SEAL Team Six

Last updated

Naval Special Warfare Development Group
Logo Naval Special Warfare Development Group.svg
ActiveNovember 1980 – present
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States of America
BranchFlag of the United States Navy (official).svg  United States Navy
Type Special Operations Forces
Special Mission Unit
RoleSpecial operations Counterterrorism
Size1,787 personnel authorized (2014): [1]
  • 1,342 military personnel
  • 445 civilian personnel
Part of Seal of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC).svg Joint Special Operations Command
US NSWC insignia.jpg United States Naval Special Warfare Command
HeadquartersDam Neck Annex
NAS Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.
Nickname(s)"SEAL Team Six", "DEVGRU", "Task Force Blue", "NSWDG"
Engagements
Unit awards Presidential Unit Citation [2]

The Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG), abbreviated as DEVGRU ("Development Group") [3] [note 1] and unofficially known as SEAL Team Six, [5] [6] is the United States Navy component of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). The unit is often referred to within JSOC as Task Force Blue. [6] DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command and operationally commanded by JSOC. Most information concerning DEVGRU is designated as classified, and details of its activities are not usually commented on by either the United States Department of Defense or the White House. [7] Despite the official name changes and increase in size, "SEAL Team Six" remains the unit's widely recognized moniker.

Contents

DEVGRU and its Army and Air Force counterparts, Delta Force, Intelligence Support Activity, the 75th Ranger Regiment's Regimental Reconnaissance Company and 24th Special Tactics Squadron, are the U.S. military's primary Tier 1 special mission units tasked with performing the most complex, classified, and dangerous missions directed by, until 2002, the National Command Authority, and since then, directly from the president or the secretary of defense. [8] [9] DEVGRU conducts various specialized missions such as counterterrorism, hostage rescue, special reconnaissance, and direct action (short-duration strikes or small-scale offensive actions), often against high-value targets. [10]

History

The origins of DEVGRU are in SEAL Team Six, a unit created in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw. [11] [12] [13] During the Iran hostage crisis in 1979, Richard Marcinko was one of two U.S. Navy representatives for a Joint Chiefs of Staff task force known as the TAT (Terrorist Action Team). The purpose of the TAT was to develop a plan to free the American hostages held in Iran. In the wake of the disaster at the Desert One base in Iran, the Navy saw the need for a full-time counter-terrorist unit and tasked Marcinko with its design and development.

Navy Unit Commendation awarded to SEAL TEAM SIX for exceptionally meritorious service from November 1980 to October 1982 Navy Unit Commendation SEAL TEAM SIX 1982.jpg
Navy Unit Commendation awarded to SEAL TEAM SIX for exceptionally meritorious service from November 1980 to October 1982
SEAL Team Six Patch Seal Team Six old insignia.jpg
SEAL Team Six Patch

Marcinko was the first commanding officer of this new unit. At the time, there were two SEAL Teams, SEAL Team ONE and SEAL Team TWO. Marcinko named the unit SEAL Team Six in order to confuse Soviet intelligence as to the number of actual SEAL teams in existence. [13] [14] [15] The unit's plankowners (founding members) were interviewed and hand-picked by Marcinko from throughout the UDT/SEAL community. SEAL Team Six was formally commissioned in November 1980, and an intense, progressive work-up training program made the unit mission-ready six months later. [15] SEAL Team Six became the U.S. Navy's premier hostage rescue and counter-terrorism unit. It has been compared to the U.S. Army's elite Delta Force. [7] [12] Marcinko held the command of SEAL Team Six for three years, from 1980 to July 1983, instead of the typical two-year command in the Navy at the time. [13] SEAL Team Six started with 75 shooters. The unit has virtually unlimited resources at its disposal. [16] In 1984, Marcinko and a dozen members of SEAL Team Six would go on to form "Red Cell" (also known as OP-06D), a special unit designed to test the security of American military installations.

In 1987, SEAL Team Six was dissolved. A new unit named the "Naval Special Warfare Development Group" was formed, essentially as SEAL Team Six's successor. [5] [17] Reasons for the disbanding are varied, [13] but the name SEAL Team Six is often used in reference to DEVGRU.

