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Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence in 1918 following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from the merger of Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris. The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugoslavia occurring as a consequence of the Yugoslav Wars. Spanning an area of 255,804 square kilometres (98,766 sq mi) in the Balkans, Yugoslavia was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west, by Austria and Hungary to the north, by Bulgaria and Romania to the east, and by Albania and Greece to the south. It was a one-party socialist state and federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and had six constituent republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Within Serbia was the Yugoslav capital city of Belgrade as well as two autonomous Yugoslav provinces: Kosovo and Vojvodina.
Muslims is a designation for the ethnoreligious group of Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims and people of Muslim heritage, inhabiting mostly the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The term, adopted in the 1971 Constitution of Yugoslavia, groups together a number of distinct South Slavic communities of Islamic ethnocultural tradition. Prior to 1993, a vast majority of present-day Bosniaks self-identified as ethnic Muslims, along with some smaller groups of different ethnicity, such as Gorani and Torbeši. This designation did not include Yugoslav non-Slavic Muslims, such as Albanians, Turks and Roma.
The Yugoslav Partisans, or the National Liberation Army, officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, was the communist-led anti-fascist resistance to the Axis powers in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II. Led by Josip Broz Tito, the Partisans are considered to be Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during World War II.
After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia and, some years later, Kosovo.
Yugoslavia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 27 times, debuting in 1961 and competing every year until its last appearance in 1992, with the exceptions of 1977–1980 and 1985. Yugoslavia won the 1989 contest and hosted the 1990 contest.
Yugo-nostalgia is a political and cultural phenomenon found among the populations of the former Yugoslavia, in the present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, and Slovenia. It refers to an emotional longing for a time past when the splintered states were a part of one country, grief over the war that tore it apart, and a desire to again unite. Self-described "Yugo-nostalgics" may assert their grief that brotherly love, unity, and coexistence failed, while division and nationalism won, or they may assert that their quality of life was better.
The Socialist Republic of Serbia, previously known as the People's Republic of Serbia, was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in what is now the modern day states of Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo. Its formation was initiated in 1941, and achieved in 1944–1946, when it was established as a federated republic within Yugoslavia. In that form, it lasted until the constitutional reforms from 1990 to 1992, when it was reconstituted, as the Republic of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was the largest constituent republic of Yugoslavia, in terms of population and territory. Its capital, Belgrade, was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia.
Languages of Yugoslavia are all languages languages spoken in former Yugoslavia. They are mainly Indo-European languages and dialects, namely dominant South Slavic varieties as well as Albanian, Aromanian, Czech, German, Italian, Venetian, Balkan Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Slovak and Ukrainian languages. There are also pockets where non-Indo-European languages such as Hungarian, Turkish, etc. varieties are spoken.
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The flag of Yugoslavia was the official flag of the Yugoslav state from 1918 to 1992. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from the Pan-Slavic movement, which ultimately led to the unification of the South Slavs and the creation of a united south-Slavic state in 1918.
The emblem of Yugoslavia featured six torches, surrounded by wheat with a red star at its top, and burning together in one flame; this represented the brotherhood and unity of the six federal republics forming Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. The date imprinted was 29 November 1943, the day the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) met in Jajce on its second meeting and formed the basis for post-war organisation of the country, establishing a federal republic. This day was celebrated as Republic Day after the establishment of the republic. The emblem of Yugoslavia, along with those of its constituent republics, are an example of socialist heraldry.
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The Women's Antifascist Front, was a Yugoslav feminist and anti-fascist mass organisation. The predecessor to several feminist front groups in the former Yugoslavia, and present-day organisations in the region, the AFŽ was heavily involved in organising and participating in the Partisans, the communist and multi-ethnic resistance to Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia during World War II.
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References
- ↑ Anne Sires Kahl (1963). Labor Law and Practice in Yugoslavia. Bureau of Labor Statistics. p. 44.
- 1 2 Hannes Grandits (2010). "What To Do at the Weekend? Leisure for Happy Consumers, Refreshed Workers, and Good Citizens". In Hannes Grandits; Karin Taylor (eds.). Yugoslavia's Sunny Side: A History of Tourism in Socialism (1950s-1980s). Central European University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9639776696.
- 1 2 n.a. (29 November 2021). "Zašto se slavio 29. novembar i kako je ukinut". Radio Television of Serbia . Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ↑ Donald Niebyl (19 April 2020). "14 Places to Time-Travel back to Yugoslavia". Spomenik Database. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ↑ Anja Vladisavljević; Milica Stojanović (25 May 2021). "Tito's Yugo-Nostalgic Admirers Celebrate Socialist-Era Holiday". Balkan Insight . Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ↑ Lily Lynch (29 November 2015). "Today is Republic Day: 70 Years of Yugoslavia". Balkanist. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ↑ Šarić, Ljiljana (2012). "Croatia in Search of a National Day. Front-page Presentations of National Day Celebrations, 1988-2005". In Ljiljana Šarić; Karen Gammelgaard; Kjetil Rå Hauge (eds.). Transforming National Holidays: Identity Discourse in the West and South Slavic Countries, 1985-2010. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9027206384.
- ↑ n.a. (n.d.). "Dan Osvobodilne fronte 27.4.1941". Antifašistički vjesnik. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ↑ n.a. (n.d.). "Dan ustanka naroda Srbije 07.07.1941". Antifašistički vjesnik. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ↑ n.a. (n.d.). "Dan ustanka naroda Crne Gore 13.07.1941". Antifašistički vjesnik. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ↑ n.a. (12 July 2021). "U Crnoj Gori obilježen Dan državnosti, čestitali papa, Biden i kineski predsjednik, Đukanović poručio: 'Ostajemo na europskom putu'". Slobodna Dalmacija . Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ↑ n.a. (n.d.). "Dan ustanka naroda Slovenije 22.07.1941". Antifašistički vjesnik. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
