Onekaka Wharf and tramline | |
---|---|
Type | Remnants of a wharf and tramline |
Location | Onekaka, New Zealand |
Coordinates | 40°44′46″S172°42′39″E / 40.74611°S 172.71083°E |
Built | 1923 and 1924 |
Owner | Onakaka Iron and Steel Company |
Official name | Onekaka Ironworks Wharf and Tramline Piles [1] |
Designated | 2 February 1990 |
Reference no. | 5126 |
The Onekaka Wharf and tramline is a registered heritage item in Golden Bay / Mohua's Onekaka in New Zealand. The infrastructure was built in 1923 and 1924 to service the Onekaka Ironworks. The wharf was last used in 1945 before it was damaged in a storm. The remnants of the wharf and tramline share an entry on the Heritage New Zealand register under the name Onekaka Ironworks Wharf and Tramline Piles.
James Bell, as director of the New Zealand Geological Survey, undertook a survey in the foothills behind Onekaka and Parapara from September 1906 to April 1907. [2] The limonite deposits, an iron ore, had long been known about. Bell was impressed by the purity of the limonite and the vast amount that was easily accessible. He wrote: [3]
It is remarkable that the great deposit of iron-ore at Parapara, so well known for many years, should have remained practically untouched up to the present time. [4]
Later on, Bell claimed that the limonite deposits were the largest in the world. [3]
The metallurgist John Heskett had experimented with producing iron from Taranaki ironsand. When that failed, Heskett turned his attention to the limonite in Onekaka instead. He raised £NZ80,000 in capital, founded the Onakaka [a] Iron and Steel Company, relocated his 16.8 m-high (55 ft) blast furnace from Taranaki, and started building the Onekaka Ironworks. [6] [7] An early initiative for this project was to build a wharf and tramline to get access to the ironworks. [8]
Initially, the company used Skilton's wharf, a private jetty at Onekaka Inlet. [1] Construction of the company's own wharf and associated tramline commenced in 1923 and by the following year, the facilities had been completed. [8] The length of the wharf was 365 m (1,198 ft); [1] at the time, it was the longest wharf in the country. [9] However, the wharf piles were untreated locally felled timber ( Nothofagus solandri [10] ) and within two or three years, had deteriorated significantly due to an infestation by shipworms. The structure was strengthened by driving tram rails from Wellington alongside the piles, and using these metal rails as additional bracing. [1] [11]
The Onekaka Ironworks struggled financially during the Great Depression and the company was put into liquidation in May 1935. [12] During World War II, the ironworks were reconditioned in case New Zealand was cut off from iron imports, and this included reinstatement of the wharf. The ironworks were never fired up again, though. [1] [13] Since its reinstatement, the wharf had been used for the export of dolomite, a fertiliser locally mined at Mount Burnett. In a storm on 22 November 1945, about 12 m (40 ft) of the wharf near its sea-end collapsed, and some 150 tons of dolomite rock fell into the water, which was 4.3 m (14 ft) deep at high tide. The submerged rocks made it dangerous for ships to approach the wharf, [14] and this caused the wharf to be abandoned. [13]
In the early 1950s, the New Zealand government gave up on ever producing iron again at Onekaka and all facilities were abandoned. [1] [13]
Doris Lusk (1916–1990), a painter and art teacher, first came to Onekaka in 1965. At the time, the wharf had deteriorated, with a section at the low tide line missing due to differential wave forces. Lusk took this landscape as her main subject for the next five years. [15] Paintings by Lusk of the Onekaka Wharf are held by the Christchurch Art Gallery, [15] Te Papa, [16] and The Suter Art Gallery. [17]
On 2 February 1990, the remnants of the Onekaka Wharf and tramline were registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (now Heritage New Zealand) as a Category II structure with registration number 5126. [1]
Tākaka is a small town situated at the southeastern end of Golden Bay, at the northern end of New Zealand's South Island, located on the lower reaches of the Tākaka River. State Highway 60 runs through Takaka and follows the river valley before climbing over Tākaka Hill, to Motueka linking Golden Bay with the more populated coast of Tasman Bay to the southeast. The town is served by Tākaka Aerodrome.
Colin John McCahon was a New Zealand artist whose work over 45 years consisted of various styles, including landscape, figuration, abstraction, and the overlay of painted text. Along with Toss Woollaston and Rita Angus, McCahon is credited with introducing modernism to New Zealand in the mid-20th century. He is regarded as New Zealand's most important modern artist, particularly in his landscape work.
