
  49. ↑ "Prague Watchdog – Crisis in Chechnya – ECHR on Russian war crimes: responses from Moscow and Grozny". www.watchdog.cz. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  50. ↑ Prima, 11 April 2005: European Court of Human Rights finds Russia guilty in disappearance of man in Chechnya Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ The St. Petersburg Times , 1 April 2005: Chechen Court Sends OMON Officer to Jail Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ↑ Amnesty International, 31 March 2005: Russian Federation: Russian police officer found guilty of crimes against the civilian population in the Chechen Republic Archived 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ↑ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 7 June 2007: Russia: Ethnic Tensions Mounting In Restive Stavropol
  54. ↑ Service, Forum 18 News. "RUSSIA: "Unjustified, unmotivated cruelty against peaceful, unresisting believers"". www.forum18.org. Retrieved 2 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ Schreck, Carl (6 March 2022). "'Sent As Cannon Fodder': Locals Confront Russian Governor Over 'Deceived' Soldiers In Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  56. ↑ "Russian riot police sue after being sacked for refusing to fight". 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  57. ↑ "Ukraine charges Russian soldiers alleged to have shot at civilian cars". TheGuardian.com . 28 September 2022.
  58. ↑ "Five russian servicemen were notified of suspicion of shooting cars with civilians in Hostomel". YouTube .
  59. ↑ "11 вбитих та 15 поранених на Київщині: оголошено підозру військовим рф, які розстрілювали людей". YouTube .
  60. ↑ Gazeta.ru, 27 June 2003: Moscow policemen want Chechen money
  61. ↑ "Что такое отряд "Зубр"". Коммерсантъ. 22 December 2008 – via Kommersant.
  62. ↑ "Медведев посетил базу "Зубра", бойцы которого жестко разгоняли демонстрантов во Владивостоке". NEWSru.com. 21 March 2011.
  63. ↑ "Новые разоблачения от The New Times: на даче у замглавы МВД РФ работали захваченные рабы-гастарбайтеры". NEWSru.com. 22 February 2010.
  64. ↑ Google: "OMON soldiers" search results
  65. ↑ This vehicle is colloquially known as "avtozak" (Russian автозак, short from (наряд) автомобильного заключения - "mobile detention (unit)")
  66. 1 2 "Suit "Night 91M"".
  67. ↑ "BPDS "Fulger" – de 27 de ani la straja securității naționale | Ministerul Afacerilor Interne". mai.gov.md. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  68. ↑ "Ukraine's Feared Berkut Riot Force Disbanded". ABC News. Associated Press. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.