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Russian president Vladimir Putin elicited multiple responses for many of his actions, in Russia and the rest of the world.
According to the Russian non-governmental organization Levada Center, about 85% of the Russian population approved of Putin in the beginning of 2023, the highest in nearly 8 years. [1] [2]
According to public opinion surveys conducted by NGO Levada Center, Putin's approval rating was 60% in July 2020. [3] Putin's popularity rose from 31% in August 1999 to 80% in November 1999, never dropping below 65% during his first presidency. [4] Observers see Putin's high approval ratings as a consequence of the significant improvements in living standards and Russia's reassertion of itself on the world scene that has occurred during his period of office. [5] [6] One analysis attributed Putin's popularity, in part, to state-owned or state-controlled television. [7]
A joint poll by World Public Opinion in the US and Levada Center [8] in Russia around June–July 2006 stated that "neither the Russian nor the American publics are convinced Russia is headed in an anti-democratic direction" and "Russians generally support Putin's concentration of political power and strongly support the re-nationalization of Russia's oil and gas industry." Russians generally support the political course of Putin and his team. [9] A 2005 survey showed that three times as many Russians felt the country was "more democratic" under Putin than it was during the Yeltsin or Gorbachev years, and the same proportion thought human rights were better under Putin than Yeltsin. [7]
In a June 2007 public opinion survey, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that year. [10] In January 2013, at the time of the 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's rating fell to 62%, the lowest since 2000. [11] In a context of increased diplomatic isolation and international sanctions on Russian officials prompted by the Russo-Ukrainian war, Putin's approval rating reached 87% in August 2014. [12] In February 2015, based on domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician. [13] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high. [14] [15] [16] Observers saw Putin's high approval ratings in 2010s as a consequence of improvements in living standards, and Russia's reassertion on the world scene during his presidency. [17] [18]
In January 2013, at the time of 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's approval rating fell to 62%, the lowest figure since 2000 and a ten-point drop over two years. [19] By May 2014, following the annexation of Crimea, Putin's approval rating had rebounded to 85.9%, a six-year high. [20]
After EU and U.S. sanctions against Russian officials as a result of the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Putin's approval rating reached 87 percent, according to a Levada Center survey published on 6 August 2014. [21] [22] In February 2015, based on new domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician. [23] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high. [24] [25] [26] In 2016, the approval rating was 81%. [27]
Despite high approval for Putin, confidence in the Russian economy is low, dropping to levels in 2016 that rivaled the recent lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic crisis. Just 14% of Russians in 2016 said their national economy was getting better, and 18% said this about their local economies. [28] Putin's performance at reining in corruption is also unpopular among Russians. Newsweek reported in June 2017 that "An opinion poll by the Moscow-based Levada Center indicated that 67 percent held Putin personally responsible for high-level corruption". [29]
In July 2018, Putin's approval rating fell to 63% and just 49% would vote for Putin if presidential elections were held. [30] Levada poll results published in September 2018 showed Putin's personal trustworthiness levels at 39% (decline from 59% in November 2017) [31] with the main contributing factor being the presidential support of the unpopular pension reform and economic stagnation. [32] [33] In October 2018, two thirds of Russians surveyed in Levada poll agreed that "Putin bears full responsibility for the problems of the country", which has been attributed [34] to decline of a popular belief in "good tsar and bad boyars", a traditional attitude towards justifying failures of the ruling hierarchy in Russia. [35]
In January 2019, the percentage of Russians trusting Putin hit a then-historic low—33%. [36] In April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians, 20%, willing to permanently emigrate from Russia. [37] The decline was even larger in the 17–25 age group, "who find themselves largely disconnected from the country's aging leadership, nostalgic Soviet rhetoric and nepotistic agenda". Putin's approval rating among young Russians was 32% in January 2019. The percentage willing to emigrate permanently in this group was 41%. 60% had favorable views of the US (three times more than in the 55+ age group). [38] Decline in support for the president and government is visible in other polls, such as a rapidly growing readiness to protest against poor living conditions.
