Telaga

Last updated

Telaga
Classification Forward caste
Religions Hinduism
Languages Telugu
CountryIndia
Populated statesMajor:
Andhra Pradesh
Yanam
Minor:
Telangana
Orissa
West Bengal
Region South India

Telaga is a community found in Coastal Andhra region of India. Telaga is a subcaste of Kapu and both terms are often used synonymously. [9] They are classified as a Forward caste. [18] They are a land-owning agrarian community. [27] Historically, they were a warrior caste known for their honour and bravery. [28] [29]

Contents

The origins of Telagas have been linked to Telugu Choda dynasties like Velanati Chodas (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra and claimed descendant from Karikala Chola .Later they came to be called Telagas over a period of time. [30] Telagas commonly carry the titles Naidu and Dora. [37] Balija and Ontari communities are closely related to Telaga. [44]

Telagas in the erstwhile districts of East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Visakhapatnam have called themselves Kapus for a long time, while those in Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts are still known as Telagas to distinguish them from the unrelated caste of Turpu Kapus who are also present in the same districts. [45] [46]

History

Origins

Historians like Etukuru Balaramamurthy and Chintamani Lakshmanna note that Telagas are the descendants of Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra. These Telugu Chodas later came to be called Telagas over a period of time. [30]

Various sources mention Telaga as a historically military caste known for their honour and valour. [28] [29] They were also known as Nayakas and later Naidus. Telaga surnames (intiperlu in Telugu) include names of weapons apart from village names. Surnames like Tupakula (musket), Eetela (spear), Bakula (dagger), Soorakattula (knife), Katari (katar) are found among them. [29] Telagas and Kapus of former Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts are referred to as Pedda Kapu when comparing them with Turpu Kapu. [46]

Medieval period

An inscription dating to 1205 CE (1127 Saka year) mentions Teliki Kapulu, which K. Iswara Dutt interprets as referring to Telagas. [57]

During the medieval era, many Nayakas belonged to Telaga community along with Velamas and Balijas. [58] [59] [60] In the late medieval era, Telagas led the right-hand caste faction in Machilipatnam and other places of Andhra. The right-hand caste faction included Komatis and various other castes. [61] At the end of the eighteenth century, Telagas, along with Niyogi Brahmins, were the leaders of the Maha-nad, a multi-caste secret assembly that was created to exact retribution for breaking the rules and rights of castes. [61]

There existed Nayak (Telaga) regiments in the Vijayanagara Empire and they later joined the British army after the fall of Vijayanagara. [62] Telagas of Bobbili served as commanders and generals in armies. [63] They formed a major part of the Bobbili army along with Velamas in the famous Battle of Bobbili in 1757. [64] [65] [66] Telagas in British army held ranks such as Major, Naik, Subedar, Jemadar, Havildar etc. [29] When the British reduced their recruitment in the army, Telagas concentrated on agriculture. [47]

First edition of Charles Philip Brown's Telugu-English Dictionary (1852) mentioned Telaga caste as equivalent to Mahanati Kapu (మహనాటి కాపు). [67] Brown also notes that Mahanati Kapus were leaguesmen and members of the Mahanadu community. [68] [69]

H. A. Stuart wrote in 1891, "The Telagas are a Telugu caste of cultivators, who were formerly soldiers in the armies of the Hindu sovereigns of Telingana. [note 1] This may perhaps account for the name, for it is easy to see that the Telugu soldiers might come to be regarded as the Telugus or Telagas par excellence". [70] [71] During the colonial era, they were noted to be highly Brahmanised and of a high social position. [72] [73] [74] [75]

20th century

The early 20th century witnessed caste consciousness in various social groups of Andhra. [76] A Telaga Mahajana Sabha happened at Railway Koduru in Kadapa district in September 1920. [6] The first Telaga Mahasabha (transl. Telaga Grand Assembly) was held on 7 October 1923 in Machilipatnam and declared 'we are Telagas, we are Kapus'. [77] The second Krishna district Telaga Mahajana Sabha was held in February 1925 in Pūlla under the presidentship of the Zamindar of Vallur, Bommadevara Naganna Naidu. [78]

In 1936, Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu, a leading advocate and Telaga leader was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post. [79] [80] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency, which included the present-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along with parts of Kerala and Karnataka. [80]

Meraka Veedhi in Rajahmundry, Padamati Veedhi in Eluru, Srikakulam, and Bangalore were the localities of some historically prominent Telaga clans. [29] [45]

Geographical distribution

Telagas are found in Coastal Andhra region in the erstwhile districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, and Prakasam. [3] Telagas in most districts (except Srikakulam and Vizianagaram) are referred to as Kapus in general usage. [6] [3] In Srikakulam and Vizianagaram, they are primarily referred to as Telagas to distinguish them from the more numerous Turpu Kapus who are a distinct caste. [3]

