| Part of a series on |
| Translation |
|---|
 |
| Types |
| Theory |
| Technologies |
| Localization |
| Institutional |
| Related topics |
|
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Czech only once. [1]
| Part of a series on |
| Translation |
|---|
| |
| Types |
| Theory |
| Technologies |
| Localization |
| Institutional |
| Related topics |
|
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Czech only once. [1]
The only known translation of the Kural text in Czech is some selections that appeared in Novy Orient, a Czech journal from Prague, during 1952–54. [2] : 44 [3] These were translated by Tamil scholar Kamil Zvelebil. [4]
| Translation | Kural, couplet or verse, No. 423 (Chapter 43) |
|---|---|
| Kamil Zvelebil, 1952 | Značka moudrosti má poznat pravdu Od kteréhokoliv zdroje to je slyšeno. |
The Tirukkuṟaḷ, or shortly theKural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue (aram), wealth (porul) and love (inbam), respectively. It is widely acknowledged for its universality and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period.
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on the ethics and morality of the commoner, is one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. Authored by the ancient Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, the work has been translated into 57 languages, with a total of 350 individual translations, including 143 different renderings in the English language alone.
Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. English, thus, continues to remain the language with most number of translations available of the Kural text.
As of 2015, there are at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in the Polish language.
As of 2024, there were at least five translations of the Tirukkural available in Arabic. The Kural text is the first, and so far the only, Tamil work to be translated directly into Arabic. It is also the first Tamil work to be released in the Arabian soil.
Among the European languages, German has the third highest number of translations of the Tirukkural, after English and French. As of 2015, there were at least eight translations of the Kural text available in German.
As of 2015, the Chinese language had two translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, the Japanese language has two translations available of the Tirukkural.
Malayalam has seen the most number of Tirukkural translations than that of any other language in India. As of 2007, there are at least 21 translations of the Kural text available in Malayalam. Malayalam also has the distinction of producing the first ever translation of the Kural text among the languages in India and the world at large. The Annual Report of the Cochin Archeological Department for the year 1933–34 reported an unpublished manuscript of a Malayalam translation of the Tirukkural made in 1595.
As of 2015, there were at least three Gujarati translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, there were at least four translations of the Tirukkural available in Bengali.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Rajasthani only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Saurashtra only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Sinhalese at least twice.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Dutch only once.
As of 2015, there is only one translation of the Tirukkural available in Swedish.
As of 2023, Konkani has three translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, Fijian had at least two translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, Malay has at least four translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2024, there were at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in Assamese.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (link)