In May 2020, Putin's approval rating dropped to a historic low of 59% in an April poll by the Levada Center. [39] In May 2021, 33% indicated Putin in response to "who would you vote for this weekend?" among Moscow respondents and 40% outside Moscow. [40] A survey released in October 2021 found 53% of respondents saying they trusted Putin. [41] Observers see a generational struggle among Russians over perception of Putin's rule, with younger Russians more probably to be against Putin and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia. [42] Putin's support among Russians aged 18–24 was only 20% in December 2020. [43] In December 2021, a Levada Center poll found that 65% approved of Putin personally, that jumped to 69% who had a positive view of Putin in January 2022, and 71% who approved of the Russian president in February 2022 (before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine). [44] [45]
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, state-controlled TV, where most Russians get their news, presented the invasion as a "special military operation" and liberation mission, in line with the government's narrative. [46] [47] [48] The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from state sources or face fines and blocks. [49] The Russian media was banned from using the words "war", "invasion" or "aggression" to describe the invasion, [47] with media outlets being blocked as a result. [50]
In late February 2022, a survey conducted by the independent research group Russian Field found that 59% of respondents supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine. [51] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% supported the "special military operation". [52] In late February and mid-March 2022 two polls surveyed Russians' sentiments about the "special military operation" in Ukraine. The results were obtained by Radio Liberty. [53] 71% of Russians polled said that they supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine. [54] [53]
When asked how they were affected by the actions of Putin, a third said they strongly believed Putin was working in their interests. Another 26% said he was working in their interests to some extent. In general, most Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible. [54] [53] Similarly, a survey conducted in early March found 58% of Russian respondents approved of the operation. [55] [56]
A poll published on 30 March in Russia saw Putin's approval rating jump, from 71% in February, to 83%. [57] [58] However, experts warned that the figures may not accurately reflect the public mood, as the public tends to rally around leaders during war and some may be hiding their true opinions, [59] especially with the Russian 2022 war censorship laws prohibiting dissemination of "fake information" about the military. [60] Many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences. [51] When researchers commissioned a survey on Russians' attitudes to the war, 29,400 out of 31,000 refused to answer. [61] The Levada Center's director stated that early feelings of "shock and confusion" were being replaced with the belief that Russia was being besieged and that Russians must rally around their leader. [50] The Kremlin's analysis concluded that public support for the war was broad but not deep, and that most Russians would accept anything Putin labeled a victory. In September 2023, the head of the VTsIOM state pollster Valery Fyodorov said in an interview that only 10–15% of Russians actively supported the war, and that "most Russians are not demanding the conquest of Kyiv or Odesa". [62]
A poll by the independent organization Levada, which was conducted on 22–28 June 2023, showed that 42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election. [63] A public opinion poll by the state-owned institution VCIOM, which was conducted in November 2023, found that 37.3% of respondents would vote for Putin. [64] According to a VCIOM poll conducted in early March 2024, 56.2% of respondents would vote for Putin. [65]
According to a 2017 survey by the Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA), Putin's international reputation increased significantly between 2015 and 2017 (43% favorable in 2017 compared with 33% in 2015). [66] Putin was also highly popular in some non-Western countries, such as Vietnam, where his approval rating was 89% in 2017. [67] More recent international polling shows that approval for Putin declined to record lows following the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. [68]
Some of these views have changed considerably over time ever since 2017. For instance, in Romania, in a 2022 poll, only 3% of Romanians had a positive opinion of Putin while 70% of Romanians had a negative one. [69] In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavorable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians—including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine—said they did not believe any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia. [70] A 2023 poll by Pew Research Center in 24 countries around the world showed that 87% of respondents felt distrustful of Putin, with only 11% feeling confident in Putin. 82% of respondents have negative views of Russia. [71]
| Country polled | Favorable | Unfavorable | Net Score |
|---|---|---|---|
