Rock parrot

Last updated

Rock parrot
Rock Parrot.jpg
At William Bay, Western Australia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Genus: Neophema
Species:
N. petrophila
Binomial name
Neophema petrophila
(Gould, 1841)
Neophemapetrophilarge.png
Rock parrot range
Synonyms

Euphema petrophila, Gould, 1841

The rock parrot (Neophema petrophila) is a species of grass parrot native to Australia. Described by John Gould in 1841, it is a small parrot 22–24 cm (8+3⁄4–9+1⁄2 in) long and weighing 50–60 g (1+3⁄4–2 oz) with predominantly olive-brown upperparts and more yellowish underparts. Its head is olive with light blue forecheeks and lores, and a dark blue frontal band line across the crown with lighter blue above and below. The sexes are similar in appearance, although the female tends to have a duller frontal band and less blue on the face. The female's call also tends to be far louder and more shrill than the male's. Two subspecies are currently recognised.

Contents

Rocky islands and coastal dune areas are the preferred habitats for this species, which is found from Lake Alexandrina in southeastern South Australia westwards across coastal South and Western Australia to Shark Bay. Unlike other grass parrots, it nests in burrows or rocky crevices mostly on offshore islands such as Rottnest Island. Seeds of grasses and succulent plants form the bulk of its diet. The species has suffered in the face of feral mammals; although its population is declining, it is considered to be a least-concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Taxonomy

The rock parrot was described by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1841 as Euphema petrophila, [2] its specific name petrophila derived from the Ancient Greek πετρος (petros) 'rock' and φιλος (philos) 'loving'. [3] The author's specimen was one of fifty new bird species presented before the Zoological Society of London. [2] The rock parrot was included in Gould's fifth volume of Birds of Australia , using specimens obtained at Port Lincoln in South Australia and from collector John Gilbert in Western Australia. Gilbert stated that at the time of English colonisation the species was common on cliff faces on offshore islands, including Rottnest, near the western port of Fremantle, the nests in almost inaccessible locations. [4]

The Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori defined the new genus Neophema in 1891, placing the rock parrot within it and giving it its current scientific name Neophema petrophila. [5] Within the grass parrot genus Neophema, it is one of four species classified in the subgenus Neonanodes. [6] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA published in 2021 indicated the rock parrot is most closely related to the blue-winged parrot, their mutual ancestors most likely diverging between 0.7 and 3.3 million years ago. [7]

A burrow-nester, the rock parrot has evolved from a lineage of tree-nesting ancestors. The biologist Donald Brightsmith has proposed that several lineages of parrots and trogons switched to nesting in burrows to avoid tree-living mammalian predators that evolved and proliferated in the late Oligocene to early Miocene (30–20 million years ago). [8]

Two subspecies are recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union: subspecies petrophila from Western Australia and subspecies zietzi from South Australia, [9] the latter described by Gregory Mathews in 1912 from the Sir Joseph Banks Group in Spencer Gulf, [10] after the Assistant Director of the South Australian Museum Amandus Heinrich Christian Zietz. [11] The authors of the online edition of the Handbook of the Birds of the World do not regard this as distinct. [12]

"Rock parrot" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC). [9] Gilbert reported the Swan River colonists called it the rock parrakeet, and he labelled it the rock grass-parrakeet. [4] It is also known as rock elegant parrot. [13]

Description

Juvenile rock parrot facing camera feeding on grass Rockparrotsrotto.jpg
Juvenile rock parrot facing camera feeding on grass

Ranging from 22 to 24 cm (8+3⁄4 to 9+1⁄2 in) long with a 33–34 cm (13–13+1⁄2 in) wingspan, the rock parrot is a small and slightly built parrot weighing around 50–60 g (1+3⁄4–2 oz). The sexes are similar in appearance, with predominantly olive-brown upperparts including the head and neck, and more yellowish underparts. A dark blue band runs across the upper forehead between the eyes, bordered above by a thin light blue line that extends behind the eyes and below by a thicker light blue band across the lower forehead. The forecheeks and lores are light blue. In the adult female, the dark blue band is slightly duller and there is less blue on the face. The wings are predominantly olive, and display a two-toned blue leading edge when folded. The primary flight feathers are black with dark blue edges, while the inner wing feathers are olive. The tail is turquoise edged with yellow on its upper surface. The breast, flanks and abdomen are more olive-yellow, becoming more yellow towards the vent. [14] The bases of the feathers on the head and body are grey, apart from those on the nape, which are white. These are not normally visible. [15] The bill is black with pale highlights on both mandibles, the cere is black. The orbital eye-ring is grey and the iris is dark brown. The legs and feet are dark grey, with a pink tinge on the soles and rear of the tarsi. [14] Subspecies zietzi has paler and more yellowish plumage overall, though is of a similar size. Its plumage darkens with wear, and may be indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies when old. [16]