Alfred Humphrey Hindmarsh was a New Zealand politician, lawyer, and unionist. He died in the 1918 influenza epidemic. He served as the first leader of the modern New Zealand Labour Party.
The following lists events that happened during 1945 in New Zealand.
Onekaka is a rural district on the coast of Golden Bay, New Zealand.
The New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts was founded in Wellington in July 1882 as The Fine Arts Association of New Zealand. Founding artists included painters William Beetham and Charles Decimus Barraud. The association changed its name to the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts and was incorporated as a limited company in 1889. Charles Barraud was elected the Academy's president at its first AGM on 1 July 1889.
The Cobb Power Station is a hydroelectric facility on the Cobb River, in the Tasman District of New Zealand. The power station is located in Upper Tākaka, 112 km (70 mi) northwest of Nelson. Annual generation is approximately 190 gigawatt-hours (680 TJ). The initial stages of the construction of the station began as a privately-funded scheme in 1935, but the investor failed to raise the necessary capital. The national government took over building the station and the first power was produced in 1944, operating as a run-of-river station. A storage dam was completed in 1954. The resulting hydro lake is the highest in the country and at 596 m (1,955 ft), the station has New Zealand's highest hydraulic head of any power station.
The Onekaka River is a river of the Tasman Region of New Zealand's South Island. It flows north from its sources in the northeast of Kahurangi National Park and south of Onekaka Iron Works Road, crossing under State Highway 60, before flowing into the Ōtere River some 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of Tākaka in Golden Bay.
Henry Richard Webb JP FRMS was a New Zealand businessman and politician. He represented Lyttelton in Parliament for 2½ years and was a supporter of education in his later years. Born in Australia, he came to Canterbury in 1868.
Golden Bay / Mohua is a large shallow bay in New Zealand's Tasman District, near the northern tip of the South Island. An arm of the Tasman Sea, the bay lies northwest of Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere and Cook Strait. It is protected in the north by Farewell Spit, a 26 km (16 mi) long arm of fine golden sand that is the country's longest sandspit. The Aorere and Tākaka rivers are the major waterways to flow into the bay from the south and the west.
Doris More Lusk was a New Zealand painter, potter, art teacher, and university lecturer. As a potter, she was known under her married name Doris Holland. In 1990 she was posthumously awarded the Governor General Art Award in recognition of her artistic career and contributions.
Avril Elizabeth Zanders, generally known as Beth Zanders, was a New Zealand artist.
The Onehunga Ironworks was a colonial-era iron smelting and rolling operation at Onehunga, on the Manukau Harbour,. It was at one time claimed to be the largest ironworks in the Southern Hemisphere. It is significant, both as the first large scale attempt to exploit New Zealand's iron-sand by direct reduction, and as a precursor of the modern steel industry of New Zealand.
The Lincoln University Art Collection consists of over 280 works owned by Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand. Almost all the works are by New Zealand artists, including Robyn Kahukiwa, Bill Hammond, and Toss Wollaston. Acquired between 1974 and 2014, the collection is particularly strong in artists from the 1980s and 1990s.
Annie (Anne) Eleanor McCahonnée Hamblett was a New Zealand artist and illustrator. She was married to fellow artist Colin McCahon.
Parapara is a coastal location in the Tasman District of New Zealand. It is located near Golden Bay, close to the edge of the Parapara Inlet, between Tākaka and Collingwood.
Westhaven Marine Reserve is a marine reserve covering an area of 536 hectares in the Whanganui Inlet at the top of New Zealand's South Island. It was established in 1994 and is administered by the Department of Conservation.
East Tākaka is a settlement in the Tasman District of New Zealand. It is located in Golden Bay, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Tākaka.
Onekaka Iron and Steel was first floated in 1921 with the works becoming operational in 1924 and only ceasing operation in 1935. The ironworks used the limonite ore from nearby to make iron. To smelt the iron, coal and limestone were also necessary and both limestone and the limonite were mined from the hills behind the works and ferried to the works 2.4 km away, in buckets via an aerial ropeway. Coal had originally been planned to come from the Mataura field, but was eventually sourced from Westport.
Onekaka Power Station is a small hydro-electric generating station on the Onekaka River, in Golden Bay / Mohua, New Zealand. The first power station on the river was built in 1928–29 to provide power for the Onekaka Ironworks. The original scheme included a concrete arch dam 10 m (33 ft) high, a penstock 1.25 km (0.78 mi) long, and a powerhouse containing a Boving pelton wheel, rated at 250 kW.