Small communities of Telaga-Kapu also exist in Orissa and Kharagpur, West Bengal. [81] [82] In the 19th and early 20th century, Telagas were among the Telugu migrants to Burma, Malaysia, Mauritius and Fiji. [83] [84] [85] Telagas were said to form the largest caste among the Telugu people of Mauritius. [84] In recent decades, Telagas have migrated to the Anglophone countries like United States. [86] [83]

Telaga, a sub-caste of Kapu, has no relation to the Mudiraj and Teli castes who are sometimes referred to as Telaga. [87]

Telaga zamindaris

Andhra Vignanamu (1939) mentions Eluru, Ganapavaram and Akividu in former West Godavari district as places ruled by Telagas. They were called Telaga-prabhuvula-seemalu (transl. Territories of Telaga Lords). [88]

In pre-independent India, Telaga-Kapu also owned various zamindari estates in Coastal Andhra. K. S. Singh noted, "In East and West Godavari districts, quite a few Telaga zamindari families exist, with extensive landholdings. Some of them were bestowed with Diwan Bahadur and Rao Bahadur titles." [89] One of the wealthiest zamindaris in former Krishna district was the Vallur Estate of Bommadevara family. [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] Further, Gopisetti Narayanaswami Naidu, a Telaga, was the receiver of Nidadavolu Estate. [95] [96]

Some of the Telaga zamindaris (samsthanams) include:

Relation to Balija

Charles Philip Brown's Telugu-English Dictionary (1852) mentions Telaga-Balija (తెలగ బలిజె) as a caste name. [67] [105] Castes and Tribes of Southern India (1909) notes Telaga as a synonym for Balija in Northern Circars. [106] [42] Alvin Texas Fishman wrote in a 1941 study that the main body of Balijas is called Telaga. [38] Andhra Vignanamu (1939) mentions four sections among Telaga caste — Telagas (or Naidus), Ontaris (or Doras), Balijas, and Kapus. [39] Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma (1946) noted that the Telaga community has three sections — Telaga (proper), Kapu, and Ontari. [40] According to Etukuru Balarama Murthy, Balijas residing in one part of Telugu land are addressed as Telagas. [43]

Various sources note the similarities between Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities and these terms are often used as synonyms. [9] [107] [108] [109] [39] Andhra Pradesh government's Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation refers to Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities collectively as Kapu. [110]

Political participation

Sir Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu in 1940 KVReddyNaidu.JPG
Sir Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu in 1940

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Telaga community, along with other feudal landed castes, were major supporters of the Justice Party. [111] [112] [113] Prominent Telaga-Kapu personalities like Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu and Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu were members of the Justice Party. [114] [111] In the government formed after the first legislative council election to Madras Presidency in December 1920, Venkata Reddy Naidu was one of the three ministers in the Cabinet. In 1936, he was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post. [79] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency. [79]

Selig S. Harrison noted that, in the 1955 legislature of what was then Andhra State, the Telagas had 16 legislators, next only to the Reddis and Kammas. He states that they formed a "newly active political force". [115] Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora, a Telaga from Srikakulam district served as the second speaker of Andhra State Assembly from 1955 to 1956. [116] [117]

In 1982, Telagas joined the other Kapu castes to form the Kapunadu movement, launched in Vijayawada. The movement held annual/biannual meetings since then. [118] For the 1983 election for the united Andhra Pradesh, the Kapus, in general, supported the newly formed Telugu Desam Party. Among the elected, the Telagas made up six legislators, compared to nine legislators belonging to other Kapu castes from the coastal districts. [119] According to scholar Balagopal, "The Munnuru Kapus, Balijas, Telagas are collectively referred to as 'Kapus'". They attempted to consolidate into a single community, but "it has remained un-consummated". [120] [121]

Status

During the colonial era, Telagas were noted to be of a high social position. [72] [73] [74] In a 1965 study on the history of Guntur district, Robert Eric Frykenberg called Telaga, "a high caste with a tradition of military and police employment." [122] He also categorized them among "elite agricultural (warrior) castes." [72] In 1976, Christopher John Baker in his work on South Indian political history called Telaga, "a respectable cultivator caste of Andhra." [123] In 1982, Barbara D. Miller of Syracuse University noted, "Generally the Telaga-Kapu rank fairly high in status". [124]

Telagas are a community of land-owners and are one of the dominant communities of Andhra Pradesh. [27] [128] In recent years, Telaga along with other related Kapu communities launched an agitation demanding quotas. [129] However, the quota accorded to Kapus was found to be legally untenable. [130] [131] As of 2023, Telagas do not avail any caste-based quotas or reservations and are classified as a Forward caste both by the Central Government of India as well as the Andhra Pradesh Government. [132] [18]

Notable people

Kodi Rammurthi Naidu K Ramamurthi Naidu.jpg
Kodi Rammurthi Naidu

Notes

  1. ↑ Until the late medieval era, the terms 'Telingana' and 'Andhra' both referred to all of the Telugu-speaking lands. While Andhra was an ancient name, Telingana was first used in the 14th century to refer to the land inhabited by Telugus.