Juveniles are a duller, darker olive all over and either lack or have indistinct blue frontal bands. Their primary flight feathers have yellow fringes. [17] They have a yellowish or orange bill initially, which turns brown by ten weeks of age. [14] Juvenile females have pale oval spots on their fourth to eighth primary flight feathers. [17] They moult from juvenile to immature plumage when a few months old. [15] Immature males and females closely resemble adults, though have worn-looking flight feathers. [17] They then moult into adult plumage when they are twelve months old. [15]

The rock parrot can be confused with the elegant parrot in Western Australia, or blue-winged parrot in South Australia, both of which have similar (though brighter) olive plumage. These two species also have yellow lores and the latter has much bluer wings. The orange-bellied parrot has brighter green plumage and green-yellow lores. [14]

Distribution and habitat

Subspecies zietzi, Port Lincoln Rock ParrotSA.jpg
Subspecies zietzi, Port Lincoln

The rock parrot occurs along the coastline of southern Australia in two disjunct populations. In South Australia, it is found as far east as Lake Alexandrina and Goolwa, though is rare in the Fleurieu Peninsula. It was reported further east at Baudin Rocks near Robe, South Australia, in the 1930s, though not since. It is more common along the coastline of the northeastern Gulf St Vincent between Lefevre Peninsula and Port Wakefield, and Yorke Peninsula across Investigator Strait to Kangaroo Island, the Gambier Islands, and the Eyre Peninsula from Arno Bay to Ceduna and nearby Nuyts Archipelago. In Western Australia it is found from the Eyre Bird Observatory in the east, along the southern and western coastline to Jurien Bay Marine Park, becoming less common further north to Kalbarri and Shark Bay. Historically, it has been reported from Houtman Abrolhos. [18] The rock parrot is generally sedentary, though birds may disperse over 160 km (100 mi) after breeding. Some do remain on the offshore islands where they breed year-round. [19]

The rock parrot is almost always encountered within a few hundred metres of the coast down to the high-water mark, though may occasionally follow estuaries a few kilometres inland. The preferred habitat is bare rocky ground or low coastal shrubland composed of plants such as pigface ( Disphyma crassifolium clavellatum ), saltbush ( Atriplex ) or nitre bush ( Nitraria billardierei ). The species has also been found in sand dunes and saltmarsh, and under sprinklers on the golf course on Rottnest Island. They tend to avoid farmland. [18]

Behaviour

Rock parrots are encountered in pairs or small groups, although they may congregate into larger flocks of up to 100 birds. They can form mixed flocks with elegant or blue-winged parrots. Mostly terrestrial, rock parrots at times perch on rocks or shrubs, and can take cover among large rocks. Generally quiet and unobtrusive, they make a two-syllabled zitting contact call in flight or when feeding. The alarm call is similar but louder. [18]

Breeding

Pair of rock parrots at Cape Leeuwin on the grounds of Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse, Western Australia. Rock Parrots Eating Grass Seed, Neophema petrophila, Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, 2017.png
Pair of rock parrots at Cape Leeuwin on the grounds of Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse, Western Australia.

The breeding habits of the rock parrot are not well-known. [20] It mostly breeds on offshore islands, including the Sir Joseph Banks Group and Nuyts Archipelago in South Australia, and Recherche Archipelago, Eclipse Island, Rottnest Island and islands in Jurien Bay. On the mainland, nesting has been reported at Point Malcolm near Israelite Bay and Margaret River in Western Australia. [18]

Rock parrots are monogamous, the breeding pairs maintaining fidelity throughout their lives, although an individual may seek a new mate if the previous one dies. [21] Breeding takes place from August to December. At the beginning of the breeding season, rock parrots become more active, the males calling more often. The male courts the female by moving towards her in an upright posture, bobbing his head and calling. The female responds by performing a begging call for him to feed her, which he does with some regurgitated food. This has been observed to continue through the incubation period in captivity. [21]

