Pearl kite

Last updated

Pearl kite
Gampsonyx swainsonii Pearl Kite.jpg
Pearl Kite in savannah
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Gampsonyx
Vigors, 1825
Species:
G. swainsonii
Binomial name
Gampsonyx swainsonii
Vigors, 1825
Subspecies [2]
  • G. s. leonae - Chubb, C, 1918
  • G. s. magnus - Chubb, C, 1918
  • G. s. swainsonii - Vigors, 1825
Gampsonyx swainsonii map.svg

The pearl kite (Gampsonyx swainsonii) is a very small raptor found in open savanna habitat adjacent to deciduous woodland. It is the only member of the genus Gampsonyx. The scientific name commemorates the English naturalist William Swainson.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

The type specimen was collected from Brazil by English naturalist William Swainson, and described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1825. [3] Vigors noted the similarity to both hawks and falcons, but placed Gampsonyx within the "Accipitrine subfamily" because it lacks the notched beak of the falcons. He also noted its striking resemblance to the coloration of the falconets.

Later, the pearl kite was classified with the falcons. For example, Peters [4] : xviii : 281 placed it with the forest falcons in subfamily Polyhieracinae. In the mid-20th century it was found to be related to Elanus based on morphology and its molt schedule. [5]

Distribution and habitat

This tiny kite breeds from Panama, Colombia and Venezuela south to Bolivia and northern Argentina, with an isolated sedentary population in Nicaragua. It is expanding its range and was proved to breed on Trinidad in 1970. It was first reported in Costa Rica in the mid-1990s, and now is fairly common along Pacific slope, to 1000m. [6]

Description

Frontal view showing yellow forehead. South of Guayaquil, Ecuador Pearl Kite.tif
Frontal view showing yellow forehead. South of Guayaquil, Ecuador

The pearl kite is 20.3–23 cm (8.0–9.1 in) in length and weighs 80–95 g (2.8–3.4 oz). It is the smallest raptor in the Americas and one of the two smallest accipitrids in the world (besides the little sparrowhawk). The tiny hawk, another neotropical species, attains a slightly higher weight than the pearl kite. The adult has a black crown, upperparts, wing and tail, a rufous edged white collar, yellow forehead and cheeks, mainly white underparts, and yellow legs. Immature birds are similar to the adults but have white and chestnut tips to the back and wing feathers, a buff collar and some buff on the white underparts. In flight this species looks mainly black above and white below. The northern form G. s. leonae differs from the nominate G. s. swainsonii in that it has rufous flanks.

Behaviour

Breeding

The nest is a deep cup of sticks built high in a tree. The clutch is 2-4 brown-marked white eggs, incubated mainly by the female for 34–35 days to hatching, with a further five weeks to fledging. There may be two broods in a season.

Feeding

The pearl kite feeds mainly on lizards, such as the Anolis and geckos. [7] However, its most common prey is the Microlophus occipitalis . [8] It also takes small birds (such as ruddy ground doves), frogs and insects (such as cockroaches); it usually sits on a high open perch from which it swoops on its prey. [9] [10] The call is a high musical pip-pip-pip-pip or kitty-kitty-kitty.

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kite (bird)</span> Bird of prey

    Kite is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, Elaninae, and Perninae. The term is derived from Old English cȳta, from the Proto-Indo-European root *gū- , "screech."

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Elaninae</span> Subfamily of birds

    An elanine kite is any of several small, lightly-built raptors with long, pointed wings.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-necked falcon</span> Species of bird

    The red-necked falcon is a bird of prey in the falcon family with two disjunct populations, one in India and the other in Africa. This medium-sized falcon has bluish grey wings and upper body, a chestnut red cap with short chin straps passing through the eye. The primary feathers of the wing are black and a single black band at the tip of the tail are distinctive. The Indian subspecies Falco chicquera chicquera also known as the red-headed merlin or red-headed falcon is found mainly in the open plains of the India Subcontinent although it is thought to have occurred further west in southeastern Iran. The subspecies Falco chicquera ruficollis found in sub-Saharan Africa is sometimes treated as a full species, the rufous-necked falcon, on the basis of its well-separated geographic range and distinctive pattern. It appears very similar to the Indian form but has dark barring on the upperparts, a rufous breast band, and black moustachial and eye stripes. As in most falcons, the females are larger and falconers in India called the female turumti and the male as chatwa. They hunt in pairs mostly at dawn and dusk, capturing small birds, bats and squirrels.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-tailed jacamar</span> Species of bird

