Rice-fish system

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Rice and tilapia fish polyculture, Java Mina padi java Pj IMG-20150313-WA0004 (cropped).jpg
Rice and tilapia fish polyculture, Java

A rice-fish system is a rice polyculture, a practice that integrates rice agriculture with aquaculture, most commonly with freshwater fish. It is based on a mutually beneficial relationship between rice and fish in the same agroecosystem. The system was recognized by the FAO in 2002 as one of the first Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems.

Contents

The benefits of rice-fish systems include increased rice yield, the production of an additional (fish) crop on the same land, diversification of farm production, increased food security, and reduced need for inputs of fertilizer and pesticide. Because fish eat insects and snails, the systems may reduce mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, and snail-born parasites such as the trematodes which cause schistosomiasis. The reduction in chemical inputs may reduce environmental harms caused by their release into the environment. The increased biodiversity may reduce methane emissions from rice fields.

History

The simultaneous cultivation of rice and fish is thought to be over 2,000 years old. Ancient clay models of rice fields, containing miniature models of fish such as the common carp, have been found in Han dynasty tombs in China. [1] The system originated somewhere in continental Asia such as in India, Thailand, northern Vietnam and southern China. The practice likely started in China since they were early practitioners of aquaculture. [2]

Common carp may have been the first fish in rice-fish systems. Cyprinus carpio 2008 G1 (cropped).jpg
Common carp may have been the first fish in rice-fish systems.

Common carp were probably among the first fish used in rice-fish systems. Wei dynasty records from 220 to 265 AD mention that "a small fish with yellow scales and a red tail, grown in the rice fields of Pi County northeast of Chengdu, Sichuan Province, can be used for making sauce". [2] Liu Xun wrote the first descriptions of the system, with texts written during 900 AD in the Tang dynasty. [1] Rice-fish systems may have evolved from pond culture in China; one theory proposes that the practice started when farmers decided to place excess fry in their ponds and found the results beneficial. [1] The practice may have developed independently from China in other Asian countries; there is evidence that it spread from India to neighbouring Asian countries over 1500 years ago. [2]

The practice slowly gained popularity among farmers, and by the mid-1900s, over 28 countries on all continents except Antarctica used rice-fish systems. [2] Historically, the common carp was the most commonly used fish, with the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in second place. [2] As the practice spread throughout the world, new species were adopted. For example, Malaysia introduced the snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) and Egypt used the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). [2] An early study, in Jiangsu Province in 1935, found that growing black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and common carp together with rice was beneficial. [1] Rice-fish systems were traditionally low maintenance, growing additional animal protein alongside the staple food, rice. [3] The space used for fish-rice systems in China grew from 441,027 hectares (1,089,800 acres ) to 853,150 hectares (2,108,200 acres) and the production increased dramatically, going from 36,330 tonnes to 206,915 tonnes between 1983 and 1994. [3] In 2002, the rice-fish system became one of the first Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems to be recognized by the FAO. [4] [3]

Principle

Mutualism

Diagram of rice-fish system interactions, showing mutual benefits of the crops and advantages to the farmer Rice-Fish system interactions.svg
Diagram of rice-fish system interactions, showing mutual benefits of the crops and advantages to the farmer

Rice and fish form a mutualistic relationship: they both benefit from growing together. The rice provides the fish with shelter and shade and a reduced water temperature, along with herbivorous insects and other small animals that feed on the rice. [7] Rice benefits from nitrogenous waste from the fish, while the fish reduce insect pests such as brown planthoppers, diseases such as sheath blight of rice, and weeds. [7] By controlling weeds, competition for nutrients is decreased. CO2 released by the fish may be used in photosynthesis by the rice. [5]

The constant fish movements allow for the loosening of the surface soil which can:

Soil fertility is improved by the integration of fish, whose manure is a fertilizer recycling organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. [5] The inclusion of fish in rice-fields helps to maintain soil health, biodiversity, and productivity. [7]

