Sclerocarpus

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Sclerocarpus
Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq. (9971610623).jpg
Sclerocarpus africanus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Subtribe: Helianthinae
Genus: Sclerocarpus
Jacq.
Type species
Sclerocarpus africanus
Synonyms [1]
  • DichotomaSch.Bip. ex Sch.Bip.

Sclerocarpus is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae. [2] [3] [4] [5] Bonebract is a common name for plants in this genus. [6]

It includes annuals and procumbent perennials which occur primarily in Mexico and Central America, with one species extending as far north as the state of Texas in the United States and another species widely distributed across the West Indies, South America, Africa, and Asia. [7] The genus is distinguished morphologically by the pales, which are modified to completely and tightly enclose the mature cypsela (achene) and often have a tuberculate surface. Some species of Aldama have a somewhat similar modification of the pales but in those the pale surface is irregularly wrinkled and pitted rather than tuberculate. Sclerocarpus is a member of the sunflower subtribe, Helianthinae, and is placed by molecular data as a relatively basal member of the group. [8]

The plant Sclerocarpus africanus (Jacq), locally known in Igbo dialect (Nigeria) as “nli-atulu” and Manding language (Senegal) as Bambara-goni, is used for treating gonorrhea and other venereal diseases in Nigerian ethno-medicine. [9] Phytochemical screening showed presence of carbohydrates, tannins and saponins. Flavonoids and anthraquinone glycosides were found only in the ethanol and methanol extracts. Anti-microbial screening of methanol and ethanol extracts showed activity against the following human pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Candida albicans and Candida thrusei , with MIC value of 2.5 mg/ml; while Neisseria gonorrhoeae was inhibited at MIC 1.25 mg/ml.which had an observered MBC of 5 mg/ ml for ethanol extract. Similar MBC/MFC values were obtained for methanol extract except Shigella dysenteriae which had MBC of 5 mg/ml. Petroleum ether extract was active against S. aureus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae and N. gonorrhoeae with MIC value of 5 mg/ml and MBC/MFC value 10 mg/ml; no activity was observed for S. pyogenes, C. albicans and C. thrusei; N. gonorrhoeae was most inhibited. Results obtained justify the ethno-medicinal use of this plant in treatment of gonorrhea and other venereal diseases caused by the test micro organisms. [10]

Species [1] [11]
formerly included [1]

see Aldama Madia Micractis

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyphenol</span> Class of chemical compounds

Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biogenic substance</span> Product made by or of life forms

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperforin</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliantheae</span> Tribe of sunflower plants

The Heliantheae are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America and South America. A few genera are pantropical.

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<i>Psiadia</i> Genus of plants

Psiadia, commonly known as daisy trees, is a genus of mostly woody Asian and African plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae. The genus is distributed throughout the Western Indian Ocean, with species reported from continental Eastern Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, La Reunion, Rodrigues, the Comoro islands, as well as several of the smaller, uninhabited islands in the Mozambique Channel. Additional species are suspected on Socotra and Sri Lanka, but these have not been confirmed. Phylogenetic studies using DNA sequence data and biogeographic reconstruction using molecular dating have shown that the genus originated on the African mainland, and colonized Madagascar and the outlying islands in the Indian Ocean in several independent instances of overwater dispersal in the Miocene.

<i>Viguiera</i> Genus of flowering plants

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetic acid</span> Colorless and faint organic acid found in vinegar

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<i>Aldama</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Aldama is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The native range of this genus is tropical & sub-tropical America. The genus was originally described to include one species of subtribe Helianthinae that were characterized by having pales that tightly enclosed the cypselae (achenes).

<i>Acalypha wilkesiana</i> Species of flowering plant

Acalypha wilkesiana, common names copperleaf, Jacob's coat and Flamengueira, is an evergreen shrub growing to 3 metres (9.8 ft) high and 2 metres across. It has a closely arranged crown, with an erect stem and many branches. Both the branches and the leaves are covered in fine hairs. The leaves, which may be flat or crinkled, are large and broad with teeth around the edge. They can be 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide. The leaves are coppery green with red splashes, giving them a mottled appearance. Separate male and female flowers appear on the same plant. The male flowers are in long spikes which hang downwards while the female flowers are in short spikes. The latter do not show up easily as they are often hidden among the leaves. The flower stalks are 10–20 cm long.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
  2. ↑ Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph von . 1781. Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: 17. in Latin
  3. ↑ Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph von . 1781. Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: plate 176. color illustration depicting Sclerocarpus africanus
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, Vol. 21 Page 137, Mexican bone-bract, Sclerocarpus Jacquin
  5. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 872 硬果菊属 ying guo ju shu Sclerocarpus Jacquin
  6. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sclerocarpus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Feddema, C. 1966. Systematic Studies in the Genus Sclerocarpus and the Genus Aldama (Compositae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan.
  8. ↑ Schilling, E, E. and J. L. Panero 2002. A revised classification of subtribe Helianthinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). I. Basal lineages. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 65-76.
  9. ↑ Ayo,R. G.;Ndiombueze, J. A. and Tor-Anyiin, T. A. 2014. Phytochemical and Anti-microbial Screening of the Leaves and Twigs of Sclerocarpus africanus (Jacq). European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(4): 473-482.
  10. ↑ Ayo,R. G.;Ndiombueze, J. A. and Tor-Anyiin, T. A. 2014. Phytochemical and Anti-microbial Screening of the Leaves and Twigs of Sclerocarpus africanus (Jacq). European Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(4): 473-482.
  11. ↑ The Plant List search for Sclerocarpus
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