The nesting site is under rocks or in crevices or burrows, which may be covered by plants such as pigface, [18] or heart-shaped noon flower ( Aptenia cordifolia ). They may re-use burrows of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna pacifica) or white-faced storm petrels (Pelagodroma marina). Regardless of location, nests are well-hidden and hard to access; the depth of the nest has been measured as 10–91 cm (4–36 in) in crevices, approximately 15 cm (6 in) under ledges, and 91–122 cm (36–48 in) for reused seabird burrows. [20] Rock parrots can nest in considerable numbers at some locations, with nests metres apart. [21] The clutch consists of three to six round or oval dull to glossy white eggs, each of which is generally 24 to 25 mm (1.0 in) long by 19 to 20 mm (0.8 in) wide. [22] Gilbert's local indigenous guides reported that nests were found to contain seven to eight white eggs. [4] Eggs are laid at an interval of two to four days, and a second brood may take place in favourable years. The female alone incubates the clutch, over a period of 18 to 21 days, and is fed by the male during this time. [15]

The chicks are born helpless and blind, [15] their salmon-pink skin covered in pale grey down. [17] By day eight they open their eyes, and are well-covered in grey down with pin feathers emerging from their wings on day nine and their down is dark grey. They have well-developed wing and tail feathers by day 21 and are almost fully covered in feathers by day 28. They fledge (leave the nest) at around 30 days of age in the wild and up to 39 days of age in captivity. Breeding success rates in the wild are unknown. [15]

Feeding

Eating a succulent Neophema petrophila -Greens Pool, Western Australia, Australia-8.jpg
Eating a succulent

Foraging takes place in the early morning and late afternoon, with a rest during the heat of the day. Birds forage in pairs or small groups, though up to 200 individuals may gather at an abundant food or water source. [21] They generally forage on the ground, and can be approached easily while feeding, moving a short distance behind a tussock or rock if observers come too close. [18]

Rock parrots eat seeds of several species of grass (Poaceae), including common wild oat ( Avena fatua ), wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), hare's tail ( Lagurus ovatus ), and Australian brome ( Bromus arenarius ), and rush (Cyperaceae), as well as shrubs and particularly succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, such as pigface, and Carpobrotus rossii , and the introduced species Carpobrotus aequilaterus and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum . Daisy species' seed consumed include coastal daisybush ( Olearia axillaris ), variable groundsel ( Senecio pinnatifolius ), and the introduced capeweed ( Arctotheca calendula ), South African beach daisy ( Arctotheca populifolia ) and prickly sow-thistle ( Sonchus asper ). Brassicaceae include the native leafy peppercress ( Lepidium foliosum ) and introduced European searocket ( Cakile maritima ). Chenopod species include Atriplex, shrubby glasswort ( Tecticornia arbuscula ), ruby saltbush ( Enchylaena tomentosa ), berry saltbush ( Chenopodium baccatum ), and other species such as pink purslane ( Calandrinia calyptrata ), species of Acacia , Acaena and Myoporum , the coastal beard-heath ( Leucopogon parviflorus ), common sea heath ( Frankenia pauciflora ), and coastal jugflower ( Adenanthos cuneatus ). [21]

Conservation status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the rock parrot as a species of least concern, though the overall population is decreasing. It is threatened by feral animals (mainly cats and foxes) and climate change. [1] Feral cats were cited after the species vanished from the vicinity of Albany, Western Australia, in 1905, but the species was found again in 1939. [19]

On Rottnest Island, the species was common up to at least 1929. On a survey of the island in 1965, Western Australian biologist Glen Storr found it to have become rare and concluded this was due to young birds being taken for the pet trade. [23] This occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s before being closed down in the 1970s. [19] The population did not recover, [23] and by 2012 had dropped to seven birds. The use of artificial nesting sites and a breeding program has seen some success and a rise in numbers. [24] Birds on the island are being banded and the public urged to get involved. [25]

Like most species of parrot, the rock parrot is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal. [26]

Aviculture

The species is infrequently kept in captivity and there are few records of successful breeding. The plumage of this Neophema species is duller than others and they have a reputation as passive and uninteresting caged specimens. Differentiating the sexes presents difficulties to parrot enthusiasts, with no reliable way to easily sex the species. The rock parrot, also known as the rock grass-parakeet in the bird trade, may be a more desirable specimen when kept as part of a colony, provided with logs simulating tree hollows and fed on Mesembryanthemum and Carpobrotus species. [27]

The parrot may become obese, unwell or infertile by overindulgence in sunflower seed, and aviculturists recommend reducing the availability of these in the aviary. [27]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian raven</span> Passerine bird native to Australia