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    References

    Citations

    1. ↑ Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 21. ISBN   978-81-261-0979-1. The Kapus of Godavari Districts are quite well off and politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
    2. 1 2 Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 851. ISBN   978-81-7671-006-0. The term Kapu is variously used in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. They are equated with Reddis in Rayalaseema districts (Thurston, 1909). In East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts, the same term refers to a forward caste, often synonymously used with the Telaga and Ontari.
    3. 1 2 3 4 Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Deep & Deep. p. 129. ISBN   978-81-7100-730-1. The Kapus constitute a separate caste in the Coastal districts of West Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vijayanagaram and Srikakulam. The Kapus of Coastal regions are politically dynamic. They proudly declare themselves as Telagas.
    4. 1 2 Kantha Rao 1999, p. 67, Chapter 2
      The Kapus are found all over Andhra Pradesh and they are sub-divided into the Turpu Kapus and Telagas. The Kapus of the East and West Godavari call themselves Telagas or Pedda (Big) Kapus and claim to be superior to the Turpu (East) Kapus. The Turpu Kapus are those belonging to the districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam.
    5. 1 2 Subrahmanyam, Y. Subhashini (1975). Social Change in Village India: An Andhra Case Study. Prithvi Raj Publishers. pp. 74, 75. The Kapu form the bulk of the population and are agriculturists and horticulturists. The Kapus of the East Godavari call themselves Telaga or Pedda (Big) Kapus.
    6. 1 2 3 Reddy, G. Samba Siva (2011). "Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 771. ISSN   2249-1937. JSTOR   44146769. Telagas termed themselves as Kapus and by profession were agriculturists. The first Telaga Mahajana Sabha of the region met at Railway Kodur in Kadapa district in September 1920. The later Telaga Conferences were held mostly in the Coastal Andhra areas than in the Rayalaseema region since the population of Telagas was more in the former region than in the latter. But some of the leaders of the region participated in these conferences as they had good rapport, with the prominent Coastal Andhra leaders like Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, who seldom visited the region.
    7. ↑ Satyanarayana, A. (2005). Dalits and Upper Castes: Essays in Social History. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 152. ISBN   978-81-7391-703-5.
    8. 1 2 Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN   978-81-7671-006-0. The Telaga are a Telugu speaking dominant cultivator community, concentrated in all the coastal towns and hinterlands of East and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Nellore districts of Coastal Andhra and in all the ..... Today we find the Kapu, Ontari and Balija of the state often call themselves Telaga, and the Telaga in some parts also use Kapu as synonym. The Telaga occupy a higher status in the hierarchy among these groups.
    9. 1 2 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
    10. 1 2 Bulletin. Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1990. p. 123. Taking Andhra Pradesh alone, all the populous land-owning castes such as Reddy, Kamma, Kapu, Telaga, Velama, Raju, etc. (which are among the forward sections), constitute definitely more than nine percent of the total population which is the proportion of the land-owning castes in the above extrapolation for northern India.
    11. ↑ Murty, K. Ramachandra (2001), Parties Elections And Mobilisation, Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, p. 158, ISBN   978-81-261-0979-1 : "Srikakulam district: ... The Brahmins, Rajus (Kshatriya), Komati, and Telaga communities are considered to be forward communities and these castes constitute around 8 percent of the district."
    12. ↑ Census of India, 1971: Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 6. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1976. p. 236. It is also seen that Brahmin, Vysya, Telaga, Kapu who are considered to be socially and economically forward castes ....
    13. ↑ Bernstorff, Dagmar (1973). "Eclipse of "Reddy-Raj"? The Attempted Restructuring of the Congress Party Leadership in Andhra Pradesh". Asian Survey . 13 (10): 970. doi:10.2307/2643005. ISSN   0004-4687. JSTOR   2643005. Other forward communities are Brahmins, Vaishyas, Kshatriyas, Telagas, Khaists.
