Nelson Lakes National Park

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Nelson Lakes National Park
Peaks between Hukere Stream and Shift Creek valley, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand.jpg
Peaks between Hukere Stream and Shift Creek valley, Nelson Lakes National Park
New Zealand relief map.jpg
Disc Plain red.svg
Map of New Zealand
Location Tasman District
Nearest city Nelson
Coordinates 41°49′9″S172°50′15″E / 41.81917°S 172.83750°E / -41.81917; 172.83750
Area1,018.8 km2 (393.4 sq mi)
Established1956
Governing body Department of Conservation

Nelson Lakes National Park is in the South Island of New Zealand, at the northern end of the Southern Alps. It was created in 1956 (one of four created in the 1950s). [1] [2] The park contains beech forests, multiple lakes, snow-covered mountains and valleys created by glaciers during the ice ages. [3]

Contents

History

The lands and waters of Nelson Lakes National Park are of significance to many Māori nations partly because the waters of the lakes are important sources for the rivers running through various regions. [4] These nations or iwi include: Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, Ngāti Kuia, Rangitāne o Wairau, Ngāti Rārua, Ngāti Tama ki Te Tau Ihu, Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Te Atiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui and earlier, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri. [4]

The colonial New Zealand Company claimed to have purchased a large area of the South Island including the area of the Nelson Lakes National Park in 1839, this was disputed and discredited in 1844. The disputed claims were settled in 1856, although the agreements were not honoured on the most part by the Crown and not all the iwi with interests were included in the settlement. [5] [6] [7] [8] The first national park in New Zealand was established in 1887. Pressure from Māori groups to preserve land and support amongst Pākehā advanced the national park movement. [9]

Nelson Lakes National Park was formed after the passing of the National Parks Act (1952) in 1956, also Fiordland (1952), Mount Cook (1953) and Urewera (1954) National Parks were created in the 1950s. [1] [2] [10]

Geography

Nelson Lakes National Park covers some 1,019 square kilometres (393 sq mi). [11] The park is centered at two large lakes, Rotoiti and Rotoroa, and is bounded to the west by the Alpine Fault. [12] The park also includes the surrounding valleys (including Travers, Sabine, D'Urville and the upper reaches of the Mātakitaki).

Mountain peaks in the park have elevations ranging from approximately 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). Two permanent snowfields are located on Mt. Ella and Mt. Hopeless, and are the northernmost of this feature on the South Island. Mountain ranges intersecting the park include: [13]

To the west of the park lies the Victoria Forest Park, and to the south lies the Lewis Pass Scenic Reserve and the St James Conservation Area. [13] Northeast of the park is the Mount Richmond Forest Park. [13]

The park is a popular area for camping, tramping and fishing. [14] In 1959, The first park ranger was appointed in 1959. George Lyon, in this role, spent much of the 1960s building huts and making improvements to the tracks. [1]

The park is administered by the Department of Conservation, which operates a visitor centre in Saint Arnaud that provides up-to-date and reliable information on all aspects of the National Park. [15]

Ecology

A wide variety of ecosystems exist within the park, in turn supporting many bird, amphibian and insect communities. Landscapes range from alpine scree to wetlands, tussocklands and upland mountain beech forests. Forests of mountain, red, and silver beech provide habitat for threatened kākā and kākāriki. However, birds and insects that relied on the honeydew production of the park's beech forests have been severely negatively impacted by invasive wasps. [16] [12]

Flora

Nelson Lakes National Park is notable for its diversity of alpine flora. The park has few rare species of vegetation, with four currently listed as either threatened (consisting of three species of beech mistletoe) or endangered (Pittosporum patulum). [12]

Fauna

Kererū

The first record of kererū or New Zealand wood pigeon in the national park is from Charles Heaphy in 1846 who "obtained" six of them in a day and a half. There is a population of kererū at Lake Rotoroa which is considered stable. [17]

Kākāriki

The yellow-crowned parakeet were very common with "hundreds" near Lake Rotoroa around 1900. Although numbers have declined and they are considered rare, they can be spotted in many valleys of the national park. The red-crowned parakeet is considered possibly extinct within the park, while the orange-fronted parakeet (Kākāriki karaka) is considered extinct in the national park. [17]

