Rozella

Last updated

Rozella
Rozella allomycis2.jpg
Rozella allomycis parasitizing Allomyces
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Rozellomycota
James & Berbee 2011 ex Doweld 2013
Class: Rozellomycetes
Tedersoo 2017
Order: Rozellales
Corsaro 2022
Family: Rozellaceae
Doweld 2013
Genus: Rozella
Cornu 1872
Type species
Rozella septigena
Cornu 1872
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • RoziaCornu 1872
  • Pleolpidium Fischer 1892
  • Skirgiellia Batko 1978

Rozella is a fungal genus of obligate endoparasites of a variety of hosts, including Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. [2] [3] [4] Rozella was circumscribed by French mycologist Marie Maxime Cornu in 1872. [5] Considered one of the earliest diverging lineages of fungi, the widespread genus contains 27 species, with the most well studied being Rozella allomycis. [6] [7] Rozella is a member of a large clade of fungi referred to as the Cryptomycota/Rozellomycota. While some can be maintained in dual culture with the host, most have not been cultured, but they have been detected, using molecular techniques, in soil samples, and in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Zoospores have been observed, along with cysts, and the cells of some species are attached to diatoms. [8]

Contents

Morphology

Rozella species grow inside their hosts. At first, the thallus is unwalled and indistinguishable from the host. As growth continues, the thallus will either form a zoosporangium using the wall of the host or a thick-walled resting spore that can be smooth or spiny. [9] From its conception, there have been two divergent morphologies within the genus. Monosporangiate species form a single zoosporangium within the host. Polysporangiate species form multiple zoosporangia that are separated with septa. [7]

Ecology

Most described species are parasites of Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota. Rozella itersoniliae is a parasite of the basidiomycete Itersonilia perplexans, [7] though some authors doubt its placement in the genus. [4] Rozella coleochatis parasitizes a species of the green alga Coleochaete . [7]

Taxonomy

The genus name of Rozella is in honour of Ernest Roze  [ ro ] (1833–1900), who was a French Administrator and high official in the Ministry of Finance of France, botanist (Bryology, Mycology and Algology). [10]

French mycologist Marie Maxime Cornu in 1872 circumscribed the genus to accommodate four species: R. septigena, R. monoblepharidis-polymorphae, R. rhipidii-spinosi, and R. apodyae-brachynematis. Later authors shortened these to R. septigena, R. monoblepharidis, R. rhipidii, and R. apodyae. Based on the monosporangiate/polysporangiate differences in development and morphology, Fischer circumscribed Pleolpidium using R. monoblepharidis as the type and leaving R. septigena as the type species in Rozella. Clemonts and Shear also designated R. setigena as the type of Rozella in 1931. Later, R. allomycis and R. achlyae were described, and later authors treated Pleolpidium as a synonym of Rozella. Batko later circumscribed Skirgiella to accommodate the polysporangiate species and retained the monosporangiate species in Rozella. However, because this removed the type from the genus, it was nomenclaturally invalid. Additionally, molecular phylogenies consistently group monosporangiate and polysporangiate species together, thus validating the monophyly of the genus. [7]

Traditionally, Rozella has been classified as a member of Chytridiomycota, either as a member of Chytridiales [9] or Spizellomycetales. [4] However, molecular phylogenies place it well outside of Chytridiomycota with a plethora of environmental sequences. [11] [2] [12] [13] There is considerable debate over the name of this larger clade: Cryptomycota, Rozellida, Rozellamycota. [7] [14]

Notable species

Rozella allomycis

Rozella allomycis is one of the most extensively studied species; [4] it was first described by Foust in 1937. [9] Foust did not provide a Latin description, which invalidated the name; Doweld, in 2014, validated the name and corrected the specific epithet to allomycetis. [7]