The aquatic diversity in rice-fish systems includes phytoplankton, zooplankton), soil benthic fauna and microbial populations; all of these play a role in enhancing soil fertility and sustaining long-term production. [5] However, benthic communities may be disturbed by constant grazing by the fish. [5]

Application as a polyculture

Design of a rice-fish system with channels. A: Before harvest B: After harvest C: Re-flooding Rizses-halas gazdalkodas 1.png
Design of a rice-fish system with channels.
A: Before harvest B: After harvest C: Re-flooding

Rice-fish systems are polycultures based on the potential for mutual benefit. To put this into practice, channels are added in the previously flat rice fields to allow the fish to continue growing even during rice harvest and dry seasons. [3] [9]

Before creating the rice field, the field is treated with 4.5–5.25 tonnes per hectare (2.0–2.3 short ton/acre) of organic manure. [3] Organic manure is applied again during the main growing season, with about 1.5 tonnes per hectare (0.7 short ton/acre) applied every 15 days. [3] This provides nutrients for rice and the added cultures of plankton and benthos that feed the fish. [3] During the main growing season, supplementary feeds complement the plankton and benthos culture and are used once or twice a day. [3] The supplementary feeds include fish meal, soybean cake, rice bran and wheat bran. [3] Fish are stocked at a rate between 0.25 and 1 per square metre (1,000–4,000/acre). [9]

Unwanted fish or invasive species can threaten the mutualistic relationship between rice and fish, and therefore reduce productivity. For example, in the integrated Rice-Swamp Loach Aquaculture Model, catfish, snakeheads (Channa argus) and paddy eels (Monopterus albus) are considered as unwanted species. [3] Predatory birds are a threat; bird netting can be used to protect the fish. [3]

Benefits

Economic

Rice-fish farming landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India Apatani Rice Paddies.jpg
Rice-fish farming landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India

Net gains vary between and within countries. Overall, integrated rice-fish fields have a positive impact on net returns. In Bangladesh, net returns are over 50% greater than in rice monocultures. [6] In China, the net return by region is between 45 and 270% greater. [6] A case of loss in net returns was found in Thailand with only 80% of the profitability of rice monocultures. [10] This might be caused by the initial investment needed when starting the system. [10] [11] The use of rice-fish systems has resulted in an increase in rice yields and productivity from 6.7–7.5 tonnes per hectare (3.0–3.3 short ton/acre) and simultaneously also from 0.75–2.25 tonnes per hectare (0.3–1.0 short ton/acre) of fish. [12] Rice-fish systems form a possible tourist attraction, as the practice creates a distinctive landscape. [11] The addition of fish diversifies the farm's production, increases food security, and generates income; Halwart and Gupta comment that if it also increases rice yield and cuts the need for fertilizer and pesticide inputs, these are "added bonus[es]". [13]

Public health

In 1981, the Health Commission of China recognised integrated rice fields as a possible measure to decrease the population of mosquitoes, which carry diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. [3] The larvae density is reduced in integrated rice fields since freshwater fishes routinely prey on the larvae. [14] Rice-fish systems may decrease the number of snails, known to carry trematodes which in turn cause schistosomiasis. [15] Farmers' diets may improve with the addition of fish protein. [11] Reduced antibiotic resistance is another possible benefit; bacteria in rice-crayfish systems have a lower frequency and a lower diversity of antibiotic resistance genes than aquaculture systems without rice. [16]

Environmental

As fish control pests and weeds, fewer chemicals (such as pesticides and herbicides) are used, reducing the release of these agricultural chemicals into the environment. [11] Paddies with fish have been measured to require 24% less fertilizer input and 68% less pesticide usage than rice grown alone. [4] In addition, farmers often choose not to use pesticides, to avoid harming the fish. [17]

In turn, biodiversity is increased. [18] For example, the addition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to a rice monoculture increased the number of energy transfer pathways by 78.69%, while the energy transfer efficiency increased by 67.86%. [19]

In addition, rice-fish systems can reduce methane emissions compared to rice monoculture. [18] Rice paddyfields are agriculture's main contributors to greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change, mainly because when flooded, as they often are on a regular cycle, they support methanogenic bacteria; overall, paddyfields contribute around 10% of the global greenhouse effect. Rice-fish systems may be able to contribute to global-scale reduction of methane emissions. [4]