Kākāpō

Kākāpō were common in the national park in the 1800s. Mary Thornton described "the kokapaw (kakapo)" as "good eating … all feathers really … you need at least a couple each for a good feed" in the 1890s. She then commented that "the kakapo seemed to vanish about the beginning of World War I". [17]

Western weka

The western weka (Gallirallus australis australis) is considered rare in the Nelson Lakes area. They were common when Charles Heaphy visited Lake Rotoroa in 1846. Julius von Haast wrote in 1861 that "no other bird being as numerous as the weka which was everywhere in the grassy plains, forests, as well as near the summits of mountains amongst sub alpine vegetation". [17] Weka were common throughout the Nelson Lakes before a sudden decline in their numbers between March and April 1909. [17]

South Island robin

The South Island robin (Petroica australis australis) can commonly be seen in Nelson Lakes National Park. They are a small bird that lives on a diet of insects, with grey colouring and a white patch on their lower chest area. They are a very inquisitive species and often approach visitors to the national park getting within metres of them. Younger birds have been known to stand on a person's boot. They live in the forest and are often seen foraging on the ground. Their nests are at risk of predation from introduced mammalian species. [18] [19] [20] [21]

South Island kākā

Large populations of kākā existed in the national park in the 1800s with "hundreds" living around Lake Rotoroa by about 1900. The populations declined throughout the 20th century to the point that it was rare to see groups of more than five or six birds by 1991. [17]

South Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis) were rarely seen in the park in 2009. They were most abundant around Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoroa and have benefited from the extensive stoat trapping carried out by the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project. Kākā are at risk from predation by stoats and possums. [17]

Blue duck

The blue duck or whio (Hymenolaimus malachorhynchos) was common in the Nelson Lakes region in the 1800s with Julius von Haast noting in 1862 that "It is found in all rivers, and is easily killed". [17] During the Nelson Lakes National Park survey of 1978–1985 blue duck were only recorded in the Travers, Sabine, Glenroy and Matakitaki valleys, with the Matakitaki valley being home to the greatest numbers. By 2009, there were too few birds, especially females remaining in Nelson Lakes National Park, to ensure the continuation of the species without human help. [17]

Cupola gecko

The Cupola gecko is so rare that few live specimens have ever been found. In 1968 one had been observed near Cupola Hut, and a further specimen had been found in 2007. Extensive searches in 2006 and 2019 failed to uncover any further examples of the species. [22] However, in 2021, four examples were found in the Sabine Valley demonstrating that the species is not extinct. [23] [24] [25]

The Cupola gecko is described as looking similar to other forest geckos, with grey-brown colouration and either darker or lighter W- or V-shaped bands across its back. [26] The 2021 discoveries confirm that they live in alpine regions. [27]

Long-tailed bat

The South Island long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) were, in 1900, "a common sight" in the national park. A spot one kilometre to the east of St. Arnaud was known as "bat cutting". They were observed to be declining in numbers by 1930 even though a colony of "more than a hundred bats" was observed. By the early 1990s, the species was classified as "rare" and numbers have declined further in the early 2000s in most valleys of the national park. [17] [28] They are still very occasionally seen by trampers. [29] [30]

Conservation and human interaction

Management

Rotoiti Mainland Island

The Rotoiti Mainland Island consists of 5000 hectares of beech forest around Lake Rotoiti. There is a project which aims to eliminate introduced pests such as stoats, possums, wasps and rodents, and allow recovery of the forests and native wildlife populations. [31]

The Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project has been a success in that it has reduced predator numbers on the eastern side of Lake Rotoiti. It is possible to see great spotted kiwi, robins, bellbirds, fantails, rock wrens, keas and paradise ducks as a result. [15]

Panoramic view of Lake Rotoiti.jpg
Panoramic view of Lake Rotoiti and the Saint Arnaud Range from Robert Ridge

Access

The main access point to Nelson Lakes National Park is at Lake Rotoiti and the village of Saint Arnaud, on State Highway 63, about 100 kilometres from both Nelson and Blenheim. A secondary access point is at Lake Rotoroa, turning off State Highway 6 at Gowanbridge. Shuttle services operate between St Arnaud, Nelson, Blenheim and Picton.[ citation needed ]

Activities

Camping

The main campgrounds are on the shores of Lake Rotoiti; there is a smaller campground at Lake Rotoroa.[ citation needed ]