 Vietnam | +85 | ||
 Kazakhstan | +83 | ||
 Armenia | +81 | ||
 Russia | +68 | ||
 Serbia | +68 | ||
 Moldova | +59 | ||
 India | +49 | ||
 Ethiopia | +48 | ||
 Greece | +47 | ||
 Iran | +45 | ||
 Iraq | +45 | ||
 Albania | +38 | ||
 Bangladesh | +38 | ||
 Romania | +37 | ||
 Bulgaria | +25 | ||
 Nigeria | +25 | ||
 Thailand | +25 | ||
 Indonesia | +22 | ||
 Philippines | +20 | ||
 Peru | +19 | ||
 Turkey | +19 | ||
 Croatia | +18 | ||
 Mexico | +18 | ||
 North Macedonia | +15 | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | +13 | ||
 Ghana | +12 | ||
 Colombia | +8 | ||
 Pakistan | +8 | ||
 Argentina | +4 | ||
| Global median | +3 | ||
 Ecuador | +2 | ||
 Afghanistan | -3 | ||
 Hong Kong | -4 | ||
 Brazil | -5 | ||
 South Africa | -6 | ||
 Azerbaijan | -7 | ||
 Slovenia | -10 | ||
 Italy | -17 | ||
 Latvia | -19 | ||
 Ukraine | -24 | ||
 Austria | -31 | ||
 Australia | -43 | ||
 France | -46 | ||
 Kosovo | -49 | ||
 South Korea | -51 | ||
 Czech Republic | -52 | ||
 United States | -52 | ||
 Japan | -53 | ||
 Spain | -53 | ||
 Germany | -54 | ||
 Ireland | -55 | ||
 United Kingdom | -56 | ||
 Sweden | -61 | ||
 Netherlands | -65 | ||
 Poland | -76 | ||
| Result:(55 Country) | +4 | ||
Putin was Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2007; [72] these selections are based on the person or persons "who most affected the news and our lives, for good or ill". [73] In April 2008, Putin was put on the Time 100 most influential people in the world list. [74] Criticism of Putin has been widespread especially over the Runet. [75] It is said that the Russian youth organisations finance a full "network" of pro-government bloggers. [76] On 4 December 2007, at Harvard University, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev credited Putin with having "pulled Russia out of chaos" and said he was "assured a place in history", despite Gorbachev's claim that the news media have been suppressed and that election rules run counter to the democratic ideals he has promoted. [77] In December 2011, amid the protests following the 2011 Russian elections Gorbachev criticized Putin for a decision to seek the third term in the presidential elections and advised Putin to leave politics. [78]
In the U.S. embassy cables leaked in late 2010, Putin was called "alpha dog" and compared with Batman (while Dmitry Medvedev was compared with Batman's crime-fighting partner Robin). American diplomats said Putin's Russia had become "a corrupt, autocratic kleptocracy centred on the leadership of Putin, in which officials, oligarchs and organised crime are bound together to create a "virtual mafia state." [79] [80] Putin called it "slanderous". [81]
By western commentators and the Russian opposition, Putin has been described as a dictator. [82] [83] Putin biographer Masha Gessen has stated that "Putin is a dictator," comparing him to Alexander Lukashenko. [84] [85] Former UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband has described Putin as a "ruthless dictator" whose "days are numbered." [86] U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney called Putin "a real threat to the stability and peace of the world." [87]
In early September 2014 Patriarch Filaret, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, linked Putin with the biblical figure Cain because Filaret believed that although Putin claimed to be their “brother”, he was responsible for "shedding the brotherly blood" of Ukrainians during the War in Donbas. [88] Filaret believed "Satan went into him, as into Judas Iscariot". [88] The Dalai Lama criticized Putin's foreign policy practices, claiming it to be responsible for isolating Russia from the rest of the world. [89] [90] [91] The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Putin as the 2014 Person of the Year, recognizing "the person who does the most to enable and promote organized criminal activity." [92] [93]
According to Denis Volkov from Moscow Levada Center, drawing any conclusions from Russian poll results or comparing them with Western polls is pointless as there's no real political competition in Russia. Unlike in democratic states, the Russian voters aren't offered any "credible alternatives" and the public opinion is formed primarily with state-controlled media which promotes the ruling party and discredits any alternative candidates. [94] This kind of illusion of democracy, choice only between "A and A", is part of "Russian consciousness", according to a nationalist publicist Alexander Prokhanov, who considers the "elections between A and B" to be part of a "liberal" mindset. [95]
Putin's name and image are widely used in advertisements and product branding. [96] Among Putin-branded products are Putinka vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, Gorbusha Putina caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image. [97] In October 2016, the luxury company, Caviar, produced a limited series of iPhone 7s made from Damascus steel called Supremo Putin Damascus. It features a golden bas-relief portrait of Putin. [98] Putin Huylo (also spelled Putin Huilo) is a beer that is made by Pravda beer brewery in Lviv, Ukraine and also by several other breweries around the world. [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]
