Palaeontinidae

Last updated

Palaeontinidae
Temporal range: Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous Norian–Aptian
Palaeontinidae gallert.jpg
Gallery of various palaeontinids
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder: Cicadomorpha
Superfamily: Palaeontinoidea
Family: Palaeontinidae
Handlirsch, 1906
Type genus
Palaeontina
Butler, 1873
Genera

See text

Synonyms

CicadomorphidaeEvans, 1956

Palaeontinidae, commonly known as giant cicadas, is an extinct family of cicadomorphs. They existed from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. The family contains around 30 to 40 genera and around a hundred species. [1] They are thought to have had a similar ecology to modern cicadas as feeders on plant xylem fluids. Despite being described as "giant cicadas"(with the wingspan of some species exceeding 15 centimetres (5.9 in) [2] ), [3] they are not particularly closely related to true cicadas. [4]

Contents

Discovery

The first palaeontinid discovered was Palaeontina oolitica . It consisted of a single forewing [5] collected from the Taynton Limestone Formation (Stonesfield Slate) of Oxfordshire, England by the English natural historian Edward Charlesworth. It was first described in 1873 by the English entomologist Arthur Gardiner Butler in his book Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera. Butler claimed that it was the oldest butterfly ever recovered, having mistakenly identified it as a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. [6]

Description and paleobiology

Palaeontinids had large bodies covered with bristles (setae). They had small heads and broad wings. They superficially resemble moths. [7] [8] Large palaeontinids like Colossocossus had forewings that reached the length of 57 to 71 mm (2.2 to 2.8 in). [9] They possessed an inflated frons and a long rostrum (piercing and sucking mouthpart), indicating that they fed on xylem fluids like some other modern hemipterans, [10] including living cicadas to which they have often been compared. [11]

Some authors have proposed that the host plants of palaeontinids to be ginkgophytes based on the geographic distribution of both groups, however other authors have argued that this association is likely to be spurious, given that that paleontinids also occur in areas with no ginkgophytes. Some authors have suggested that the decline of gymnosperms and the rise of angiosperms (flowering plants) during the Cretaceous could have been a factor in their extinction. [9] Numerous newly evolved insectivorous animals (feathered theropods, primitive mammals, and early birds) may have also contributed significantly to their extinction. [12]

Most species of palaeontinids exhibit cryptic coloration. [13] The patterns on their wings protected them as they perched on branches and fed on sap. They may also have served as secondary sexual characteristics. The color patterns can vary slightly within the same species. [10]

Illustration of a palaeontinid being persued by a primitive bird during the Early Cretaceous Palaeontinid chased by bird.jpg
Illustration of a palaeontinid being persued by a primitive bird during the Early Cretaceous

Palaeontinids, like modern cicadas, possess four membranous wings supported by veins. The length and width ratio of the wings can vary within the same species, sometimes as a result of fossil preservation. [10] Early Jurassic palaeontinids, like Suljuktocossus , exhibit the most primitive wing forms in the family. [14] The forewing was elliptical with the "nodal line" (the area where the wing bends during flight, also known as the "transverse flexion line") more or less dissecting through the center of the wing. The hindwing was short and broad. The bases of the forewings overlapped that of the hindwings like in modern butterflies. Taken together with their large bodies, these characteristics indicate that they were fast but moderately versatile fliers. [15]

In contrast, later palaeontinids like the Upper Jurassic Eocicada and Early Cretaceous Ilerdocossus had triangular forewings with the flexion line closer to the base. They had smaller and narrower hindwings that did not overlap with the forewing. These indicate that they were highly versatile fliers, able to fly with a wide range of speeds and agility like modern wasps and sphinx moths. [15] They also possessed changes to the leading edge of their forewings, suggesting an overall gain in lift. [14] The different wing shape of later palaeontinids may have evolved to more effectively escape from flying predators like early birds. [11]