Controversies

In 2010, during the attempted rescue of British aid worker Linda Norgrove from Taliban kidnappers in Afghanistan, she died as a result of injuries sustained from a SEAL's errant hand grenade. In 2017, Army Special Forces Staff Sergeant Logan Melgar died from trauma received during an apparent on-base hazing incident in Mali that resulted in the criminal prosecutions of two DEVGRU members and two Marine Raiders.

Following a two-year investigation by The Intercept , a report was released in 2017, accusing SEAL Team Six and its commanding officers of abuses, crimes and coverups. The investigation included interviews with numerous members and officers of the unit, who recounted the group's involvement in abuses, including what some members described as war crimes. Former unit members and officers said that commanding officers tolerated and covered up abuses. [18] [19]

Recruitment, selection and training

NSWDG recruiting support personnel, 2007 US Navy 070327-N-1810F-012 Chief Yeoman Toby Messenger, special program recruiter for Naval Special Warfare Development Group, speaks to Sailors during the Career Management Symposium at Naval Station Mayport.jpg
NSWDG recruiting support personnel, 2007

In the early stages of creating SEAL Team Six, Marcinko was given a six-month window to produce the team. Had he failed to do so, the project would have been canceled. Consequentially, Marcinko had little time to create a proper selection course on par with Delta Force's process. To get around this, recruits were selected after assessing their Navy records, followed by individual interviews. According to Marcinko's book Rogue Warrior, SEAL Team Six members were chosen if they had initial struggles qualifying in aspects of training, but subsequently qualified, as the determination of these candidates was seen as more valuable than a candidate that breezed through his training. Applicants came from the east coast and west coast SEAL teams and the Underwater Demolition Teams.

Although much of the training and recruitment is classified, there are some requirements and training exercises that are now public knowledge. The requirements to apply for DEVGRU states that applicants must be male, be 21 years old or older, have served at least 2 deployments on their previous assignments, and be eligible for Secret clearance. Candidates come from the East/West Coast SEAL teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) teams, the Special Boat teams (for Gray Squadron), the Navy explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams, and Navy SARCs. Enlisted candidates must be in the pay grades of E-4 through E-8 and Officer candidates need to be O-3 through O-4 to apply. Candidates must undergo physical screening, psychological testing and are then interviewed to deem whether they are suitable for assignment to NSWDG. [21] Those who pass the stringent recruitment process will attend an eight-month selection and training course with the unit's training department known as "Green Team". The training course attrition rate is high, usually around 50%; during one selection course, out of the original 20 candidates, 12 completed the course. [22] All candidates are watched closely by DEVGRU instructors and evaluated on whether they are suitable to join the individual squadrons. Howard E. Wasdin, a former member of SEAL Team Six said in a 2011 interview that 16 applied for SEAL Team Six selection course and two were accepted. [23] Those who do not pass the selection phase are returned to their previous assignments and are able to try again in the future. [24]

Like all special operations forces units that have an extremely intensive and high-risk training schedule, there can be serious injuries and deaths. SEAL Team Six/DEVGRU has lost several operators during training, including parachute accidents and close-quarters battle training accidents. It is presumed that the unit's assessment process for potential new recruits is different from what a SEAL operator experienced in his previous career, and much of the training tests the candidate's mental capacity rather than his physical condition. Every candidate chosen will have already completed their respective advanced training pipelines; Basic Underwater Demolitions/SEAL training, the Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewman training, Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman training, the Navy EOD training or Navy Dive School.

Candidates are put through a variety of advanced training courses led by civilian or military instructors. These can include free climbing, land warfare, advanced unarmed combat techniques, defensive and offensive advanced driving, advanced diving, communications and Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape training. Candidates are also taught how to pick locks on cars, doors, and safes. All candidates must perform at the top level during selection, and the unit instructors evaluate the candidate during the training process. Selected candidates are assigned to one of the Tactical Development and Evaluation Squadrons. Unlike regular SEAL Teams, SEAL Team Six operators can attend almost any other military course to receive further training depending on the unit's requirements.

Like Delta Force, live-fire marksmanship drills in both long-range and close-quarter battle drills are done with hostage roles being played by other students to help build the candidates' trust between each other.