Putin has created a cult of personality for himself as an outdoorsy, sporty, tough guy public image, demonstrating his physical capabilities and taking part in unusual or dangerous acts, such as extreme sports and interaction with wild animals. [104] For example, in 2007, the tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda published a huge photograph of a bare-chested Putin vacationing in the Siberian mountains under the headline: "Be Like Putin." [105] Such photo ops are part of a public relations approach that, according to Wired , "deliberately cultivates the macho, take-charge superhero image". [96] The British tabloid Daily Express has commented that this cultivated image runs counter to the reality of Putin's modest physical stature, [106] his height being officially reported as 170 cm (5 ft 7 in), [107] and some of the activities used to promote his virile prowess have been criticized for involving deception or being completely staged. Notable examples of Putin's macho adventures include: [108]
On 11 December 2010, at a concert organized for a children's charity in Saint Petersburg, Putin sang Blueberry Hill with Maceo Parker's jazz band and played a little piano of it and of the Russian patriotic song С чего начинается Родина from his favourite spy movie The Shield and the Sword . After that he took part in singing of a Russian song about cosmonauts, Grass by the Home . The concert was attended by various Hollywood and European stars such as Kevin Costner, Sharon Stone, Alain Delon, and Gérard Depardieu. [138] [139] Putin also played or sang "С чего начинается Родина" on a number of other occasions, [140] such as a meeting with the Russian spies deported from the U.S., including Anna Chapman. [141] Another melody which Putin is known to play on the piano is the Anthem of Saint Petersburg, his native city. [142]
Putin's painting "Узор на заиндевевшем окне" (A Pattern on a Hoarfrost-Encrusted Window), which he had painted during the Christmas Fair on 26 December 2008, became the top lot at the charity auction in Saint Petersburg and sold for 37 million rubles. [143] The picture was made for a series of other paintings by famous Russians. The painters were required to illustrate one of the letters of the Russian alphabet with a subject connected to Nikolay Gogol's novel Christmas Eve (the 200th anniversary from Gogol's birth was celebrated in 2008). Putin's picture depicted a hoarfrost pattern (Russian: Узор, illustrating the Cyrillic letter У) on a window with curtains sewn with traditional Ukrainian ornaments. [143] The creation of the painting coincided with the 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute, which left a number of European states without Russian gas and amid January frosts. [144]
A Russian movie called A Kiss not for Press premiered in 2008 on DVD. The movie is said to be based on the biography of Vladimir Putin and his wife Lyudmila. [145] Dobby, a house elf from Harry Potter film series, has been found to look like Putin, [146] and so was also Daniel Craig in his role of James Bond (he was the first blond actor to play James Bond). [147] There are a large number of songs about Putin. [148] These include:
Putin also is a subject of Russian jokes and chastushki, such as "[Before Putin] There Was No Orgasm" featured in the comedy film The Day of Elections . [160] There is a meta-joke that, since the coming of Putin to power, all the classic jokes about a smart yet rude boy called Вовочка (Vovochka, diminutive from Vladimir) have suddenly become political jokes.
Various humorists and anti-Putinists have latched onto the initialism "KhPP" (Russian : ХПП), interpretted as standing for "a cunning Putin plan" (Russian : хитрый план Путина). [161]
Putin features in the coloring-book for children Vova and Dima (presented on his 59th birthday), [162] where he and Dmitry Medvedev are drawn as well-behaved little boys, and in the Superputin online comics series, where Putin and Medvedev are portrayed first as superheroes, [96] and then as a troll and an orc in the World of Warcraft. [163]
Putin was portrayed by internet personality Nice Peter in his YouTube series Epic Rap Battles of History , in Season 2's finale episode, "Rasputin vs. Stalin" (aired on 22 April 2013). [164]
In the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, leaders at the 48th G7 summit ridiculed Putin's photo ops—particularly his manly, bare-chested photographs with airbrushed muscles—including Boris Johnson. [165]
Documentary films about Putin include the television series The Putin Interviews (2017), [166] Putin's Witnesses (2018) and Putin's Palace (2021), [2] while films include Patryk Vega's Putin (2024). [3]
Putin has produced a large number of popular aphorisms and catch-phrases, known as putinisms. [168] Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language. [168]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)It's wrong to compare directly the ratings of Russian and foreign politicians. In democratic countries, politics is based on competition and the constant contestation between different candidates and platforms. The Russian political system, on the other hand, is based on the absence of a credible alternative. Accordingly, public approval doesn't indicate the country's assessment of concrete political decisions, but a general acceptance of the course chosen by those in power.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)