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As of 2015, Fijian had at least two translations available of the Tirukkural. [1]
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As of 2015, Fijian had at least two translations available of the Tirukkural. [1]
There are at least two translations known of the Kural text in the Fijian language. The first Fijian translation of the Kural was made by Samuel L. Berwick who translated it in 1964. Swami Rudrananda, who established the Ramakrishna Mission in Fiji in 1953, requested Berwick, then editor of the Fijian section of his newspaper Pacific Review (Vakalewa ni Pasifika) published from Nadi, to work on the translation in 1962 to mark the birth centenary of Swami Vivekananda. It was published in Nadi, Fiji under the title Na Tirukurala. [2] [3] This has long been out of print and is now said to be available only in National Archives of Fiji. [4]
The second one was by the Irish-English linguist Paul Geraghty, based at the University of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji. [4] Not knowing Tamil, he made the Fijian translation from English and French translations of the Kural text in two years. [4] It was published under the title Tirukurali Na sere tabu in 2008, [3] which was released by former Vice President of Fiji Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi. [4]
| Translation | Chapter 26, Tabu lewenimanumanu | |
|---|---|---|
| Kural 254 (Couplet 26:4) | Kural 258 (Couplet 26:8) | |
| Samuel L. Berwick, 1964 | Na veivakamatei na tawa loloma Vakamatei me kanii kua e tokona. | Ke da rai yawa ka savasava Lewe ni manumanu ’da na tawa sagaa. |
| Paul Geraghty, 2008 | Na laba na ivalavalaca; e ivalavalaca tale ga na kania na lewe ni manumanu labati. | Koya e cecere nona vakasama ena sega ni kana lewenimanumanu, ni dau rawa ga ena kena kau tani na bula ni manumanu. |
The Tirukkuṟaḷ, or shortly theKural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue (aram), wealth (porul) and love (inbam), respectively. Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, it is widely acknowledged for its universality and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period.
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on the ethics and morality of the commoner, is one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. Authored by the ancient Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, it has been translated into at least 42 world languages, with about 57 different renderings in the English language alone.
Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. English, thus, continues to remain the language with most number of translations available of the Kural text.
Hindi perhaps has many translations of the Tirukkural. As of 2000, there were at least 19 translations of the Kural text available in Hindi. Many of these translations are in verse form.
Kannada has at least eight translations of the Tirukkural available as of 2014. Both prose and verse translations have been made in Kannada.
As of 2015, there are at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in the Polish language.
French has the second maximum number of translations of the Tirukkural among European languages, next only to English. As of 2015, there were at least 18 translations of the Kural text available in French.
As of 2015, the Japanese language has two translations available of the Tirukkural.
Malayalam has seen the most number of Tirukkural translations than that of any other language in India. As of 2007, there are at least 21 translations of the Kural text available in Malayalam. Malayalam also has the distinction of producing the first ever translation of the Kural text among the languages in India and the world at large. The Annual Report of the Cochin Archeological Department for the year 1933–34 reported an unpublished manuscript of a Malayalam translation of the Tirukkural made in 1595.
Telugu is one of the Indian languages that has had the earliest Tirukkural translations in modern times. As of 2000, there were at least 14 translations of the Kural text available in Telugu.
As of 2015, there were at least three Gujarati translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, there were at least five Sanskrit translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Rajasthani only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Punjabi at least twice.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Saurashtra only once.
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Sinhalese at least twice.
As of 2015, Urdu has at least two translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2023, Konkani has three translations available of the Tirukkural.
As of 2015, Malay has at least four translations available of the Tirukkural.
Soibam Rebika Devi is an Indian translator who is best known for translating the Tirukkural into Meitei.
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