    14. ↑ Hauck, Gerhard (1973). "Gewaltlosigkeit und Gleichheit als Ideologie: Eine Studie über den Gandhiismus in Indien" [Nonviolence and Equality as Ideology: A Study of Gandhiism in India]. Soziale Welt (in German). 24 (1): 102. ISSN   0038-6073. JSTOR   40877086.
    15. ↑ Naidu, D. Suran (1991). The Congress Party in Transition: A Study in Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. National Book Organisation. p. 27. ISBN   978-81-85135-64-9. The Brahmin, Raju (Kshatriya), Komati (Vaisya) and Telaga castes are considered 'forward communities' in the district.
    16. ↑ Raju, Rapaka Satya (1989). Urban Unorganised Sector in India. Mittal Publications. p. 158. Among the forward communities, Vysya, Telaga and Brahmin communities had higher representation in that order.
    17. ↑ "Telaga community to fight for BC status". The Hindu. 12 December 2021. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 27 April 2023.
    18. 1 2 [10] [2] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
    19. 1 2 Census of India, 1961. Vol. 2. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1961. p. 8. The Kapus who are otherwise popularly known as Telagas in these parts primarily belong to a caste of cultivators and land owners. They are among the most respected of the non-Brahmins. It is said that in the past they were soldiers in the armies of the Hindu Sovereigns.
    20. 1 2 Narayan-Parker, Deepa; Petesch, Patti L. (1 January 2002). From Many Lands. World Bank Publications. p. 152. ISBN   978-0-8213-5049-2. About half the 153 households in the village are from the dominant Telaga caste of landed farmers ....
    21. ↑ Arnold, David (1986). Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN   978-0-19-561893-8.
    22. 1 2 K. Veeram Reddy (1987). Land Reforms and the Emergence of New Agrarian Structure in Andhra Pradesh: A Case Study of Chittoor District. p. 63. It was because of the caste composition of land ownership, for most of the agricultural land is owned by the dominant castes - Kamma, Reddy, Velama, Telaga, and Kshatriya communities.
    23. ↑ Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1 June 2017). Text and Tradition in South India. State University of New York Press. p. 310. ISBN   978-1-4384-6777-1.
    24. ↑ H. Blackburn, Stuart; A. K. Ramanujan, eds. (1986). Another Harmony: New Essays on the Folklore of India. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-520-05498-1. Now let us look at the various castes associated with our epics. Those associated with the Palnati Katha are Telaga, Velamas, and Kammas—all traditionally landowning castes.
    25. ↑ Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1994). Encyclopedia of Traditional Epics. ABC-CLIO. p. 463. ISBN   978-0-87436-724-9.
    26. ↑ Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1977). Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times. Curzon Press. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-7007-0103-2.
    27. 1 2 [19] [20] [21] [22] [10] [23] [24] [25] [26]
    28. 1 2 [47] [19] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]
    29. 1 2 3 4 5 Prasada Bhoopaludu (1939). Andhra Vignanamu (in Telugu). Vol. 3. The Razan Electric Press. pp. 1381–1383.
    30. 1 2
      • Chintamani Lakshmanna (1973). Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications. p. 28.: "...Velanadu (Krishna and Penna Doab) was ruled by Velanati Chodas and other areas were ruled by Telugu Chodas. In the course of time, these were called Telagas, one of the important non-Brahman castes."
      • Etukuru Balaramamurthy (1953). ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర [A Brief History of the Andhras] (in Telugu). Visalaandhra Publishing House. (p. 97) తాము చతుర్ధ వంశస్టులమని, దుర్జయ కులోద్భవులమని వెలనాటి చోడులు చెప్పుకున్నారు. మిగతా తెలుగు చోడులు తాము సూర్యవంశజులమని, కరికాల చోళుని వంశస్థులమని చెప్పుకున్నారు. కాని వాస్తవానికి అందరూ ఒకే కుదురునుండి ప్రారంభమైన చతుర్ధ వంశస్థులే తప్ప వేరు కారు. వీరందరికీ కాలక్రమేణా తెలగాలు లేక కాపులు అను పేరు స్థిరమైంది. (p. 114) కోట బేతరాజు మొదలైనవారు తెలుగుచోడులు. వీరు క్రమంగా తెలగాలుగా మారారు.
    31. 1 2 Lakshmanna, Chintamani (1973). Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications. pp. 26, 137.
    32. ↑ Census of India, 1961. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1962. p. 18.
    33. 1 2 Shashi, Shyam Singh (1994). Encyclopaedia of Indian Tribes: Andhra Pradesh. Anmol Publications. pp. 196. 195. ISBN   978-81-7041-836-8. But Reddis, Kammas, and Telaga Naidu are equal in social rank. They are originally agricultural castes.
    34. ↑ Madras Christian College Magazine. Vol. 27. Madras Christian College. 1910. p. 461.