The Australian raven is a passerine bird in the genus Corvus native to much of southern and northeastern Australia. Measuring 46–53 centimetres (18–21 in) in length, it has all-black plumage, beak and mouth, as well as strong grey-black legs and feet. The upperparts are glossy, with a purple, blue, or green sheen, and its black feathers have grey bases. The Australian raven is distinguished from the Australian crow species by its throat hackles, which are prominent in adult birds. Older adult individuals have white irises, younger adults have white irises with an inner blue rim, while younger birds have dark brown irises until fifteen months of age, and hazel irises with an inner blue rim around each pupil until age two years and ten months. Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield described the Australian raven in 1827, its species name (coronoides) highlighting its similarity with the carrion crow. Two subspecies are recognized, which differ slightly in calls and are quite divergent genetically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey currawong</span> Large passerine bird native to southern Australia and Tasmania

The grey currawong is a large passerine bird native to southern Australia, including Tasmania. One of three currawong species in the genus Strepera, it is closely related to the butcherbirds and Australian magpie of the family Artamidae. It is a large crow-like bird, around 48 cm (19 in) long on average; with yellow irises, a heavy bill, dark plumage with white undertail and wing patches. The male and female are similar in appearance. Six subspecies are recognised and are distinguished by overall plumage colour, which ranges from slate-grey for the nominate from New South Wales and eastern Victoria and subspecies plumbea from Western Australia, to sooty black for the clinking currawong of Tasmania and subspecies halmaturina from Kangaroo Island. All grey currawongs have a loud distinctive ringing or clinking call.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimson rosella</span> Species of bird

The crimson rosella is a parrot native to eastern and south eastern Australia which has been introduced to New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It is commonly found in, but not restricted to, mountain forests and gardens. The species as it now stands has subsumed two former separate species, the yellow rosella and the Adelaide rosella. Molecular studies show one of the three red-coloured races, P. e. nigrescens, is genetically more distinct.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-bellied parrot</span> Species of bird

The orange-bellied parrot is a small parrot endemic to southern Australia, and one of only three species of parrot that migrate. It was described by John Latham in 1790. A small parrot around 20 cm (8 in) long, it exhibits sexual dimorphism. The adult male is distinguished by its bright grass-green upper parts, yellow underparts and orange belly patch. The adult female and juvenile are duller green in colour. All birds have a prominent two-toned blue frontal band and blue outer wing feathers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moluccan eclectus</span> Species of bird

The Moluccan eclectus is a parrot native to the Maluku Islands (Moluccas). It is unusual in the parrot family for its extreme sexual dimorphism of the colours of the plumage; the male having a mostly bright emerald green plumage and the female a mostly bright red and purple/blue plumage. Joseph Forshaw, in his book Parrots of the World, noted that the first European ornithologists to see eclectus parrots thought they were of two distinct species. Large populations of this parrot remain, and they are sometimes considered pests for eating fruit off trees. Some populations restricted to relatively small islands are comparably rare. Their bright feathers are also used by native tribespeople in New Guinea as decorations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern bluebonnet</span> Species of bird

The eastern bluebonnet, also known as the greater bluebonnet, is an Australian parrot, one of two species in the genus Northiella. It was originally included in the genus Psephotus but due to distinctive physical and behavioural differences was reclassified into its own genus in 1994 by ornithologists and taxonomists Christidis and Boles. The bluebonnet is a medium-sized inland parrot commonly found in the interior of southeastern and central-southern Australia. It is adapted to life in semi-arid regions but can also flourish in regions of medium rainfall towards the eastern and southern extremities of its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked booby</span> Species of bird

The masked booby, also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby, is a large seabird of the booby and gannet family, Sulidae. First described by the French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus Sula. It has a typical sulid body shape, with a long pointed yellowish bill, long neck, aerodynamic body, long slender wings and pointed tail. The adult is bright white with black wings, a black tail and a dark face mask; at 75–85 cm (30–33 in) long, it is the largest species of booby. The sexes have similar plumage. This species ranges across tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific. In the latter, it is replaced by the Nazca booby, which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-capped parrot</span> Species of bird endemic to Western Australia