DEVGRU regularly trains and operates with special forces units from other countries including the Australian 2nd Commando Regiment, the British Special Boat Service and Canada's Joint Task Force 2. [25] [26] [27]

Structure

DEVGRU is divided into color-coded line squadrons: [28]

Each assault squadron, usually led by a commander (O-5), is divided into three troops. Each of these troops is commanded by a senior commissioned officer, which is usually a lieutenant commander (O-4). A troop chief also serves as an adviser to the troop commander and is the highest enlisted SEAL in the troop, usually a master chief petty officer (E-9). A troop is further divided into smaller teams of enlisted SEALs, called assaulters. Each troop has around 16 members and is led by a senior commissioned officer, as well as a troop chief. [30] These individual teams of assaulters are led by senior enlisted SEALs; usually a senior chief petty officer (E-8), sometimes a chief petty officer (E-7). The rest of these teams are filled out with more chief petty officers (E-7), petty officers first class (E-6), and petty officers second class (E-5); each member with a respective role.

Each assault squadron also has a specific nickname. Examples include Gold Squadron's Crusaders, Red Squadron's Indians, Blue Squadron's Pirates, Silver Squadron's Headhunters, and Gray Squadron's Vikings. [28] [31] [32] The assault squadrons are supported by a variety of support personnel, including cryptologists, communicators, EOD technicians, dog handlers, and sometimes airmen from the United States Air Force 24th Special Tactics Squadron, the Air Force's JSOC element.

According to the Government Accountability Office report on special operations forces, in the fiscal year of 2014, DEVGRU had a total of 1,787 authorized positions, of which 1,342 are military and 445 are civilian. [33] [34]

Firearms

The following is a list of firearms known to be used by DEVGRU, but because of the unit's secretive nature, this list is not exhaustive.

Carbines
Sniper and anti-material rifles
Sidearms

Commanding Officers

Commanders of
SEAL Team Six & DEVGRU
CommanderClassTime as CONote
(SEAL Team Six)
Richard Marcinko UDT/R class 261980 to 1983 [37]
Robert A. GormlyUDT/R class 311983 to 1986 [38]
Thomas E. MurphyUDT/R class 351986 to 1987[ failed verification ] [39] [ additional citation(s) needed ]
(DEVGRU)
Richard WoolardUDT/R class 381987 to 1990[ failed verification ] [40] [ additional citation(s) needed ]
Ronald E. YeawUDT/R class 371990 to 1992 [41]
Thomas G. Moser BUD/S class 551992 to 1994[ failed verification ] [42]
Eric T. Olson BUD/S class 761994 to 1997[ failed verification ] [43] [ additional citation(s) needed ]
Albert M. Calland III BUD/S class 821997 to 1999 [44]
Joseph D. Kernan BUD/S class 1171999 to 2003 [44]
Edward G. Winters, III BUD/S class 1122003 to 2005 [45]
Brian L. Losey BUD/S class 1262005 to 2007 [46]
Scott P. Moore BUD/S class 1262007 to 2009 [47] [48] [49]
Perry F. Van HooserBUD/S class 1372009 to 2011 [50] [51]
Hugh W. Howard III BUD/S class 1722011 to 2013 [52]
Frank M. Bradley BUD/S class 1792013[ failed verification ] to 2015 [53] [54] [55] [ additional citation(s) needed ]
Jeromy B. Williams BUD/S class 1912015 to 2017 [56] [57]
Matthew J. BurnsBUD/S class 1582018 to 2020 [58]

The unit's first commanding officer was a Commander (O-5). Following his departure, the billet was changed to that of a Captain (O-6), and remains so currently.

Roles and responsibilities

Secretary of the Navy, Donald C. Winter is briefed on the Sentry HP UAV at Dam Neck, 2007 Sentry HP.jpg
Secretary of the Navy, Donald C. Winter is briefed on the Sentry HP UAV at Dam Neck, 2007

DEVGRU's full mission is classified but is thought to include pre-emptive, pro-active counter-terrorist operations, counter-proliferation (efforts to prevent the spread of both conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction), as well as the elimination or recovery of high-value targets from unfriendly nations. [59] [60] DEVGRU is one of a handful of U.S. Special Mission Units authorized in the use of pre-emptive actions against terrorists and their facilities. [61]