Rozella allomycis can parasitize multiple Allomyces species, including A. macrogynus and A. arbuscula. For A. macrogynus, it is able to parasitize both the sporophyte and the gametophyte. R. allomycis zoospores are chemotaxically attached to Allomyces. Once in contact, the zoospore encysts and germinates. The host cell wall is penetrated with an infection tube, and the contents of the zoospore are injected into the host. [4] The infection tube causes an invagination of the host cell membrane, which then envelopes the R. allomycis protoplast. [15] Host mitochondria are recruited to the host-parasite interface. Sometimes, host mitochondria are found within the R. allomycis protoplast within three-membrane vacuoles, which is evidence the R. allomycis protoplast is phagocytizing the host cytoplasm as it grows. [16] As it grows, the R. allomycis protoplast completely fills a portion of the host, which is separated by a host septum. The protoplast develops into a zoosporangium and releases zoospores. As the infection progresses, R. allomycis protoplasts will instead form resting spores with thick, spiny walls. [4]

Rozella polyphagi

Rozella polyphagi was first described in 1938 by F. K. Sparrow as a parasite of Polyphagus laevis, though it also parasitizes Polyphagus euglenae. [9] Rozella polyphagi infects both the prosporangium and the sporangium of the host and exists as an unwalled protoplast within the host. Host mitochondria could be observed within R. polyphagi protoplast vacuoles; cytoplasmic extensions of R. polyphagi around host cytoplasm also occur. This suggests that Rozella polyphagi phagocytizes host cytoplasm. [17]

Rozella rhizoclosmatii

A species of Rozella on Rhizoclosmatium was first reported in a molecular phylogeny simply as Rozella ex Rhizoclosmatium [11] and was later named Rozella rhizoclosmatii. The species causes hypertrophy of infected Rhizoclosmatium and completely fills the host. In contrast to other Rozella species, infection does not take place when the host is growing. Rozella rhizoclosmatii zoospores are attracted to and infect the zoospores of Rhizoclosmatium. [18]

Species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chytridiomycota</span> Division of fungi

Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek χυτρίδιον (khutrídion), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoospores. Chytrids are one of the earliest diverging fungal lineages, and their membership in kingdom Fungi is demonstrated with chitin cell walls, a posterior whiplash flagellum, absorptive nutrition, use of glycogen as an energy storage compound, and synthesis of lysine by the α-amino adipic acid (AAA) pathway.

Hyphochytrids are eukaryotic organisms in the group of Stramenopiles (Heterokonta).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spitzenkörper</span> Organizing center for fungal hyphae

The Spitzenkörper is a structure found in fungal hyphae that is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis. It consists of many small vesicles and is present in growing hyphal tips, during spore germination, and where branch formation occurs. Its position in the hyphal tip correlates with the direction of hyphal growth. The Spitzenkörper is a part of the endomembrane system in fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chytridiales</span> Order of fungi

Fungi of the order Chytridiales, like other members of its division, may either have a monocentric thallus or a polycentric rhizomycelium. When the ribosomal genes of members classified in this order were first examined using molecular techniques, it was discovered that the order contained some species that were not related. With the culture and characterization of Chytridium olla, the type species of this order, the limits of the Chytridiales were established. The Chytridiales is now monophyletic and species such as Polychytrium aggregatum, Chytriomyces angularis and Cladochytrium replicatum have been transferred to other orders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizophydiales</span> Order of fungi

Rhizophydiales are an important group of chytrid fungi. They are found in soil as well as marine and fresh water habitats where they function as parasites and decomposers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spizellomycetales</span> Order of fungi

Spizellomycetales is an order of fungi in the Chytridiomycetes. Spizellomycetalean chytrids are essentially ubiquitous zoospore-producing fungi found in soils where they decompose pollen. Recently they have also been found in dung and harsh alpine environments, greatly expanding the range of habitats where one can expect to find these fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blastocladiomycota</span> Phylum of flagellated fungi

Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi. Blastocladiomycota was originally the order Blastocladiales within the phylum Chytridiomycota until molecular and zoospore ultrastructural characters were used to demonstrate it was not monophyletic with Chytridiomycota. The order was first erected by Petersen for a single genus, Blastocladia, which was originally considered a member of the oomycetes. Accordingly, members of Blastocladiomycota are often referred to colloquially as "chytrids." However, some feel "chytrid" should refer only to members of Chytridiomycota. Thus, members of Blastocladiomyota are commonly called "blastoclads" by mycologists. Alternatively, members of Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota lumped together as the zoosporic true fungi. Blastocladiomycota contains 5 families and approximately 12 genera. This early diverging branch of kingdom Fungi is the first to exhibit alternation of generations. As well, two (once) popular model organisms—Allomyces macrogynus and Blastocladiella emersonii—belong to this phylum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holomycota</span> Clade containing fungi and some protists

Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids, Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rozellida</span> Clade of microscopic fungi

Cryptomycota , Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi. They differ from classical fungi in that they lack chitinous cell walls at any trophic stage in their lifecycle, as reported by Jones and colleagues in 2011. Despite their unconventional feeding habits, chitin has been observed in the inner layer of resting spores, and in immature resting spores for some species of Rozella, as indicated with calcofluor-white stain as well as the presence of a fungal-specific chitin synthase gene.

<i>Synchytrium</i> Genus of fungi

Synchytrium is a large genus of plant pathogens within the phylum Chytridiomycota. Species are commonly known as false rust or wart disease. Approximately 200 species are described, and all are obligate parasites of angiosperms, ferns, or mosses. Early species were mistakenly classified among the higher fungi because of their superficial similarity to the rust fungi. Anton de Bary and Mikhail S. Woronin recognized the true nature of these fungi and established the genus to accommodate Synchytrium taraxaci, which grows on dandelions, and S. succisae, which grows on Succisa pratensis. Synchytrium taraxaci is the type of the genus. The genus has been divided into 6 subgenera based on differences in life cycles.

Olpidium is a fungal genus in the family Olpidiaceae. Members of Olpidium are zoosporic pathogens of plants, animals, fungi, and oomycetes.

Allomyces macrogynus is a species of fungus in the family Blastocladiaceae. It was first described by mycologist Ralph Emerson in 1941 as a variety of Allomyces javanicus, and later given distinct species status in 1954. Its genome has been sequenced by the Broad Institute.

<i>Allomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Allomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Blastocladiaceae. It was circumscribed by British mycologist Edwin John Butler in 1911. Species in the genus have a polycentric thallus and reproduce sexually or asexually by zoospores that have a whiplash-like flagella. They are mostly isolated from soils in tropical countries, commonly in ponds, rice fields, and slow-moving rivers.

<i>Physoderma</i> Genus of fungi

Physoderma is a genus of chytrid fungi. Described by German botanist Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1833, the genus contains some species that are parasitic on vascular plants, including P. alfalfae and P. maydis, causative agents of crown wart of alfalfa and brown spot of corn, respectively. Of the chytrid genera, Physoderma is the oldest. However, species were confused with the rust fungi, the genus Synchytrium, and the genus Protomyces of Ascomycota. Members of Physoderma are obligate parasites of pteridophytes and angiosperms. There are approximately 80 species within this genus.

<i>Chytriomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Chytriomyces is the type genus of fungi in the family Chytriomycetaceae. The genus was described by mycologist John Sidney Karling in 1945. The family, created by Peter Letcher in 2011, contains species with a Group I-type zoospore, distinguishing it from Chytridiaceae members, which have a Group II-type zoospore.

Allomyces anomalus is a species of fungus. A common water mold found throughout Asia and Africa, it is a host of the endoparasite Rozella allomycis.

Cladochytriales is an order of chytrid fungi. It is the only order in the monotypic class Cladochytriomycetes. The order was described in 2009 to accommodate a monophyletic clade containing many genera of chytrid fungi often observed growing over decaying plant tissue and other cellulosic substrates from aquatic habitats and humid soils.

Aphelidium species are endoparasites of freshwater green algae. Aphelidium belongs to the phylum Aphelida, and is part of the Opisthosporidia, a sister clade to Fungi. The cells of Aphelidium are much smaller than the cells of its green algae host, which is protected by a robust cell wall. Aphelidium have evolved a remarkable life cycle to defeat host's defenses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Physodermataceae</span> Family of fungi

Physodermatacae is a family of chytrid fungi in the order Physodermatales. Species in the family have a parasitic relationship with the host's physoderma. This family is distinctive in that it contains a thick wall around the sporangia to resist against unfavorable conditions. Sporangia releases from a host plant when rotting, dispersal is carried through the air. This family is not to be confused or related to basidiomycetes rusts and smut fungi. This parasite is distributed all across the world in aquatic, semi aquatic wetlands and in some ferns.