The trend of forewing elongation is most evident in members of the family Mesogereonidae, an early offshoot and close relatives of palaeontinids. [16]

Classification

Early Jurassic palaeontinids [5]

The family was first erected by the Austrian entomologist Anton Handlirsch in 1908. Like Butler, Handlirsch insisted that palaeontinids were members of lepidopteran Heteroneura (butterflies and moths). Palaeontinids were then only known mostly from poorly preserved specimens like Palaeontina and Eocicada . He claimed they were related to the extant family Limacodidae (slug moths). [17] The English entomologist Edward Meyrick supported the lepidopteran conclusion, though he believed they belonged to the family Hepialidae (ghost moths) instead. He said "There is little doubt that it [i.e. Palaeontina oolitica] belongs to the Hepialidae." [5]

The Belgian entomologist Auguste Lameere challenged this conclusion, claiming palaeontinids were more closely related to the extant family Cicadidae (cicadas). The English-Australian entomologist and geologist Robert John Tillyard supported Lameere's conclusion, noting that the wings of palaeontinid fossils lacked the characteristic scales of lepidopterans but instead had tubercules, pits, and cross-ridges like those found in modern cicadas. [17] He also cited characteristics of wing venation that distinctly differs from that of lepidopterans. [5]

Palaeontinidae are currently classified under the extinct superfamily Palaeontinoidea along with the families Dunstaniidae and Mesogereonidae. [14] They are classified under infraorder Cicadomorpha of the hemipterans (true bugs). [18] Despite being described as "giant cicadas", other living cicadomorphs (leafhoppers, treehoppers, and spittlebugs) are more closely related to modern cicadas than palaeontinids are. [19]

The name Cicadomorphidae was once proposed as a replacement for the name Palaeontinidae in 1956 by the Australian entomologist J.W. Evans. This was because of Handlirsch's earlier insistence that the type species Palaeontina oolitica may not have been Hemipteran. However, Evans later conceded that retaining the name Palaeontinidae was preferable as the drawings Handlirsch based his conclusions on were from badly preserved specimens. [20]

Evolution

Riek (1976) originally considered Palaeontinoidea to be the descendants of the family Cicadoprosbolidae (currently known as the family Tettigarctidae), insects believed to be transitional between the ancestral cicada-like family Prosbolidae and the modern family Cicadidae. [14]

Wang et al (2009), however, notes that palaeontinoids more closely resemble prosbolids in agreement with earlier studies by Wootton (1971), Shcherbakov (1984), and Shcherbakov and Popov (2002). They conclude that palaeontinoids descended directly from the family Prosbolidae rather than from tettigarctids. [14] Modern cicadas therefore, did not descend directly from Palaeontinidae.

Within Palaeontinoidea, the family Dunstaniidae (Upper Permian to Lower Jurassic of Australia, South Africa, and China) is ancestral to palaeontinids. Both are distinct from the only other member of the superfamily, the more primitive and specialized family Mesogereonidae (Upper Triassic of Australia and South Africa). [14]

Distribution and geologic time range

Paleogeographic representation of the Earth during the Early Cretaceous showing the approximate locations of some palaeontinid fossil sites. 1 - Crato Formation, Brazil; 2 - Serra del Montsec, Spain; 3 - Baissa, Transbaikalia; and 4 - Yixian Formation, China. Palaeontinidae Distribution (Late Jurassic).jpg
Paleogeographic representation of the Earth during the Early Cretaceous showing the approximate locations of some palaeontinid fossil sites. 1 - Crato Formation, Brazil; 2 - Serra del Montsec, Spain; 3 - Baissa, Transbaikalia; and 4 - Yixian Formation, China.