When SEAL Team Six was first created in 1980, it was devoted exclusively to counter-terrorism with a worldwide maritime responsibility; its objectives typically included targets such as ships, oil rigs, naval bases, coastal embassies, and other civilian or military bases that were accessible from the sea or inland waterways. On certain operations, small teams from SEAL Team Six were tasked with covertly infiltrating international high-risk areas to carry out reconnaissance or security assessments of U.S. military facilities and embassies to give advice on improvements in order to prevent casualties in an event of a terrorist attack. SEAL Team Six was disbanded in 1987, and its role, minus non-counter-terrorism ship-boarding, which was given to the newly formed SEAL Team 8, given to the newly formed DEVGRU. [62]

Since the start of war on terror, DEVGRU has evolved into a multi-functional special operations unit with a worldwide operational mandate. Such operations include the successful rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted, the attempted rescue of Linda Norgrove, the successful rescue of American doctor Dilip Joseph [63] and in 1991, the successful recovery of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his family during a coup that deposed him.[ citation needed ]

The official mission of the currently operating Naval Special Warfare Development Group mission is "to provide centralized management for the test, evaluation, and development of equipment technology and Techniques, Tactics and Procedures for Naval Special Warfare". [64] DEVGRU and the Army's Delta Force train and deploy together on counter-terrorist missions usually as part of a joint special operations task force (JSOTF). [7] [15] [65] [66] The Central Intelligence Agency's highly secretive Special Activities Center and more specifically its elite Special Operations Group often works with, and recruits from, DEVGRU. [67] The combination of these units led ultimately to the killing of Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in Operation Neptune Spear. [68] [69] [70]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ However, The Atlantic reported in October 2010 that the designation "DEVGRU" may have been changed at some point, with the subsequent designations being classified. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Navy SEALs</span> U.S. Navy special operations force

The United States Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small-unit special operation missions in maritime, jungle, urban, arctic, mountainous, and desert environments. SEALs are typically ordered to capture or kill high-level targets, or to gather intelligence behind enemy lines. SEAL team personnel are hand-selected, highly trained, and possess a high degree of proficiency in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering, and hydrographic reconnaissance, training, and advising friendly militaries or other forces. All active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hostage Rescue Team</span> Elite tactical unit of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) is the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) elite tactical unit. The HRT was formed to provide a full-time federal law enforcement tactical capability to respond to major terrorist incidents throughout the United States. Today, the HRT performs a number of tactical law enforcement and national security functions in high-risk environments and conditions and has deployed overseas, including with military Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) units. In an article to mark its 40th anniversary, it was reported that since its formation in 1983 the HRT had deployed more than 900 times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delta Force</span> U.S. Armys tier one special operations force

The 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta, also known as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), or within Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) as Task Force Green, is a special operations force of the United States Army under the operational control of JSOC. The unit's missions primarily involve counterterrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, and special reconnaissance, often against high-value targets.

United States special operations forces (SOF) are the active and reserve component forces of the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force within the US military, as designated by the Secretary of Defense and specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. All active and reserve special operations forces are assigned to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Naval Special Warfare Command</span> Naval component of United States Special Operations Command

The United States Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC), also known as NAVSPECWARCOM and WARCOM, is the naval component of United States Special Operations Command, the unified command that oversees and conducts the nation's special operations and missions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Marcinko</span> United States Navy officer (1940–2021)

Richard Marcinko was a U.S. Navy SEAL commander and Vietnam War veteran. He was the first commanding officer of SEAL Team Six. After retiring from the United States Navy, he became an author, radio talk show host, military consultant, and motivational speaker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Special Operations Command</span> Joint component command of the U.S. Special Operations Command

The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is a joint component command of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) and is charged with studying special operations requirements and techniques to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, to plan and conduct special operations exercises and training, to develop joint special operations tactics, and to execute special operations missions worldwide. It was established in 1980 on recommendation of Colonel Charlie Beckwith, in the aftermath of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw. It is headquartered at Pope Field.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Special Operations Command</span> Military unit of the Philippines Navy

The Naval Special Operations Command (NAVSOCOM) is a separate command of the Philippine Navy trained in special operations, sabotage, psychological and unconventional warfare and is heavily influenced by the United States Navy SEALs. NAVSOCOM is headquartered at Naval Base Heracleo Alano Sangley Point, Cavite City. It has eleven units located across the Philippines, from Naval Operating Base San Vicente at Santa Ana, Cagayan in the north to Naval Station Zamboanga in the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intelligence Support Activity</span> United States Army Special Operations unit

The United States Army Intelligence Support Activity (USAISA), frequently shortened to Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), also known at various times as Mission Support Activity (MSA), Office of Military Support (OMS), Field Operations Group (FOG), Studies and Analysis Activity (SAA), Tactical Concept Activity, Tactical Support Team, and Tactical Coordination Detachment, and also nicknamed "The Activity" and the Army of Northern Virginia, is a United States Army Special Operations unit which serves as the intelligence gathering component of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Within JSOC, the unit is often referred to as Task Force Orange. Originally subordinated to the US Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), it is one of the least known intelligence components of the United States military, tasked with clandestine HUMINT operations and collecting actionable intelligence during or prior to JSOC missions.