Trampers approaching Rotomaninitua / Lake Angelus in Nelson Lakes National Park Lake Angelus approach.jpg
Trampers approaching Rotomaninitua / Lake Angelus in Nelson Lakes National Park

Tramping

There is a network of tramping tracks throughout the park. Tracks range from short nature walks at Lake Rotoiti and Lake Rotorua, to multi-day backcountry tramps. Day tramps include the Lake Rotoiti circuit, St. Arnaud Range and Mt. Robert. The most popular long-distance tramping routes are the Travers-Sabine Circuit and other loops through Lake Angelus. The Te Araroa trail also passes through the park over Waiau Pass.[ citation needed ]

Skiing

Rainbow Ski Area is located on the eastern side of the St Arnaud range, just outside the park on the slopes of Mount McRae. [13]

Lake Rotoiti and Mount Robert, snow-covered mountains of St Arnaud Range in the distance Lake Rotoiti and Mount Robert.jpg
Lake Rotoiti and Mount Robert, snow-covered mountains of St Arnaud Range in the distance

The skifield on Mount Robert is no longer operational. (Mount Robert was named by Julius von Haast after his son). [32] The ski field was first scouted for potential in 1929 and between 1933 and 1934 the Kea hut was built and the ski field established. In 1944, the Nelson Ski Club was established. In the early days, accessing the ski field was a challenge. One had to row across Lake Rotoiti and then hike to the top of Mount Robert while carrying all of one's ski gear. The ski field was closed in 2003. This was due to a lack of consistent snow and changes to when the school holidays fell during the year. [33]

Other activities include mountaineering, boating, fishing and mountain biking.

Huts

Speargrass Hut, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand Speargrass Hut, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand.jpg
Speargrass Hut, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand

Nelson Lakes National Park contains 20 Department of Conservation huts, ranging in quality from 'basic hut/bivvy' to 'serviced hut'. [15]

NameTypeCoordinates
Angelus HutServiced Hut172.748693 -41.888246
Blue Lake HutServiced Hut172.655727 -42.057953
Bobs HutStandard Hut172.486414 -42.224767
Burn Creek HutBasic Hut/bivvy172.449249 -42.156507
Bushline HutServiced Hut172.823098 -41.836731
Coldwater HutStandard Hut172.81704 -41.870353
Cupola HutStandard Hut172.732832 -41.971811
D'Urville HutStandard Hut172.645719 -41.905763
East Matakitaki HutStandard Hut172.556883 -42.194457
George Lyon (formerly Ella) HutStandard Hut172.605047 -42.046982
Hopeless HutStandard Hut172.756489 -41.930388
John Tait HutServiced Hut172.768776 -41.974654
Lakehead HutServiced Hut172.821978 -41.875648
Morgan HutStandard Hut172.630071 -41.982559
Mount Misery HutBasic Hut/bivvy172.669499 -41.933089
Nardoo HutBasic Hut/bivvy172.429207 -42.096966
Sabine HutServiced Hut172.680706 -41.901372
Upper D'Urville HutBasic Hut/bivvy172.605865 -42.108211
Upper Travers HutServiced Hut172.748747 -42.022114
West Sabine HutServiced Hut172.683954 -42.007795

Mountain safety

Angelus Hut, which lies in an alpine environment at 1650 m above sea level, is one of the most popular huts in the national park. It can be accessed via the Robert Ridge route, amongst a number of others. However, the Robert Ridge route is considered one of the most dangerous routes of the park in bad weather. Between 2010 and 2019, search and rescue teams rescued 45 trampers, and there were two fatalities. This represented an incidence of 1 search and rescue for every 700 trampers making the trip. [34] [35] [36] Snow and poor weather can occur at any time during the year, and the combination with easy access to Robert Ridge from St. Arnaud and the scenic location of Angelus Hut may cause trampers to underestimate the difficulty of accessing the hut. During winter months, Lake Angelus (adjacent to Angelus Hut) is generally frozen over, and each of the four routes to the hut are usually covered in snow and can be very icy. [37]

Winter. Angelus Hut with Angelus Lake behind it. In the clouds, no name peak (1860m) can be seen. Picture taken during the sunset. Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand Angelus Hut in the winter, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand.jpg
Winter. Angelus Hut with Angelus Lake behind it. In the clouds, no name peak (1860m) can be seen. Picture taken during the sunset. Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand
Lake Angelus, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand Lake Angelus, New Zealand.jpg
Lake Angelus, Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand

After a tourist succumbed to hypothermia while tramping alone near Angelus Hut in July 2018, more initiatives were taken to raise awareness of harsh and variable conditions in the park. Inexperienced trampers are encouraged to avoid solo trips in alpine conditions or in winter, to be aware of the weather forecast, and to take an emergency shelter, navigation equipment and an emergency communication device. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sabine River (New Zealand)</span> River in New Zealand

The Sabine River is in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located in Nelson Lakes National Park.