Applications

Developing countries

In the 2010s, rice-fish systems were exported to less developed countries with the FAO/China Trust fund. [12] About 80 Chinese rice-fish experts were sent to underdeveloped countries in diverse regions of the world such as certain African countries, other parts of Asia and in the South Pacific to implement the rice-fish systems and their benefits as well as share their agriculture knowledge. [12] For example, the China-Nigeria South-South Cooperation programme integrated over 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) of rice-fish fields in Nigeria, which has allowed for the production of rice and tilapia to almost double. [12]

Climate resilience

Climate change threatens global food production as it creates numerous changes to regional weather, such as higher temperatures, heavy rainfall, and storms. [20] [21] These changes may cause outbreaks of pests with, for example, an increase in the number of plant hoppers and stem borers. [21] Rice-fish systems offer the potential for benefit in future climates because they have higher reliability and stability than rice monoculture in the face of changing weather patterns. [21] The diversified agroecosystem is likely to be more resilient to climate change, making better use of resources and supporting a range of ecosystem services. [22]

Alternatives

Rice-fish systems are the most common type of integrated rice-field polyculture. However, some 19 other models exist, including rice-duck, rice-crayfish, rice-crab and rice-turtle. [3] From the 1980s on, the diversity of Chinese rice polycultures developed rapidly, involving new species such as the Chinese mitten crab, the red swamp crayfish, and softshell turtles. [3]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture</span> Cultivation of plants and animals to provide useful products

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture</span> Farming of aquatic organisms

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Aquaculture is also a practice used for restoring and rehabilitating marine and freshwater ecosystems. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, is aquaculture in seawater habitats and lagoons, as opposed to freshwater aquaculture. Pisciculture is a type of aquaculture that consists of fish farming to obtain fish products as food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crop rotation</span> Agricultural practice of changing crops

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, along with the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoculture</span> Farms producing only one crop at a time

In agriculture, monoculture is the practice of growing one crop species in a field at a time. Monoculture is widely used in intensive farming and in organic farming: both a 1,000-hectare cornfield and a 10-ha field of organic kale are monocultures. Monoculture of crops has allowed farmers to increase efficiency in planting, managing, and harvesting, mainly by facilitating the use of machinery in these operations, but monocultures can also increase the risk of diseases or pest outbreaks. This practice is particularly common in industrialized nations worldwide. Diversity can be added both in time, as with a crop rotation or sequence, or in space, with a polyculture or intercropping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green Revolution</span> Agricultural developments in 1950s–1960s

The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as high-yielding varieties of cereals, particularly dwarf wheat and rice, and the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and controlled irrigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic farming</span> Method of agriculture meant to be environmentally friendly

Organic farming, also known as ecological farming or biological farming, is an agricultural system that uses fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. It originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares globally, with over half of that total in Australia. Biological pest control, mixed cropping, and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally-occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For instance, naturally-occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin are permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed include, for example, copper sulfate, elemental sulfur, and veterinary drugs. Genetically modified organisms, nanomaterials, human sewage sludge, plant growth regulators, hormones, and antibiotic use in livestock husbandry are prohibited. Organic farming advocates claim advantages in sustainability, openness, self-sufficiency, autonomy and independence, health, food security, and food safety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intensive farming</span> Branch of agriculture

Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming, conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital, labour, agrochemicals and water, and higher crop yields per unit land area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable agriculture</span> Farming approach that balances environmental, economic and social factors in the long term

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. When developing agriculture within sustainable food systems, it is important to develop flexible business processes and farming practices. Agriculture has an enormous environmental footprint, playing a significant role in causing climate change, water scarcity, water pollution, land degradation, deforestation and other processes; it is simultaneously causing environmental changes and being impacted by these changes. Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without causing damage to human or natural systems. It involves preventing adverse effects on soil, water, biodiversity, and surrounding or downstream resources, as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. Elements of sustainable agriculture can include permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyculture</span> Growing multiple crops together in agriculture

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Aquaponics is a food production system that couples aquaculture with hydroponics whereby the nutrient-rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponically grown plants.