The term Special Missions Unit (SMU), at one time referred to as a "Tier 1" unit, is used in the United States to categorize the nation's most highly secretive and elite military special operations forces. The term "special missions unit" is also used in Australia to describe the Special Air Service Regiment. Special mission units have been involved in high-profile military operations, such as the killing of Osama bin Laden and the attempted hostage rescue of Kayla Mueller.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen</span> Military unit

The Special Warfare Combat Crewmen (SWCC ) are United States Naval Special Warfare Command personnel who operate and maintain small craft for special operations missions, particularly those of U.S. Navy SEALs. Their rating is Special Warfare Boat Operator (SB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William H. McRaven</span> Admiral, US Navy SEAL, author (born 1955)

William Harry McRaven is a retired United States Navy four-star admiral who served as the ninth commander of the United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM) from August 8, 2011 to August 28, 2014. From 2015 to 2018, he was the chancellor of The University of Texas System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scott P. Moore</span> American retired naval officer (born 1960)

Scott P. Moore, is a retired Rear Admiral of the United States Navy. Moore is a former member of SEAL Team TWO and previously served as commanding officer of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group from 2007 to 2009. He is an Admiral Circle member for the exhibit SEAL: The Unspoken Sacrifice. He is active in the Navy SEAL Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Special Operations Command</span> Unified combatant command of the United States Armed Forces responsible for special operations

The United States Special Operations Command is the unified combatant command charged with overseeing the various special operations component commands of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force of the United States Armed Forces. The command is part of the Department of Defense and is the only unified combatant command created by an Act of Congress. USSOCOM is headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timothy Szymanski</span> US Navy admiral and former SEAL (born 1962) SEAL

Timothy Gerard "Tim" Szymanski is a retired United States Navy vice admiral who last served as deputy commander of United States Special Operations Command from October 15, 2018 to December 2021. He is the former commander of United States Naval Special Warfare Command in Coronado, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward G. Winters, III</span>

Edward G. Winters III is a retired United States Navy rear admiral who commanded the Naval Special Warfare Command from Sept. 2008 to June 2011. He also previously served as commanding officer of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group from 2003 to 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank M. Bradley</span> U.S. Navy admiral

Frank Mitchell Bradley is a United States Navy vice admiral and commander of Joint Special Operations Command since August 10, 2022. He most recently served as the commander of Special Operations Command Central from July 20, 2020 to July 1, 2022. Prior to that, he served as the assistant commander of Joint Special Operations Command from 2018 to 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugh W. Howard</span> U.S. Navy admiral

Hugh W. Howard III is a retired United States Navy rear admiral who commanded the United States Naval Special Warfare Command from September 11, 2020 until August 19, 2022. He was previously the Commander of Special Operations Command Central from July 19, 2018, to July 20, 2020.

