Penstemon centranthifolius | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Penstemon |
Species: | P. centranthifolius |
Binomial name | |
Penstemon centranthifolius (Benth.) Benth., 1835 | |
Synonyms [2] | |
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Penstemon centranthifolius is a species of penstemon known by the common name scarlet bugler. It is native to California and parts of Mexico, where it grows in many types of dry habitat from coast to desert, such as chaparral and oak woodland.
Penstemon centranthifolius is a herbaceous plant that when mature will reach 30 to 120 centimeters in height. [3] Its stems are hairless and may be erect or ascending, growing straight upwards or growing out slightly and then curving to grow upwards. [4]
The leaves are cauline, attached to the stems rather than the base of the plant, and attached in five to eleven pairs on opposite sides of the stems. [4] They are thick with smooth edges and the ones midway up the stems the longest. [3] They range in size between 4 and 10 centimeters in length and 1 to 4 cm in width with ovate to lanceolate shape, egg shaped with a wider portion towards the base to resembling the head of a spear. Leaves may be attached directly to the stem or by a short petiole. The base of each leaf may be tapered or it may be auriculate-clasping, wrap partway around the stem with ear like projections. [4]
The top of the stem is occupied by a long inflorescence bearing narrow tubular flowers 2.5 to 3.3 centimeters long. The inflorescence is usually 15 to 60 cm of the stem, but may occasionally be as much as 100 cm in length. [4] The flowers are hairless with two lips that have projecting round to egg shaped lobes. The flowers are bright red to orange-red. [3] Like the rest of the flower the staminode is hairless and will extend out of the flower's opening, it is 13 to 14 millimeters long overall. Flowering takes place from February to as late as July. [4]
Penstemon centranthifolius was scientifically described in a lecture delivered to the Horticultural Society of London by the botanist George Bentham 17 June 1834, but named Chelone centranthifolia. [5] [2] The next year this initial name was published in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, but the same year Bentham published a different argument about how Chelone should be distinguished from Pentstemon in his book Scrophularinaea Indicae renaming the species as Penstemon centranthifolius. [6] [2]
In English is is known by the common name scarlet bugler. [4]
This species commonly hybridizes with showy penstemon (Penstemon spectabilis), a species with wide-mouthed purple-blue flowers, to produce a penstemon with pinkish-purple flowers which is intermediate in size and named Penstemon × parishii. [7]
Penstemon centranthifolius is native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. [8] It grows as far north as Glenn County, California. [9] They may be found in the California Coast Ranges, the Sacramento Valley, the San Joaquin Valley, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the Mojave Desert, the Transverse Ranges, the San Jacinto Mountains, the South Coast, and the Channel Islands. [3]
It grows in dry habitats such as open chaparral, California oak woodlands, Joshua tree woodlands, pinyon–juniper woodlands, pine forests, and with coastal sage scrub. [4]
The conservation organization NatureServe evaluated Penstemon centranthifolius in 1986. At that time they rated it as apparently secure globally (G4). [1]
Penstemon barbatus, known by the common names golden-beard penstemon, and beardlip penstemon, is a flowering plant native to the western United States.
Ajuga reptans is commonly known as bugle, blue bugle, bugleherb, bugleweed, carpetweed, carpet bugleweed, and common bugle, and traditionally however less commonly as St. Lawrence plant. It is an herbaceous flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Europe. It is also a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures, a Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the United Kingdom.
Calochortus splendens is a North American species of mariposa lily known by the common name splendid mariposa lily.
Arctostaphylos montaraensis, known by the common name Montara manzanita, is a species of manzanita in the family Ericaceae.
Arnica discoidea is a North American species of arnica in the sunflower family. It is known by the common name rayless arnica because its flower heads have disc florets but none of the showier ray florets. It is native to the woodlands, forests, and chaparral of the western United States (Washington, Oregon, California, and western Nevada.
Ribes speciosum is a species of flowering plant in the family Grossulariaceae, which includes the edible currants and gooseberries. It is a spiny deciduous shrub with spring-flowering, elongate red flowers that resemble fuchsias, though it is not closely related. Its common name is fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. It is native to central and southern California and Baja California, where it grows in the scrub and chaparral of the coastal mountain ranges.