The red-capped parrot is a species of broad-tailed parrot native to southwestern Australia. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, with no subspecies recognised. It has long been classified in its own genus owing to its distinctive elongated beak, though genetic analysis shows that it lies within the lineage of the Psephotellus parrots and that its closest relative is the mulga parrot. Not easily confused with other parrot species, it has a bright crimson crown, green-yellow cheeks, and a distinctive long bill. The wings, back, and long tail are dark green, and the underparts are purple-blue. The adult female is very similar though sometimes slightly duller than the male; her key distinguishing feature is a white stripe on the wing under-surface. Juveniles are predominantly green.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarlet-chested parrot</span> Species of bird

The scarlet-chested parrot, known alternately as scarlet-breasted parrot, orange-throated parrot or splendid parrot, is a parrot endemic to central South Australia and inland southern Western Australia. The species is sexually dimorphic; the male has a bright blue face and scarlet chest and yellow underparts, amid overall green plumage, while the female is similar but lacks the red chest. These nomadic parakeets move readily from the Great Victoria Desert region into neighbouring areas. These interruptions are triggered by a search for more favourable conditions. They can survive quite well without access to drinking water, however, as succulent plants help meet much of their fluid requirement. They feed mainly on grass seeds and are most commonly sighted in spinifex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulga parrot</span> Species of bird

The mulga parrot is endemic to arid scrublands and lightly timbered grasslands in the interior of southern Australia. The male mulga parrot is multicolored, from which the older common name of many-coloured parrot is derived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ground parrot</span> Species of bird

The ground parrot is a parrot endemic to Australia. It is one of only four ground-dwelling parrots in the world, the others being the closely related night parrot, the Antipodes parakeet, and the flightless kākāpō from New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turquoise parrot</span> Species of bird

The turquoise parrot is a species of parrot in the genus Neophema native to Eastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland, through New South Wales and into North-Eastern Victoria. It was described by George Shaw in 1792. A small lightly built parrot at around 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 40 g in weight, it exhibits sexual dimorphism. The male is predominantly green with more yellowish underparts and a bright turquoise blue face. Its wings are predominantly blue with red shoulders. The female is generally duller and paler, with a pale green breast and yellow belly, and lacks the red wing patch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green rosella</span> Species of parrot native to Tasmania and the Bass Strait Islands

The green rosella or Tasmanian rosella is a species of parrot native to Tasmania and Bass Strait islands. It was described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788, and named on the mistaken assumption it came from New Caledonia. At 14.5 in (37 cm) long it is the largest species of the rosella genus, Platycercus. Two subspecies are recognised. The green rosella's underparts, neck and head are yellow, with a red band above the beak and violet-blue cheeks. The back is mostly black and green, and its long tail blue and green. The sexes have similar plumage, except the female has duller yellow plumage and more prominent red markings, as well as a smaller beak. Juvenile and immature birds have predominantly green plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern rosella</span> Parrot native to northern Australia

The northern rosella, formerly known as Brown's rosella or the smutty rosella, is a species of parrot native to northern Australia, ranging from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arnhem Land to the Kimberley. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, and two subspecies are recognised. The species is unusually coloured for a rosella, with a dark head and neck with pale cheeks—predominantly white in the subspecies from the Northern Territory and blue in the Western Australian subspecies hillii. The northern rosella's mantle and scapulars are black with fine yellow scallops, while its back, rump and underparts are pale yellow with fine black scallops. The long tail is blue-green, and the wings are black and blue-violet. The sexes have similar plumage, while females and younger birds are generally duller with occasional spots of red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-winged parrot</span> Species of bird

The blue-winged parrot, also known as the blue-banded parakeet or blue-banded grass-parakeet, is a small parrot found in Tasmania and southeast mainland Australia. It is partly migratory, with populations of blue-winged parrots travelling to Tasmania for the summer. The parrot is sexually dimorphic – the males have more blue on the wings and a two-toned blue frontal band on the head, while females are duller and have more green on the wings and a wingbar. Both sexes have predominantly olive-green plumage. Predominantly a feeder on the ground, the blue-winged parrot mainly eats seeds of grasses. It adapts readily to captivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elegant parrot</span> Species of bird

The elegant parrot is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous fieldwren</span> Species of bird

The rufous fieldwren also known as the desert wren or sandplain wren is a species of insectivorous bird in the family Acanthizidae, endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire-capped tit</span> Species of bird

The fire-capped tit is a small, 10 cm (3.9 in) long, weighing about 7 g (0.25 oz) bird species assigned to the family Paridae, that breeds in the temperate forest bordering the Himalayas to the south, in the Hengduan Shan and Nujiang Shan on the Myanmar-China border, the Micah Shan and Daba Shan on the Northern Sichuan border. It winters down hill and further south. Further to the east, birds tend to be smaller and the plumage becomes gradually darker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-winged fairywren</span> Australian species of bird