References

  1. ↑ "SEAL Team 6 by the Numbers – Foreign Policy". 28 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  2. ↑ Brook, Tom Vanden (16 May 2016). "Navy SEALs' secret medals reveal heroism over last 15 years". Navy Times. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  3. ↑ "Administrative Organization of the Operating Forces of the U.S. Navy" (PDF). 17 February 2023. p. 2.
  4. ↑ "Delta Force Gets a Name Change". theatlantic.com. 12 October 2010.
  5. 1 2 von Rosenbach, Alexander (4 May 2011). "Devgru: Bin Laden's ultimate nemesis". IHS Jane's Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis. Archived from the original on 9 May 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2013. Devgru was established in 1987 as the successor to SEAL Team 6 (although it is still colloquially known by this name). The unit serves as the US Navy's dedicated counter-terrorism unit and is believed to consist of about 200 personnel.
  6. 1 2 Naylor, Sean. "Chapter 4". Relentless Strike.
  7. 1 2 3 Emerson, Steven (13 November 1988). "Stymied Warriors". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  8. ↑ "The U.S. Army's Delta Force: How This Secret Group of Deadly Soldiers Came to Be". The National Interest. 30 April 2019.
  9. ↑ "In high demand, Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty". The Gaffney Ledger . Gaffney, South Carolina. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "Special Operations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Fallows, James (13 December 1981). "Iran from five American viewpoints". The New York Times.
  12. 1 2 Halloran, Richard (26 November 1986). "U.S. moving to expand unconventional forces". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Marcinko, Richard (1992). Rogue Warrior. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN   978-0-671-79593-1.
  14. ↑ Pfarrer, Chuck (2011). SEAL Target Geronimo: The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden. Macmillan. p. 178. ISBN   978-1-4299-6025-0.
  15. 1 2 3 Gerth, Jeff; Philip Taubman (8 June 1984). "U.S. military creates secret units for use in sensitive tasks abroad". The New York Times.
  16. ↑ Wasdin, Howard (9 May 2011). "'SEAL Team Six' And Other Elite Squads Expanding". NPR. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  17. ↑ Ambiner, Marc (10 October 2012). "Delta Force Gets a Name Change". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Cole, Matthew (10 January 2019). "The Crimes of SEAL Team 6". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  19. ↑ staff, Navy Times (27 March 2019). "War crimes case expands to SEAL Team 6". Navy Times. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  20. ↑ Abhan, Courtney Messman (30 July 2010). "Special Warfare Development Group seeks Sailors" (PDF). Naval Station Everett Public Affairs. Northwest Navigator. p. 3. Retrieved 14 September 2012. NSWDG is located in Virginia Beach and is a type two sea duty cno priority one major command. The command is an elite counter-terrorism unit that conducts research, and develops, tests, and evaluates current and emerging technology. This technology is related to special operations tactics and joint warfare to improve Special Forces warfighting capabilities. ... While at NSWDG, support personnel could have opportunities to earn many special qualifications, their expeditionary warfare specialist (EXW) pin, and Combat Service Support and Combat Support Naval Education Codes (NEC). Special qualifications include parachuting and fast roping, among many others. NSWDG support personnel receive special duty pay and have some of the highest promotion rates in the Navy.
  21. ↑ Anderson Cooper (3 May 2011). "'This is their type of op,' ex-SEAL says". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011.
  22. ↑ Pfarrer, Chuck (2004). Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal . New York: Random House. pp.  325–26. ISBN   978-0-89141-863-4. In one year, the operators of SEAL Six fire more bullets than entire USMC.
  23. ↑ "The iron will of Seal Team 6". CBS News. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  24. ↑ "LCV Cities Tour: Interview with Howard Wasdin 'SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper'". Global-report.org. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  25. ↑ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (19 October 2021). "AUKUS security pact follows decades of special ops cooperation". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  26. ↑ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (3 February 2020). "Canadian soldier serving in a Tier 1 SOF unit kicked out of the military for theft". SOFREP. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  27. ↑ McAlister, Mitchell (26 February 2015). "Australia's 2nd Commando Regiment and the DEA". SOFREP. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  28. 1 2 Pfarrer, Chuck (2004). Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy Seal . New York: Random House. pp.  325–26. ISBN   978-0-89141-863-4. editions:PanKDPddlTQC.
  29. ↑ Owen, Mark (2012). No Easy Day . Dutton Adult. p.  11. ISBN   9780525953722.
  30. ↑ Owen, Mark (2012). No Easy Day . Dutton Adult. p.  37. ISBN   9780525953722.
  31. ↑ Combs, Cindy C; Slann, Martin W. (2007). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Infobase Publishing. p. 289. ISBN   978-0-8160-6277-5.