The oldest known member of the group is Hallakkungis from South Korea dating to the Norian stage of the Late Triassic (ca. 227 – ca. 208.5 Mya) [21] and the youngest members are from the late Aptian age of the Lower Cretaceous (~115-113 Mya). [12] [18] They achieved their greatest diversity during the Jurassic period. [22]

Palaeontinid fossils are abundant in Eurasia and South America. [14] Fossils have been recorded in Brazil, China, Russia, Germany, the Transbaikal region, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Important localities for palaeontinid fossils include the Crato Formation Lagerstätte of Brazil and the Yixian Formation, Haifanggou (or Jiulongshan) Formation, and the Daohugou Beds of China. [9] [10] [23]

Genera

The following is the list of genera classified under Palaeontinidae: [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prophalangopsidae</span> Family of cricket-like animals

The family Prophalangopsidae are insects belonging to the order Orthoptera. They are the only extant members of the superfamily Hagloidea. There is only one extant genus in North America, where they are known as grigs, four genera in Asia, and many extinct genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hangingfly</span> Family of insects

Bittacidae is a family of scorpionflies commonly called hangingflies or hanging scorpionflies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cicadomorpha</span> Infraorder of insects

Cicadomorpha is an infraorder of the insect order Hemiptera which contains the cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, and spittlebugs. There are approximately 35,000 described species worldwide. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, and many produce either audible sounds or substrate vibrations as a form of communication. The earliest fossils of cicadomorphs first appear during the Late Permian. Notable extinct members include the "giant cicadas" belonging to Palaeontinidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tettigarctidae</span> Family of true bugs

The Tettigarctidae, known as the hairy cicadas, are a small relict family of primitive cicadas. Along with more than 20 extinct genera, Tettigarctidae contains a single extant genus, Tettigarcta, with two extant species, one from southern Australia and one from the island of Tasmania. Numerous fossil species have been described from the Late Triassic onwards. Tettigarcta are the closest living relatives of the true cicadas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osmylidae</span> Family of insects

Osmylidae are a small family of winged insects of the net-winged insect order Neuroptera. The osmylids, also called lance lacewings, stream lacewings or giant lacewings, are found all over the world except North and Central America. There are around 225 extant species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphidae</span> Family of insects

Nymphidae, sometimes called split-footed lacewings, are a family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. There are 35 extant species native to Australia and New Guinea.

<i>Cyllonium</i> Genus of true bugs

Cyllonium is a genus of extinct insects. It contains two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palaeontinoidea</span> Extinct superfamily of true bugs

Palaeontinoidea is an extinct superfamily of cicadomorph hemipteran insects. This superfamily contains three families.

The Progonocimicidae are an extinct family of true bugs in the suborder Coleorrhyncha. Progonocimicidae fossils have been found in Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America.

2019 in paleoentomology is a list of new fossil insect taxa that were described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoentomology that were scheduled to occur during the year.

Mesoblattinidae is an extinct, problematic family of cockroaches known from the Mesozoic. It was formerly considered a wastebasket taxon for Mesozoic cockroaches, but the family has subsequently been better defined, with many taxa transferred to Caloblattinidae. It is considered to have close affinities with Blattidae and Ectobiidae, as well as possibly Blaberidae. The family first appeared by the Early Jurassic. They are considered to represent amongst the oldest groups of modern cockroaches, and like them are thought to have laid oothecae. Due to the poor ability of forewing venation to correctly classify cockroaches to extensive homoplasy, the value of this family as a taxonomic unit has been strongly questioned, with some authors considering the family a nomen dubium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mimarachnidae</span> Extinct family of true bugs

Mimarachnidae is an extinct family of planthoppers known from the Cretaceous period. Their name is derived from spots on the wings of the first described genera, Mimarachne and Saltissus, being suggestive of spider mimicry, but these characters are not distinctive for the family as a whole. The family is characterised by "simplified venation and setigerous metatibial pecten and hind leg armature". as well as "rounded anterior margin of pronotum, double carination of pronotum and mesonotum"

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinoalidae</span> Extinct family of true bugs