The Travers River is in the South Island of New Zealand.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur's Pass National Park</span> National park in New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tongariro National Park</span> National park in New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Ōhau</span> Lake in the South Island of New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Robert</span> Mountain in New Zealand

Pourangahau / Mount Robert is a 1,421m high mountain in the Nelson area of New Zealand's South Island. It is within the Nelson Lakes National Park. For many years Mt Robert formed part of landowner and politician John Kerr of Nelson's Lake Station, but was returned to the crown in the years following his death in 1898. The partially unsealed Mt Robert Road, just west of the town of Saint Arnaud leads to a car park that is the start of tramping tracks into the Nelson Lakes National Park, and also a 5-hour loop walk up the mountain: The Pinchgut Track zigzags steeply up to near the top of Mt Robert, then continues along a ridge to Bushline Hut, before descending via the more gentle Paddy's Track. The track offers view over Lake Rotoiti and St Arnaud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Arnaud Range</span> Mountain range in New Zealand

The Saint Arnaud Range is a mountain range in the central north of New Zealand's South Island. It lies between Lake Rotoiti and the upper reaches of the Wairau River, and marks the eastern boundary of Nelson Lakes National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Rotoiti (Tasman)</span> Lake in the South Island of New Zealand

Lake Rotoiti, previously also known as Lake Arthur, is a lake in the Tasman Region of New Zealand. It is a substantial mountain lake within the borders of Nelson Lakes National Park. The lake is fed by the Travers River, water from the lake flows into the Buller River. The lake is surrounded by beech forest and is 82 metres (269 ft) deep. Saint Arnaud is a small community at the northern end of the lake.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Travers-Sabine Circuit</span> Tramping route in New Zealand

The Travers-Sabine Circuit is a popular tramping route in Nelson Lakes National Park, New Zealand. The full circuit takes about five to six days, although many side-trips are possible for longer tramps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craigieburn Forest Park</span> Forest park in New Zealand

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Braeburn Range</span> Mountains in New Zealand

The Braeburn Range is a mountain range in the Tasman Region of New Zealand's South Island. It lies to the west of Lake Rotoroa and much of the eastern flank of the range is within the Nelson Lakes National Park. The range runs south-southeast, with a westwards curve at the northern end and several westward-trending spurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pirongia Forest Park</span>

Pirongia Forest Park is a protected area 30 km southwest of Hamilton, New Zealand. It covers 167.7 square kilometres (64.7 sq mi) across four blocks of land - Pirongia, Te Maunga O Karioi Block, and the small Mangakino Block and Te Rauamoa Block. The park encompasses Mount Pirongia west of Pirongia and Mount Karioi near the coast southwest of Raglan.
Wairēinga / Bridal Veil Falls Scenic Reserve is also in the area, but is separate to Pirongia Forest Park.

Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō is a Māori iwi (tribe) in the upper South Island of New Zealand. Its rohe include the areas around Golden Bay, Tākaka, Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere, Motueka, Nelson and Saint Arnaud, including Taitapu and Kawatiri River catchments and Lakes Rotoiti, Rotoroa, and the Tophouse.

Maniniaro / Angelus Peak is a mountain in Nelson Lakes National Park, near the northwestern extent of New Zealand's main divide. Although it is not the tallest peak in the Angelus Ridge or the wider Travers Range, Maniniaro remains a popular tramping destination and is significant to the Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō iwi, who claim mana whenua within the area. According to Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō beliefs, the mountain is intrinsically linked with nearby Rotomaninitua / Lake Angelus, with the two both said to represent the footprints of the iwi's ancestors as they embarked on their journey back to Hawaiki. It is also near both major lakes of the national park, being roughly 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the southern ends of both Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoroa.