Marilyn Rose Noyes Mollicone was an American botanist advancing mycology in Maine and advocating for naturalist education.

References

  1. ↑ "Rozella Cornu 1872". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
  2. 1 2 Lara E, Moreira D, López-García P (2010). "The environmental clade LKM11 and Rozella form the deepest branching clade of fungi" (PDF). Protist. 161 (1): 116–21. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.06.005. PMID   19674933.
  3. ↑ Letcher, Peter M.; Longcore, Joyce E.; Quandt, C. Alisha; Leite, Domingos da Silva; James, Timothy Y.; Powell, Martha J. (2017). "Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii , a new species in Cryptomycota". Fungal Biology. 121 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008 . PMID   28007212.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexopoulos CJ.; Mims SW.; Blackwell M. (1996). Introductory Mycology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 97–98.
  5. ↑ Cornu M. (1872). "Monographie des Saprolegniées". Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique (in French). 15 (5): 1–198 (see p. 148).
  6. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 608. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Letcher, Peter M.; Powell, Martha J. (2018). "A taxonomic summary and revision of Rozella (Cryptomycota)". IMA Fungus. 9 (2): 383–399. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.09. PMC   6317583 . PMID   30622888.
  8. ↑ Money, Nicholas P. (2016). "Fungal Diversity". The Fungi. pp. 1–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00001-3. ISBN   9780123820341.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Sparrow F.K. (1960). Aquatic Phycomycetes (second ed.). The University of Michigan Press. pp. 165–181.
  10. ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN   978-3-946292-41-8 . Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  11. 1 2 James, T. Y.; Letcher, P. M.; Longcore, J. E.; Mozley-Standridge, S. E.; Porter, D.; Powell, M. J.; Griffith, G. W.; Vilgalys, R. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota)". Mycologia. 98 (6): 860–871. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860. PMID   17486963.
  12. ↑ Jones MD, Richards TA, Hawksworth DL, Bass D (2011). "Validation and justification of the phylum name Cryptomycota phyl. nov". IMA Fungus. 2 (2): 173–7. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.08. PMC   3359815 . PMID   22679602. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  13. ↑ Jones MD, Forn I, Gadelha C, Egan MJ, Bass D, Massana R, Richards TA (2011). "Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life". Nature. 474 (7350): 200–3. doi:10.1038/nature09984. PMID   21562490.
  14. ↑ Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy (2018). "High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses". Fungal Diversity. 90 (1): 135–159. doi: 10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 . ISSN   1560-2745.
  15. ↑ Powell, Martha J.; Letcher, Peter M. (2018). "Ultrastructure of early stages of Rozella allomycis (Cryptomycota) infection of its host Allomyces macrogynus (Blastocladiomycota)". Fungal Biology. 123 (2): 109–116. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.11.009. PMID   30709516.
  16. ↑ Powell, Martha J.; Letcher, Peter M.; James, Timothy Y. (2017). "Ultrastructural characterization of the host-parasite interface between Allomyces anomalus (Blastocladiomycota) and Rozella allomycis (Cryptomycota)". Fungal Biology. 121 (6–7): 561–572. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.03.002 . PMID   28606351.
  17. ↑ Powell, Martha J. (1984). "Fine structure of the unwalled thallus of Rozella polyphagi in its host Polyphagus euglenae". Mycologia. 76: 1039–1048. doi:10.1080/00275514.1984.12023948.
  18. ↑ Letcher, Peter M.; Longcore, Joyce E.; Quandt, C. Alisha; Leite, Domingos da Silva; James, Timothy Y.; Powell, Martha J. (2017). "Morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural characterization of Rozella rhizoclosmatii, a new species in Cryptomycota". Fungal Biology. 121 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.08.008 . PMID   28007212.
  19. ↑ Wool SH, Held AA (1976). "Polyphosphate granules in encysted zoospores of Rozella allomycis". Archives of Microbiology. 108 (2): 145–8. doi:10.1007/BF00428943. PMID   1275649.
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