Penstemon albomarginatus is a rare species of penstemon known by the common name white-margined penstemon. It is native to the deserts of southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southern California.
Penstemon anguineus is a species of penstemon known by the common name Siskiyou penstemon. It is native to the mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coniferous forests, often in open areas left by logging operations.
Penstemon azureus is a flowering plant species known by the common name azure penstemon.
Penstemon barnebyi is a species of penstemon known by the common names White River Valley beardtongue and Barneby's beardtongue. It is native to the mountain and basin territory of central western Nevada, where it grows in sagebrush and woodland; there is also one occurrence just over the California border.
Penstemon caesius, commonly known as the San Bernardino penstemon, is a low growing species of flowering plant. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains, as well as the southern mountains of the Sierra Nevada. It is a member of the flora on rocky slopes and in coniferous forests and alpine habitat in the mountains.
Penstemon calcareus is a species of penstemon known by the common name limestone penstemon. It is native to California, where it is known from the deserts of central San Bernardino County, as well as the Death Valley area, where its distribution extends just over the border into Nevada. It grows in scrub and woodland, often on limestone substrates.
Penstemon californicus is a species of penstemon known by the common name California penstemon. It is native to Baja California and is also known from fewer than 20 occurrences in California, mainly in Orange and Riverside Counties. It grows in the forest and woodland habitat of the Peninsular Ranges and nearby slopes.
Penstemon cinicola is a species of penstemon known by the common name ash penstemon. It is native to northeastern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in forests and plateau habitat.
Penstemon filiformis is an uncommon species of Penstemon known by the common name threadleaf beardtongue. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northern California, where it grows in forest and woodland, often on serpentine soils. It is a perennial herb growing up to half a meter tall, its stem hairy and woody toward the base. The leaves are very narrow, linear and rolled to threadlike, reaching up to 7 centimeters long, those low on the plant sometimes borne in clusters. The inflorescence produces hairless, tubular or funnel-shaped blue to purple flowers just over a centimeter in length.
Penstemon patens is a species of penstemon known by the common name Lone Pine beardtongue. It is native to the central Sierra Nevada of California and slopes and plateau to the east, its distribution extending just into Nevada. It grows in forest, woodland, and scrub habitat types. It is a perennial herb producing hairless, waxy stems up to about 40 centimeters tall. The thick, lance-shaped, gray-green, opposite leaves are up to 9 centimeters long and 2 wide. There are usually many leaves clustered around the base of the plant and smaller pairs higher on the stem. The inflorescence bears wide-mouthed tubular flowers up to 2 centimeters long with corollas in shades of lavender to magenta. The flower is mostly hairless except for the staminode which may have a coat of orange or yellowish hairs.
Penstemon procerus is a species of penstemon known by the common name littleflower penstemon. It is native to western North America from Alaska to California to Colorado, as far east in Canada as Manitoba, where it grows in mountain habitat such as meadows, often in alpine climates. This herbaceous perennial forms mats of herbage with some erect stems reaching about 40 centimeters in maximum height. There are several varieties which vary in morphology, some more decumbent than others, some of which are known commonly as pincushion penstemons for their matted forms. In general, the leaves are lance-shaped to oval, plentiful around the base of the plant with smaller ones arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. The inflorescence is made up of one or more clusters of tubular flowers with lipped, lobed mouths. Each flower is no more than one centimeter in length and is purple to blue in color, often with a white throat. The outside of the flower is generally hairless, while the inside may be lined with white or yellowish hairs.
Penstemon spectabilis is a species of penstemon known by the common name showy penstemon or showy beardtongue. It is a perennial herb native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in the chaparral, scrub, and woodlands of the coastal mountain ranges.
Penstemon brevisepalus, commonly known as short-sepaled beardtongue, is an herbaceous plant in the plantain family. It is a perennial that produces pale lavender flowers in late spring.
Penstemon albifluvis, the White River penstemon, is a disputed species or variety of Penstemon that grows in a small area in eastern Utah and western Colorado. It grows mainly on broken shale and rock formations in desert habitats. White River penstemon is very rare.