    The rufous-tailed jacamar is a near-passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World in southern Mexico, Central America and South America as far south as southern Brazil and Ecuador.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Plumbeous kite</span> Species of bird

    The plumbeous kite is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae that is resident in much of northern South America. It is migratory in the northern part of its range which extends north to Mexico. It feeds on insects which it catches either from a perch or while in flight.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Savanna hawk</span> Species of bird

    The savanna hawk is a large raptor found in open savanna and swamp edges. It was formerly placed in the genus Heterospizias. It breeds from Panama and Trinidad south to Bolivia, Uruguay and central Argentina.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray-headed kite</span> Species of bird

    The gray-headed kite is a raptor found in open woodland and swamp forests. It shares the genus Leptodon with the extremely rare white-collared kite. It breeds from eastern Mexico and Trinidad south to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and northern Argentina.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray-lined hawk</span> Species of bird

    The gray-lined hawk is a smallish raptor found in open country and forest edges. It is sometimes placed in the genus Asturina as Asturina nitida. The species has been split by the American Ornithological Society from the gray hawk. The gray-lined hawk is found from El Salvador to Argentina, as well as on the Caribbean island of Trinidad.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Collared plover</span> Species of bird

    The collared plover is a small shorebird in the plover family, Charadriidae. It lives along coasts and riverbanks of the tropical to temperate Americas, from central Mexico south to Chile and Argentina.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Scintillant hummingbird</span> Species of bird

    The scintillant hummingbird is a hummingbird endemic to Costa Rica and Panama. This species is replaced at higher elevations by its relative, the volcano hummingbird, S. flammula.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Spotted wood quail</span> Species of bird

    The spotted wood quail is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It is a resident breeder in the mountains of Central America from southern Mexico to western Panama.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">American pygmy kingfisher</span> Species of bird

    The American pygmy kingfisher is a species of "water kingfisher" in subfamily Cerylinae of family Alcedinidae. It is found in the American tropics from southern Mexico south through Central America into every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay. It also occurs on Trinidad.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-faced solitaire</span> Species of bird

    The black-faced solitaire is a bird in the thrush family endemic to highlands in Costa Rica and western Panama.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-backed wren</span> Species of bird

    The rufous-backed wren is a songbird of the family Troglodytidae. It is a resident breeding species from southwest Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowish flycatcher</span> Species of bird

    The yellowish flycatcher is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds in highlands from southeastern Mexico south to western Panama.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripe-headed sparrow</span> Species of bird

    The stripe-headed sparrow is an American sparrow which breeds from Pacific coastal south-western Mexico, including the transverse ranges, Cordillera Neovolcanica to Pacific coastal northern Costa Rica.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Double-toothed kite</span> Species of bird

    The double-toothed kite is a species of bird of prey in subfamily Accipitrinae, the "true" hawks, of family Accipitridae. It is found from central Mexico through Central America into much of northern and eastern South America.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-colored woodpecker</span> Species of bird

    The chestnut-colored woodpecker is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-winged woodpecker</span> Species of bird

    The rufous-winged woodpecker is a species of bird in subfamily Picinae of the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

    <i>Leptodon</i> Genus of birds

    Leptodon is a genus of birds of prey. Its two members are similar, with a grey head, black upperparts and white underparts.

    References

    1. BirdLife International (2020). "Gampsonyx swainsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22695025A168671112. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695025A168671112.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
    2. Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
    3. Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (April 1825). "On a new genus of Falconidæ". Sketches in Ornithology. The Zoological Journal. 2 (5): 65–70. The description of G. swainsonii is on pages 68–70, formal Latin description begins on p. 69. Biodiversity Heritage Library holds two digitized copies: one from London Museum of Natural History , and the other from Smithsonian Libraries
    4. Peters, James Lee (1931). Check-list of birds of the world: volume 1. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: Harvard University Press.
    5. Baquero Palma, Fernando Hernandez (2011). "Species account: Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii". Global Raptor Information Network. Archived from the original on 2011-11-19. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
    6. Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (illustr.) (2007). The birds of Costa Rica : a field guide. Ithaca: Comstock Publ. ISBN   978-0-8014-7373-9.
    7. Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
    8. Orihuela-Torres, Adrian; Brito, Jorge; Pérez-García, Juan Manuel (2019-09-01). "First observations of the diet of the Pearl Kite (Gampsonyx swainsonii magnus) in southwestern Ecuador". Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 27 (3): 195–198. doi: 10.1007/BF03544470 . ISSN   2178-7875. S2CID   214451240.
    9. "Pearl Kite | the Peregrine Fund".
    10. "Gampsonyx swainsonii (Pearl Kite)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2022.