Sinoalidae is an extinct family of froghoppers known from the late Middle Jurassic to the early Late Cretaceous of Asia. They are one of two main Mesozoic families of froghoppers, alongside Procercopidae, unlike Procercopidae, Sinoalidae is thought to be an extinct side branch and not ancestral to modern froghoppers. Sinoalids have a temporally disjunct distribution being only known from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Yanliao Biota of Inner Mongolia and the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar, separated by over 60 million years. The family is "recognized by its tegmen with the costal area and clavus commonly more sclerotized and punctate than the remaining part, and its hind tibia with two rows of lateral spines"

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archijassidae</span> Extinct family of true bugs

Archijassidae is an extinct family of leafhoppers known from the Late Triassic to the early Late Cretaceous. It is the oldest member of Membracoidea, and is considered ancestral to modern leafhoppers and treehoppers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Procercopidae</span> Extinct family of true bugs

Procercopidae is an extinct family of froghoppers. They are known from the Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous of Eurasia. They are one of two main families of Mesozoic froghoppers alongside Sinoalidae. Procercopidae are considered to be the ancestral group from which modern froghoppers are derived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elcanidae</span> Extinct family of cricket-like animals

Elcanidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding, swimming aids, or for jumping on water. The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera. Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago. The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved. Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration. They are thought to have been herbivorous.

Fulgoridiidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic planthoppers. They are the earliest group of planthoppers known, and appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage ancestral to living planthoppers. The majority of known members of the family lived in the Jurassic period, though the group also includes one Cretaceous taxon. All currently known species are from Eurasia.

Mesochrysopidae is an extinct family of lacewings known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. They are considered to be closely related to green lacewings of the family Chrysopidae. The family are also alternatively considered a paraphyletic grade leading up to crown Chrysopidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orthophlebiidae</span> Extinct family of insects

Orthophlebiidae is an extinct family of scorpionflies known from the Triassic to Cretaceous, belonging to the superfamily Panorpoidea. The family is poorly defined and is probably paraphyletic, representing many primitive members of Panorpoidea with most species only known from isolated wings, and has such been considered a wastebasket taxon.

Liadopsyllidae is an extinct family of hemipteran insects belonging to Psylloidea ranging from the Early Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous. The family was named by Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov in 1926. They are the earliest known members of Psylloidea, with modern members of the group not known until the Paleogene, as such, they have been suggested to be a paraphyletic assemblage ancestral to modern psylloids. The family Malmopsyllidae has been subsumed into this family, but is considered distinct by some authors.