    35. 1 2 Simhadri, Y. C. (1979). The Ex-criminal Tribes of India. National.
    36. ↑ Census Commissioner, India; Baines, Jervoise Athelstane (1893). Census of India, 1891. Vol. 13. p. 240.
    37. ↑ [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]
    38. 1 2 Fishman, Alvin Texas (1941). Culture Change and the Underprivileged: A Study of Madigas in South India Under Christian Guidance. Christian Literature Society for India. p. 138.
    39. 1 2 3 Prasada Bhoopaludu (1939). Andhra Vignanamu. Vol. 3. The Razan Electric Press. pp. 1381–1383.
    40. 1 2 Sarma, Mallampalli Somasekhara (1946). History Of The Reddi Kingdoms. Andhra University. p. 241. Another important division of the infantry was ekkatlu, the plural form of the term ekkati, a contracted form of Ekkatidu. Ekkati, otherwise called Ontari, was, as his name indicates, brought into the field of battle almost at the end of the fight, when it was a losing game, and was ordered to take part in hand to hand fight. Ekkati kayyamu, the combat of singles, began only after every prospect of victory was lost. The ekkati forces served probably as the reserve army, and each fighter in this division was probably a great wrestler and wielded also heavy weapons like maces and the like. There were ekkatis in every important town and village in the kingdom. The ekkatis of Velanturu (Vellaturu), Tangeda and Polepalli are mentioned in the records of the Reddi period. From the way in which these ekkatis made gifts to local gods, we come to know that they were remunerated for their services by grants of land. All these sections of infantry are mentioned in the Palnativiracaritra, produced in this period. In this work ekkatlu are referred to as Ontarlu (Selagola prajalanu heccu vantarla; Vantari is the corrupt form of Ontari). Ekkati and its synonym Ontari seem to have been the vernacular equivalents of the Sanskrit word Ekangavira, the hero who fights the combat singly. These ekkatis of the Reddi period gradually formed into a separate military caste or community, and are now popularly called Vantarlu. These now form one of the three sections of the Telaga community, the other two being the Telaga (proper), and the Kapu.
    41. ↑ Naidu, D. Suran (July 1980). "Andhra Pradesh: A Repeat Performance of the 1977 Election?". In Singh, Harnam (ed.). The Indian Political Science Review. Vol. XIV. pp. 250–251.
    42. 1 2 "NCBC Andhra Pradesh Bench Findings" (PDF). 2002. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2013.
    43. 1 2 Kantha Rao 1999, p. 77, Chapter 2.
    44. ↑ [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
    45. 1 2 లింగం వీరభద్రయ్య చౌదరి (1974). స్వవిషయం రెండవ భాగం (in Telugu). Triveni Publishers. pp. 469, 649–650.
    46. 1 2 [4] [5] [31] [33] [35] [56]
    47. 1 2 Baines, Athelstane (22 March 2021). Ethnography (Castes and Tribes): With a List of the More Important Works on Indian Ethnography by W. Siegling. De Gruyter. p. 54. ISBN   978-3-11-238388-9. The Telaga were once a military caste, and were till recently recruited for the native regiments of the British army, but now they are cultivators of a moderately high position, and only differ from their neighbours in being somewhat more fully Brahmanised.
    48. ↑ Brand, Coenraad M. (1973). State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN   978-0-520-02490-8. ... local warrior castes such as Rajus, Kammas, Velamas, Kapus, and Telagas dominated military occupations.
    49. ↑ Price, Pamela (19 November 2013). Yandell, Keith E.; Paul, John J. (eds.). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-136-81801-1.
    50. ↑ Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David Dean; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2003). Textures of Time: Writing History in South India 1600-1800. Other Press. pp. 8, 30, 83. ISBN   978-1-59051-044-5.
    51. ↑ Roghair, Gene Henry (1982). The Epic of Palnāḍu: A Study and Translation of Palnāṭi Vīrula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh, India. Clarendon Press. p. 375. ISBN   978-0-19-815456-3.
    52. ↑ Park, Richard Leonard (1985). Region and Nation in India. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. p. 72. ISBN   978-81-204-0002-3.
    53. 1 2 Fox, Richard Gabriel (1977). Realm and Region in Traditional India. Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia. p. 121. ISBN   978-0-916994-12-9.
    54. ↑ Indo-British Review. Vol. 11. Indo-British Historical Society. 1984. p. 22.
    55. ↑ Bawa, Vasant K. (1975). Aspects of Deccan History: Report of a Seminar. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 101.