  32. ↑ Blehm, Eric (2013). Fearless: The Undaunted Courage and Ultimate Sacrifice of Navy SEAL Team SIX Operator Adam Brown. WaterBrook Press. ISBN   9780307730701.
  33. ↑ "SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES Opportunities Exist to Improve Transparency of Funding and Assess Potential to Lessen Some Deployments" (PDF). GAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  34. ↑ "SEAL Team 6 by the Numbers". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  35. ↑ "About Those Custom Rifles Navy SEALs Were Seen Carrying On A Recent Training Mission". The War Zone. 10 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "Sig Sauer vs. Glock: Why the Navy SEALs Dumped the P226 for the Glock 19". nationalinterest.org. 12 February 2019.
  37. ↑ "A True Hero – Richard Marcinko". Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  38. ↑ Gormly 1999 , pp. 183, 253
  39. ↑ Mann, Don (2011). Inside SEAL Team Six: My Life and Missions with America's Elite Warriors. Little, Brown and Company. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-316-20431-6.
  40. ↑ Kelly, Orr (1995). Never Fight Fair!. Presidio. p. 276. ISBN   0-89141-519-X.
  41. ↑ ""Finished his career as CO of SEAL Team 6 ('90–92)"". reddit.com. 7 September 2017.
  42. ↑ "Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U.S. Nuclear Plants". Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  43. ↑ Butler, Frank K.; John H. Hagmann; David T. Richards (2009). "Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations". Military Medicine. 165 (4 Suppl). Parabellum Concepts: 6. PMID   10803010.
  44. 1 2 Naylor, Sean (2006). Not a Good Day to Die: The Untold Story of Operation Anaconda. Penguin. p. 253. ISBN   978-0-425-20787-1.
  45. ↑ "Rear Admiral Edward G. Winters, III". United States Navy. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "Rear Admiral Brian L. Losey". United States Navy. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  47. ↑ FOIA request Scott P Moore, USN (ret) Navy military record Bureau of Naval Personnel (PDF), 8 November 2018
  48. ↑ "Testimony – Michigan House of Representatives" (PDF). house.mi.gov. 2 October 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2021. "The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States," Capt. Scott Moore, commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group, said in a statement. ("2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting". – Associated Press, 15 September 2008)
  49. ↑ "2 SEALs killed in Afghanistan fighting" . Navy Times . Associated Press. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2015. "The deaths of SOCS Marcum and SOC Freiwald are tremendous losses for Naval Special Warfare and the United States," Capt. Scott Moore, commanding officer of Naval Special Warfare Development Group, said in a statement.[ dead link ]
  50. ↑ "Pete Van Hooser". xecompany.us.
  51. ↑ "Leader in Residence Perry F. Vanhooser". VMI. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  52. ↑ "Rear Admiral Hugh W. Howard III Commander, Naval Special Warfare Command". navy.mil. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020.
  53. ↑ "Rear Admiral Frank M. Bradley Commander, Special Operations Command Central". navy.mil. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021.
  54. ↑ "Rear-Admiral-Mitchell-Bradley-Takes-Reins-of-U-S-Special-Operations-Command-Central". Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  55. ↑ "US Navy Seal reflects on his NPS Physics degree". nps.edu. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  56. ↑ "Rear Admiral Jeromy B. Williams". navy.mil. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021.
  57. ↑ "Captain Jeromy Williams". Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  58. ↑ "Flag Assignments". Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  59. ↑ Shanker, Thom; Risen, James (12 August 2002). "Rumsfeld weighs new covert acts by military units". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  60. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". LT Michael P. Murphy USN. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  61. ↑ U.S. Special Ops: America's Elite Forces in the 21st Century, Fred J. Pushies, MBI Publishing Company, 2003.
  62. ↑ "DEVGRU". americanspecialops.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  63. ↑ Qadir Sediqi,"U.S. Navy SEAL killed in operation to rescue American doctor in Afghanistan". CNN. 10 December 2012
  64. ↑ "Special Operations Forces Reference Manual – Fourth Edition 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  65. ↑ Couch, Dick (2005). The Finishing School: Earning the Navy SEAL Trident. Three Rivers Press. ISBN   978-0-609-81046-0.
  66. ↑ Bowden, Mark (2001). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. Signet. ISBN   978-0-451-20393-9.
  67. ↑ Waller, Douglas (3 February 2003). "The CIA's Secret Army". Time
  68. ↑ "Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation". The Washington Post. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  69. ↑ Naylor, Mark Mazzetti, Nichols Kulish, Christopher Drew, Serge F. Kovaleski, Sean D.; Ismay, John (6 June 2015). "The Secret History of SEAL Team 6: Quiet Killings and Blurred Lines". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 6 June 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ↑ "KUHNER: The betrayal of the Navy's SEAL Team 6". washingtontimes.com. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.