The Wharepapa / Arthur Range is a mountain range partially marking the boundary between the Tasman District and West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island. The range is at the eastern extent of the Tasman Mountains which make up much of the island's northwest, making it easily visible from across the low-lying Waimea Plains further to the east. The range's location and its many uses make it a significant site for local Māori, including the iwi of Te Ātiawa and Ngāti Rārua. This includes the prominent peaks of Mount Arthur and Pukeone / Mount Campbell, which both hold mana in their own right and have become part of the identity of the aforementioned iwi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kehu</span> Māori guide (born c. 1798; death unknown)

Kehu also known as Ekehu, Hone Mokehakeha and Hone Mokekehu was an important ancestor to the Māori nations Ngāti Tūmatakokiri and Ngāti Apa. He was an expert on how to traverse their regions and knowledgeable on natural resources contained within. He was a guide to Thomas Brunner and Charles Heaphy, who were English explorers in the 1800s traversing parts of Te Wai Pounamu.

References

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  2. 1 2 Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Nelson lakes". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
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  4. 1 2 "Nelson Lakes National Park". The Prow. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
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  6. ↑ "Ngāti Toa and the New Zealand Company". NZ History. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  7. ↑ "Our Journey to Settlement". Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  8. ↑ NGĀTI KUIA; TE RUNANGA O NGĀTI KUIA TRUST; THE CROWN (23 October 2010). NGĀTI KUIA TE WHAKATAU / DEED OF SETTLEMENT OF HISTORICAL CLAIMS (PDF) (Report).
  9. ↑ Walrond, Carl (22 April 2015). "Story: Nelson places". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  10. ↑ Walrond, Carl (22 April 2015). "Story: Nelson places". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "Data Table – Protected Areas – LINZ Data Service". Land Information New Zealand . Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 "Nelson Lakes National Park Management Plan". Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand Government. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Nelson Lakes Parkmap (scale1:100,000). New Zealand: Infomap. 1995.
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  15. 1 2 3 "Nelson Lakes National Park". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  16. ↑ "Beech forest". Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand Government. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kate Steffens and Paul Gasson (September 2009). "A history of threatened fauna in Nelson Lakes area" (PDF). NIWA. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  18. ↑ Boessenkool, Sanne; Taylor, Sabrina S.; Tepolt, Carolyn K.; Komdeur, Jan; Jamieson, Ian G. (2007). "Large mainland populations of South Island robins retain greater genetic diversity than offshore island refuges" (PDF). Conserv Genet. 8 (3): 705–714. Bibcode:2007ConG....8..705B. doi:10.1007/s10592-006-9219-5. S2CID   12732017.
  19. ↑ "South Island robin Petroica australis australis". Rare Species. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
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  21. ↑ May '17, Matthew Winter 18 May 201718 (17 May 2017). "South Island robin". Wilderness Magazine. Retrieved 29 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "Atlas species information". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  23. ↑ "'Similar to having a baby, the euphoria': rediscovery of rare gecko delights experts". the Guardian. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  24. ↑ "Critter of the Week: The Cupola Gecko". RNZ. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  25. ↑ "On the trail of a ghost: The history of the Cupola gecko". Stuff. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "Mokopirirakau SPECIES COMPLEX | NZHS". www.reptiles.org.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  27. ↑ "N.Z. scientists finally track down geckos so rare, it wasn't clear they still existed". 1 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  28. ↑ "Lesser Short-Tailed Bat | Nelson Lakes National Park". nelsonlakesnationalpark.nz. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  29. ↑ "Rare encounters with long-tailed bats in Richmond Ranges". Stuff. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  30. ↑ "Traps extended to protect Marlborough long-tailed bats". Stuff. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
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  32. ↑ Wild New Zealand. Surrey Hills, NSW: Reader's Digest. 1982. pp. 136–145.
  33. ↑ "Skiing at Mt. Robert". www.theprow.org.nz. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  34. ↑ "Mountain Safety Council New Zealand — Tramping – Robert Ridge and Angelus Hut". Mountain Safety Council New Zealand. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
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  36. ↑ "Tramper who died at Nelson Lakes named". Stuff. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  37. ↑ "Angelus Hut tracks and routes". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  38. ↑ "Tourist died of hypothermia while tramping to Angelus Hut in Nelson Lakes". Stuff. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
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