The white-winged fairywren is a species of passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It lives in the drier parts of Central Australia; from central Queensland and South Australia across to Western Australia. Like other fairywrens, this species displays marked sexual dimorphism and one or more males of a social group grow brightly coloured plumage during the breeding season. The female is sandy-brown with light-blue tail feathers; it is smaller than the male, which, in breeding plumage, has a bright-blue body, black bill, and white wings. Younger sexually mature males are almost indistinguishable from females and are often the breeding males. In spring and summer, a troop of white-winged fairywrens has a brightly coloured older male accompanied by small, inconspicuous brown birds, many of which are also male. Three subspecies are recognised. Apart from the mainland subspecies, one is found on Dirk Hartog Island, and another on Barrow Island off the coast of Western Australia. Males from these islands have black rather than blue breeding plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naretha bluebonnet</span> Australian species of parrot

The Naretha bluebonnet or Naretha parrot is a bird found in a remote and arid region of Australia. It is one of two species in the genus Northiella, and was first recorded in 1921 in Central Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Neophema petrophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22685200A93063016. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685200A93063016.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Gould, John (1841). "Proceedings of meeting of Zoological Society of London, Nov. 10, 1840". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1840: 147–151 [148].
  3. ↑ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980) [1891]. A Greek–English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-910207-5.
  4. 1 2 3 Gould, John (1848). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 5. London: Printed by R. and J. E. Taylor; pub. by the author.
  5. ↑ Salvadori, Tommaso (1891). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 20: Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots. London, United Kingdom: British Museum. pp. 574–575.
  6. ↑ Lendon 1973, p. 253.
  7. ↑ Hogg, Carolyn J.; Morrison, Caitlin; Dudley, Jessica S.; Alquezar-Planas, David E.; Beasley-Hall, Perry G.; Magrath, Michael J. L.; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Lo, Nathan; Johnson, Rebecca N.; Grueber, Catherine E. (2021-06-26). "Using phylogenetics to explore interspecies genetic rescue options for a critically endangered parrot". Conservation Science and Practice. Wiley. 3 (9). Bibcode:2021ConSP...3E.483H. doi: 10.1111/csp2.483 . ISSN   2578-4854. S2CID   237886232.
  8. ↑ Brightsmith, Donald J. (2005). "Competition, predation and nest niche shifts among tropical cavity nesters: phylogeny and natural history evolution of parrots (Psittaciformes) and trogons (Trogoniformes)". Journal of Avian Biology. 36 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03310.x. JSTOR   3677542.
  9. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  10. ↑ Mathews, Gregory (1912). "A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia". Novitates Zoologicae. 18: 171–455 [278]. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.1694 .
  11. ↑ Jobling, J. A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology" . Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  12. ↑ Collar, N.; Boesman, P. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Rock Parrot (Neophema petrophila)" . Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  13. ↑ Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013). Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-643-10471-6.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Higgins 1999, p. 549.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Higgins 1999, p. 554.
  16. ↑ Higgins 1999, p. 556.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Higgins 1999, p. 555.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Higgins 1999, p. 550.
  19. 1 2 3 Higgins 1999, p. 551.
  20. 1 2 Higgins 1999, p. 553.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Higgins 1999, p. 552.
  22. ↑ Higgins 1999, pp. 553–554.
  23. 1 2 Saunders, Denis A.; de Rebeira, C. P. (2009). "A case study of the conservation value of a small tourist resort island: Birds of Rottnest Island, Western Australia 1905–2007". Pacific Conservation Biology. 15: 11–31. doi:10.1071/PC090011.
  24. ↑ Sansom, James; Blythman, Mark; Dadour, Lucy; Rayner, Kelly (2019). "Deployment of novel nest-shelters to increase nesting attempts in a small population of Rock Parrots Neophema petrophila". Australian Field Ornithology. 36: 74–78. doi:10.20938/afo36074078. S2CID   196678923.
  25. ↑ Acott, Kent (27 December 2017). "Rottnest Island's native rock parrot saved from brink of extinction". The West Australian. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  27. 1 2 Shephard, Mark (1989). Aviculture in Australia: Keeping and Breeding Aviary Birds. Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN   978-0-9588106-0-9.

Cited texts

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.