In agriculture, monocropping is the practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land. Maize, soybeans, and wheat are three common crops often monocropped. Monocropping is also referred to as continuous cropping, as in "continuous corn." Monocropping allows for farmers to have consistent crops throughout their entire farm. They can plant only the most profitable crop, use the same seed, pest control, machinery, and growing method on their entire farm, which may increase overall farm profitability.

Agriculture and aquaculture in Hong Kong are considered sunset industries. Most agricultural produce is directly imported from the neighbouring mainland China. In 2006 the industry accounts for less than 0.3% of the labour sector. Geographically Hong Kong consists largely of steep, unproductive hillside. The local aquaculture industry is also facing challenges from competition with imported aquatic food products and concern of fish and seafood safety.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture</span> Type of aquaculture

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in China</span>

China, with one-fifth of the world's population, accounts for two-thirds of the world's reported aquaculture production.

Organic aquaculture is a holistic method for farming fish and other marine species in line with organic principles. The ideals of this practice established sustainable marine environments with consideration for naturally occurring ecosystems, use of pesticides, and the treatment of aquatic life. Managing aquaculture organically has become more popular since consumers are concerned about the harmful impacts of aquaculture on themselves and the environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in South Korea</span>

South Korea is a major center of aquaculture production, and the world's third largest producer of farmed algae as of 2020.

Rice polyculture is the cultivation of rice and another crop simultaneously on the same land. The practice exploits the mutual benefit between rice and organisms such as fish and ducks: the rice supports pests which serve as food for the fish and ducks, while the animals' excrement serves as fertilizer for the rice. The result is an additional crop, with reduced need for inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. In addition, the reduction of pests such as mosquito larvae and snails may reduce mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, and snail-born parasites such as the trematodes which cause schistosomiasis. The reduction in chemical inputs may reduce environmental harms caused by their release into the environment. The increased biodiversity may reduce methane emissions from rice fields.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Halwart & Gupta 2004, 2. History, pp. 3–4.
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  13. ↑ Halwart & Gupta 2004, 7.1.4 Polyculture, p. 34.
  14. ↑ Halwart & Gupta 2004, 8.3.1 Management of insect pests, p. 42.
  15. ↑ Halwart & Gupta 2004, 8.3.2 Management of snails, pp=44–45.
  16. ↑ Ning, Kang; Ji, Lei; Zhang, Lu; Zhu, Xue; Wei, Huimin; Han, Maozhen; Wang, Zhi (2022). "Is rice-crayfish co-culture a better aquaculture model: From the perspective of antibiotic resistome profiles". Environmental Pollution. 292: 118450. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118450.
  17. ↑ Halwart & Gupta 2004, 8.1 Managing Pests with Fish Present, pp. 40–41.
  18. 1 2 Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (1 April 2020). "The Fishy Fix to a Methane-Spewing Crop". Wired . Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  19. ↑ Zhang, Kai; Peng, Hui-Hui; Xia, Yun; Gong, Wang-Bao; Li, Zhi-Fei; Yu, Er-Meng; Tian, Jing-Jing; Wang, Guang-Jun; Xie, Jun (2022). "Evaluating ecological mechanisms and optimization strategy of rice–fish co–culture system by ecosystem approach". Aquaculture (560): 738561.
  20. ↑ Lu, Mei (18 April 2024), Impact of climate change on rice and adaptation strategies: A review, doi:10.50908/arr.4.2_252
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  22. ↑ Goswami, Suraj; Reddy, B. Venkateshwar; Yadav, Simran; Adhruj, Avantika; Dash, Umakanta; Rathore, Arvind (2024). "Rice–Fish-Based Agroforestry System: A Climate Smart Way to Reconcile Sustainable Livelihood Options". Agroforestry to Combat Global Challenges. Vol. 36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 551–568. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7282-1_26. ISBN   978-981-99-7281-4.

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