    56. ↑ Rao, M. Prasada (2006). Rural Non-farm Growth: Sign of Farm Success Or Failure?. Serials Publications. p. 215. ISBN   978-81-8387-009-2.
    57. ↑ Kunduri Iswara Dutt (1967). Inscriptional Glossary Of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi. p. 131.
    58. ↑ R. Narasimha Rao (1967). Corporate Life in Medieval Andhradesa. University Grants Commission. p. 108.
    59. ↑ P. S. Kanaka Durga (1989). Role of Nayakas in Medieval Andhra 1000-1259. AP History Congress. p. 44.
    60. ↑ D. N. Yogeeswarappa (28 March 2014). "The Study of Nayakatana in the Vijayanagara Empire with Special Reference to Tuluva Dynasty" (PDF). p. 25.
    61. 1 2 Price, Pamela G. (2000). John Jeya Paul; Keith E. Yandell (eds.). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN   9780700711017.
    62. ↑ Holck, Frederick H. (1974). Death and Eastern Thought: Understanding Death in Eastern Religions and Philosophies. Abingdon Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-687-10341-6.
    63. ↑ Kantha Rao 1999, p. 78.
    64. ↑ Katten, Michael (1997). Category Creation and the Colonial Setting: Identity Formation in Nineteenth Century Telugu-speaking India. University of California, Berkeley. p. 144.
    65. ↑ Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma, ed. (1956). Bobbili Yuddhakatha (in Telugu). Government Oriental Manuscripts Library.
    66. ↑ A. Vijaya Kumari; Sepuri Bhaskar (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M.D. Publications. p. 13. ISBN   978-81-7533-072-6.
    67. 1 2 Brown, Charles Philip (1852). A Dictionary, Telugu and English: Explaining the Colloquial Style Used in Business and the Poetical Dialect, with Explanations in English and in Telugu (1st ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 442.
    68. ↑ Brown, Charles Philip (1852). A Dictionary, Telugu and English: Explaining the Colloquial Style Used in Business and the Poetical Dialect, with Explanations in English and in Telugu (1st ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 215.
    69. ↑ Brown, Charles Philip (1903). "A Telugu-English Dictionary" (2nd ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 271 – via Digital South Asia Library.
    70. ↑ Kumari, A. Vijaya (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M. D. Publications. p. 7. ISBN   978-81-7533-072-6.
    71. ↑ Sōmaśēkharaśarma, Mallampalli (1948). History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.). Andhra University. p. 241.
    72. 1 2 3 Frykenberg, Robert Eric (1965). "Elite Groups in a South Indian District: 1788-1858". The Journal of Asian Studies . 24 (2): 274. doi:10.2307/2050565. ISSN   0021-9118. JSTOR   2050565. S2CID   153984852.
    73. 1 2 Lutheran Woman's Work. Vol. 15. Lutheran Publication Society. 1922. p. 322.
    74. 1 2 Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Thacker, Spink and Co. p. 286.
    75. ↑ Kantha Rao 1999, p. 77.
    76. ↑ Reddy, G. Samba Siva. “Dethroning Dominance: Caste Associations in Colonial Andhra, 1901-1947.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 72, 2011, pp. 769–80. JSTOR, JSTOR   44146769. Accessed 28 Apr. 2023.
    77. ↑ Proceedings - Indian History Congress. Vol. 65. Indian History Congress. 2006. p. 449.
    78. ↑ కృష్ణాజిల్లా ద్వితీయ తెలగ మహాజన సభ - పూళ్ల (in Telugu). Vol. 11. Andhra Patrika. 6 February 1925. p. 16.
    79. 1 2 3 Randor Guy (1–15 July 2009). "Justice Party policies owed much to him". Madras Musings . Vol. XIX. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
    80. 1 2 3 Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2007). Development of Modern Indian Thought and the Social Sciences. Centre for Studies in Civilizations. p. 211. ISBN   978-0-19-568967-9.
    81. ↑ Senapati, Nilamani; Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers: Ganjam. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press. p. 247.
    82. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 821. ISBN   978-81-7671-006-0.
    83. 1 2 Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 95, 111. ISBN   978-90-5356-035-8.
    84. 1 2 Mandali Buddha Prasad. "మారిషస్‌లో తెలుగు తేజం" (in Telugu). విదేశాంధ్ర సేవాకేంద్ర. p. 66.
    85. ↑ "South Indian Immigrants from India" (PDF). Sangam Fiji. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
    86. ↑ Chakravorty, Sanjoy; Kapur, Devesh; Singh, Nirvikar (2017). The Other One Percent: Indians in America. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-19-064874-9. High castes (like Brahmins) and dominant castes (like Patels in Gujarat and Kapu and Kamma in Andhra Pradesh) constitute over 90 percent of Indians in America.
    87. ↑ Economic and Political Weekly. Sameeksha Trust. 1989. p. 66.
