Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene. [5] [6] Often put together with and studied alongside TGFB1I1 is the mouse homologue HIC-5 ( Hydrogen Peroxide-Inducible Clone-5). As the name suggests, TGFB1I1 is an induced form of the larger family of TGFB1. Studies suggest TGFB1I1 plays a role in processes of cell growth, proliferation, [7] migration, differentiation [8] and senescence. [9] TGFB1I1 is most localized at focal adhesion complexes of cells, [5] although it may be found active in the cytosol, nucleus and cell membrane as well. [7] [10] [11]
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 plays a role in a number of cell functions. Originally, TGFB1I1 was isolated as a senescence-inducing gene from mouse osteoblastic cells through treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 and hydrogen peroxide. [9] During this, TGFB1I1 was also being independently discovered by numerous other groups and was characterized as a focal adhesion protein, [12] [13] an androgen and glucocorticoid receptor co-activator, [10] [14] a negative regulator of muscle differentiation, [8] and major player in the recovery of arterial media. [15] [16]
TGFB1I1 has been shown to interact with:
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4, is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor.
In mammalian cells, vinculin is a membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, where it is thought to function as one of several interacting proteins involved in anchoring F-actin to the membrane.
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB7 gene.
Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXN gene. Paxillin is expressed at focal adhesions of non-striated cells and at costameres of striated muscle cells, and it functions to adhere cells to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in PXN as well as abnormal expression of paxillin protein has been implicated in the progression of various cancers.
The nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1), also called steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor–interacting domains and possesses intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. It is encoded by the gene NCOA1.
PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene. PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion and spreading processes. It has been shown that when FAK was blocked, breast cancer cells became less metastatic due to decreased mobility.
Crk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene.
Protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTK2B gene.
Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 also known as FHL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FHL2 gene. LIM proteins contain a highly conserved double zinc finger motif called the LIM domain.
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, also known as Androgen Receptor Activator (ARA70), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA4 gene. It plays an important role in ferritinophagy, acting as a cargo receptor, binding to the ferritin heavy chain and latching on to ATG8 on the surface of the autophagosome.
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known as guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the RACK1 gene.
Testicular receptor 4 also known as NR2C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C2 gene.
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN12 gene.
Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.
ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GIT1 gene.
Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIP6 gene.
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF14 gene.
Melanoma-associated antigen 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAGEA11 gene. It is also involved in the androgen and progesterone receptor signaling pathways.
Talin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLN1 gene. Talin-1 is ubiquitously expressed, and is localized to costamere structures in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, and to focal adhesions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Talin-1 functions to mediate cell-cell adhesion via the linkage of integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and in the activation of integrins. Altered expression of talin-1 has been observed in patients with heart failure, however no mutations in TLN1 have been linked with specific diseases.
Ravi Salgia is a translational thoracic oncologist, clinician/scientist, and academician.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.