References

  1. "Family Palaeontinidae". The EDNA Fossil Insect Database. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
  2. "Ancient Giant Cicadas Reveal an Aerial Evolutionary Arms Race----Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.cas.cn. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  3. Xu, Chunpeng; Chen, Jun; Muijres, Florian T.; Yu, Yilun; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Zhang, Haichun; Wang, Bo (2024-10-25). "Enhanced flight performance and adaptive evolution of Mesozoic giant cicadas". Science Advances. 10 (43). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr2201. ISSN   2375-2548. PMC   11506159 . PMID   39454006.
  4. Szwedo, Jacek (June 2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN   1755-6910.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 R.J. Tillyard (1919). "The Panorpoid Complex 3" (PDF). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (44): 533–718.
  6. Arthur Gardiner Butler (1869–1874). Lepidoptera Exotica; or, Descriptions and Illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera. E. W. Jansen. pp.  126–127.
  7. 1 2 Bo Wang; Haichun Zhang & Edmund A. Jarzembowski (2008). "A new genus and species of Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England" (PDF). Zootaxa (1751). Magnolia Press: 65–68. ISSN   1175-5326 . Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  8. Wang Ying & Ren Dong (2007). "Two new genera of fossil palaeontinids from the Middle Jurassic in Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China (Hemiptera, Palaeontinidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1390 (1390). Magnolia Press: 41–49. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1390.1.5. ISSN   1175-5334 . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Federica Menon & Sam W. Heads (2005). "New species of Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil" (PDF). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) (357). Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde: 1–10. ISSN   0341-0153 . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Bo Wang; Haichun Zhang; Yan Fang; Dejin Wang & Yutao Zhang (2007). "A revision of Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Jurassic of China with descriptions of new taxa and new combinations" (PDF). Geological Journal. 43. Wiley InterScience: 1–18. doi:10.1002/gj.1092 . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  11. 1 2 Xu, Chunpeng; Chen, Jun; Muijres, Florian T.; Yu, Yilun; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Zhang, Haichun; Wang, Bo (2024-10-25). "Enhanced flight performance and adaptive evolution of Mesozoic giant cicadas". Science Advances. 10 (43). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr2201. ISSN   2375-2548. PMC   11506159 . PMID   39454006.
  12. 1 2 Bo Wang; Haichun Zhang; Yan Fang; Dejin Wang; Shengzhu Ji (2008). "New data on Cretaceous Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) from China" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 29 (4). Elsevier: 551–560. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.01.007. ISSN   0195-6671 . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  13. D. E. Shcherbakov (2000). "Permian Faunas of Homoptera (Hemiptera) in Relation to Phytogeography and the Permo-Triassic Crisis" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 34 (Suppl. 3): S251–S267. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bo Wang; Haichun Zhang & Jacek Szwedo (2009). "Jurassic Palaeontinidae from China and the Higher Systematics of Palaeontinoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha)". Palaeontology. 52 (Part 1). The Palaeontological Association: 53–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00826.x .
  15. 1 2 Robin J. Wootton (2002). "Reconstructing insect flight performance from fossil evidence" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 46 (suppl. – Fossil Insects). Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences: 89–99. ISSN   1734-915X . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  16. R. Wootton (1971). "The Evolution of Cicadoidea (Homoptera)" (PDF). Proceedings: XIII International Congress of Entomology, Moscow (1): 318–319. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  17. 1 2 R.J. Tillyard (1935). "The Evolution of the Scorpion-flies and their Derivatives (Order Mecoptera)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 28 (1). Entomological Society of America: 1–45. doi:10.1093/aesa/28.1.1 . Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Palaeontinidae". Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  19. Szwedo, Jacek (June 2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN   1755-6910.
  20. J.W. Evans (1963). "The Phylogeny of the Homoptera" (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. 8. Annual Reviews: 77–94. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.08.010163.000453. ISSN   0066-4170 . Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  21. 1 2 Kye Soo Nam; Ying Wang; Dong Ren; Jong Heon Kim & Jacek Szwedo (2017). "An extraordinary palaeontinid from the Triassic of Korea and its significance". Scientific Reports. 7: 40691. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740691N. doi:10.1038/srep40691. PMC   5241632 . PMID   28098190.
  22. Kyoichiro Ueda (1996). "A New Palaeontinid Species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil (Homoptera: Palaeontinidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History. 16. Kitakyushu Museum and Institute of Natural History: 99–104. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  23. Xavier Martínez-Delclòs (1990). "Insectos del Cretácico inferior de Santa Maria de Meià (Lleida): Colección Lluís Maria Vidal i Carreras" (PDF). Treballs del Museu de Geología de Barcelona (in Spanish). 1. Museo de Geología de Barcelona: 91–116. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  24. Mikko Haaramo (May 5, 2009). "†Palaeontinidae: After Grimaldi & Engel, 2005, Wang, Zhang & Fang, 2006, and Wang, Zhang & Szwedo, 2009". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  25. J.O. Westwood (1854). "Contributions to Fossil Entomology: XI Fossil Insects from the Lower Purbecks, Durdlestone Bay, Dorset". The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 10 (1–2). Geological Society of London: 395–396. doi:10.1144/gsl.jgs.1854.010.01-02.43. S2CID   129712238 . Retrieved July 13, 2011.