    88. ↑ Prasada Bhoopaludu (1939). Andhra Vignanamu (in Telugu). Vol. 3. The Razan Electric Press. p. 1380.
    89. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1817. ISBN   978-81-7671-006-0. In East and West Godavari districts, quite a few Telaga zamindari families exist, with extensive landholdings. Some of them were bestowed with Diwan Bahadur and Rao Bahadur titles.
    90. ↑ Kistna District Manual. pp. 339–341.
    91. 1 2 Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects. Thacker, Spink and Co. p. 286.
    92. ↑ Venkataswami, Maidara Nagaya (1929). Life of M. Nagloo (Maidara Nagaya). Solden & Company. p. 11.
    93. 1 2 Janapati Pattabhirama Sastry (April 1924). Abhinava Saraswathi (in Telugu). Vol. 16. p. 17.
    94. ↑ Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము [Andhra Samsthanamulu - Sahithya Poshanamu]. Andhra University. p. 385.
    95. ↑ The Madras Law Times: Law Notes and Notes of Cases of the Madras High Court and of the English Law Courts. Vol. 20. Madras Law Times Office. 1916. p. 37. .... granted by Gopisetti Narayanaswami Nayudu garu, son of Narasimhulu Nayudu garu, Telaga, residing at .....
    96. ↑ The Madras Weekly Notes. Part 2. N. R. K. Tatachariar. 1916. p. 240.
    97. ↑ Vadivelu, A. (1915). The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India. G.C. Loganadham. p. 671. K. V. S. Ramachandra Rao garu, Zamindar of Dharmavaram: This gentleman, born in 1870, comes of a respectable Telaga family of Merakaveedhi, Rajahmundry, in the Godavari District, Madras Presidency.
    98. ↑ Sriram Veerabrahmam (1918). నానారాజన్య-విఖ్యాతజన చరిత్రము [Nanarajanya-Vikhyata Jana Charitramu]. Vani Press. p. 8. "రావు సాహెబ్ కళ్లి చిట్టిఅబ్బాయినాయుడు గారు: పశ్చిమ గోదావరీ మండలమునగల యేలూరు తాలూకాలోని పూళ్ల గ్రామానివాసులును తెలగ సంఘ ప్రముఖులునునగు శ్రీయుత కళ్లి చిట్టి అబ్బాయినాయుడు గారు గొప్ప భూస్వాములును ధనాధికులునునై ....."
    99. ↑ రావు బహదూర్ కల్లి చిట్టి అబ్బాయి నాయుడు జమీందారు జీవిత సంగ్రహము (in Telugu). Vol. 38. Andhra Patrika. 22 May 1951. p. 4.
    100. ↑ Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము (in Telugu). Andhra University. p. 595.
    101. 1 2 Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము (in Telugu). Andhra University. p. 550.
    102. 1 2 Madhunapantula Satyanarayana Sastry (1950). ఆంధ్ర రచయితలు (in Telugu). Addepalli and Co. p. 273.
    103. ↑ Dr. Tumati Donappa (1969). ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము (in Telugu). Andhra University. pp. 545–546.
    104. ↑ నర్సాపురం తాలూకా తెలగ మహాసభ [Narsapuram Taluk Telaga Mahasabha] (in Telugu). Vol. 36. Andhra Patrika. 3 May 1949. p. 4.
    105. ↑ Brown, Charles Philip (1903). "A Telugu-English Dictionary" (2nd ed.). Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 550, 1412 – via Digital South Asia Library.
    106. ↑ Thurston, Edgar, "Balija", Castes and Tribes of Southern India, retrieved 27 June 2023
    107. ↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. Vol. 39. Anthropological Survey of India. 1990. p. 70. The group is also known as Kapu, Naidu, Telaga in coastal districts of the state and is ethnically similar to Balija Naidus of Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh.
    108. ↑ Reddi, Agarala Easwara; Ram, D. Sundar (1994). State Politics in India: Reflections on Andhra Pradesh. M. D. Publications. p. 339. ISBN   978-81-85880-51-8. The Kapus, concentrated in Guntur, Krishna, West and East Godavari districts are listed among the forward castes. In Rayalaseema districts they are known as Balijas.
    109. 1 2 The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 55. Indian Society of Agricultural Economics. 2000. p. 707. In Andhra Pradesh, at the state level, one might mention a few castes such as Reddy, Velama, Kamma, Raju, Kapu / Telaga / Balija castes as the dominant (cultivator) castes.
    110. ↑ "'State committed to welfare of Kapus, Balijas'". The Hindu. 17 May 2016. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 22 July 2023.
    111. 1 2 Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 7. Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh. 1962. p. 6. The Kapu (Telaga) community in the Circar districts of Andhra was entirely in the grip of the Justice Party ... One of the staunch leaders of the Justice Party was Sir Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu, a leading advocate of Eluru, who was closely related to the rich landlords of the Kapu community in the Circar districts. ... But it was felt that the backing of the Kapu community was also essential to the Congress, as that community was in a considerable position and status in the Circars.
    112. ↑ Gundemeda, Nagaraju (2 October 2014). Education and Hegemony: Social Construction of Knowledge in India in the Era of Globalisation. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 79. ISBN   978-1-4438-6830-3.
    113. ↑ Innaiah, N. (1991). Between Charisma and Corruption: Politics in Indian States with Special Study of Andhra Pradesh, 1890-1990. p. 29.
    114. 1 2 3 Śivarāvu, Digavalli (1985). Vīrēśaliṅgaṃ-velugu nīḍalu (in Telugu). Vēmana Vikāsa Kēndram. pp. xxxi. Mr. Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu who was one of the three pillars of Brahmo in Andhra became a member of the Telaga Sangham and Justice Party in 1917, in the year of its founding.
    115. ↑ Harrison, Selig S. (June 1956), "Caste and the Andhra Communists", The American Political Science Review, 50 (2): 378–404, doi:10.2307/1951675, JSTOR   1951675, S2CID   147317455
    116. 1 2 Kantha Rao 1999, p. 147, Chapter 3.
    117. ↑ Malhotra, G. C. (2004). Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 167. ISBN   978-81-200-0400-9.
    118. ↑ Kantha Rao 1999, Chapter 5, p. 220.
    119. ↑ Srinivas, G.; Shatrugna, M.; Narayana, G. (1984), "Social Background of Telugu Desam Legislators", in George Mathew (ed.), Shift in Indian Politics: 1983 Elections in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Concept Publishing Company, pp. 115–116, GGKEY:XCJKCFX6PAJ
    120. ↑ Balagopal, K. (1986), Probings in the Political Economy of Agrarian Classes and Conflicts, Perspectives Publishers, Page 183
    121. ↑ Kantha Rao 1999, Chapter 5, p. 235.
    122. ↑ Frykenberg, Robert Eric (1965). Guntur District, 1788-1848: A History of Local Influence and Central Authority in South India. Oxford University Press. p. 276.
    123. ↑ Baker, Christopher John (1976). The Politics of South India 1920–1937. Cambridge University Press. p. 338. ISBN   978-0-521-20755-3.
    124. ↑ Miller, Barbara D. (1982). "Female Labor Participation and Female Seclusion in Rural India: A Regional View". Economic Development and Cultural Change . 30 (4): 791. doi:10.1086/452589. ISSN   0013-0079. JSTOR   3203116. S2CID   154725772.
    125. ↑ A. Papa Rao; V. S. Deep Kumar (1990). The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. Vol. 39. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 70. The Telaga is one of the numerically and socio-economically dominant castes distributed almost all over Andhra Pradesh.
    126. ↑ Kuczyński, Janusz (1988). Perspectives on Contemporary Youth. United Nations University. p. 253. ISBN   978-92-808-0643-4.
    127. ↑ Venkateswarlu, Davuluri (1992). "Faulty Empirical Data". Social Scientist . 20 (12): 67–72. doi:10.2307/3517743. ISSN   0970-0293. JSTOR   3517743.
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    129. ↑ "Kapus moving away from Mudragada, claims Ravindra". The Hans India . 14 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
    130. ↑ Menon, Amarnath K. (30 July 2019). "Andhra Pradesh: Jagan scraps Kapu quota, says not legally tenable". India Today. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
    131. ↑ "After Centre's objection to quota, government tries to allay fears of Kapus". The New Indian Express . 16 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
    132. ↑ "Andhra Pradesh high court notice to govt on Kapu reservation". The Times of India. 29 March 2023. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 1 May 2023.
    133. ↑ Srinivas, S.V.. (2010). Making of a Peasant Industry: Telugu Cinema in the 1930s–1950s. Bioscope: South Asian Screen Studies. p. 173. 10.1177/097492761000100207.
    134. ↑ "Kapu community says no to 'Chandranna' samkshema bhavan". The Times of India. 22 May 2016. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 8 April 2023.
    135. ↑ Devi, T. Sui. "Kanneganti Hanumanthu". Ministry of Culture, Government of India . Retrieved 8 April 2023.
    136. ↑ Kodi Rammurthy Naidu: ఛాతీపై ఏనుగును ఎక్కించుకొనేవారు. శత్రువులు చంపాలని చూసిన కోడి రామ్మూర్తి కథేంటి? (in Telugu), BBC News, 16 January 2021, retrieved 3 July 2023
    137. ↑ Dr. S. Shridevi (1976). Luminaries Of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi. pp. 115–120.
    138. ↑ Kantha Rao 1999, p. 268–269, Chapter 6.
    139. ↑ A. Vijaya Kumari; Sepuri Bhaskar (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M.D. Publications. p. 14. ISBN   978-81-7533-072-6.
    140. ↑ "Former Speakers - Legislative Assembly". Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
    141. ↑ More, J. B. Prashant (2007). The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French Rule to Integration with India.

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