Tiwanaku, La Paz | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 The village of Tiwanaku as seen from the south | |
| Coordinates: 16°33′S68°42′W / 16.550°S 68.700°W | |
| Country |  Bolivia |
| Department | La Paz Department |
| Population (2013) | |
| • Total | 860 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |
| Climate | Cwc |
Tiwanaku is a village in the La Paz Department, Bolivia with a population of 860 people. Towards the south of the village, there is the archaeological site of Tiwanaku.
| Climate data for Tiwanaku, La Paz, elevation 3,629 m (11,906 ft) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.0 (60.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.0 (59.0) | 15.7 (60.3) | 16.3 (61.3) | 17.9 (64.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 16.4 (61.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) | 10.0 (50.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 5.9 (42.6) | 4.2 (39.6) | 3.9 (39.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.0 (48.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 10.0 (50.0) | 7.8 (46.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) | 3.6 (38.5) | 3.0 (37.4) | 0.4 (32.7) | −4.1 (24.6) | −6.5 (20.3) | −7.2 (19.0) | −5.7 (21.7) | −2.2 (28.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.6 (36.7) | −0.9 (30.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 138 (5.4) | 103 (4.1) | 88 (3.5) | 43 (1.7) | 16 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 8 (0.3) | 14 (0.6) | 39 (1.5) | 39 (1.5) | 63 (2.5) | 91 (3.6) | 646 (25.5) |
| Source: Plataforma digital única del Estado Peruano [1] | |||||||||||||
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government and administrative capital is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
Lake Titicaca is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. Titicaca is the largest lake in South America both in terms of the volume of water and surface area. It has a surface elevation of 3,812 m (12,507 ft).
Tiwanaku is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia, near Lake Titicaca, about 70 kilometers from La Paz, and it is one of the largest sites in South America. Surface remains currently cover around 4 square kilometers and include decorated ceramics, monumental structures, and megalithic blocks. In AD 800 the site has been conservatively estimated to have been inhabited by 10,000 to 20,000 people.
Lake Poopó was a large saline lake in a shallow depression in the Altiplano Mountains in Oruro Department, Bolivia, at an altitude of approximately 3,700 m (12,100 ft). Due to the lake's length and width, it made up the eastern half of Oruro, known as a mining region in southwest Bolivia. The permanent part of the lake body covered approximately 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi) and it was the second-largest lake in the country. The lake received most of its water from the Desaguadero River, which flows from Lake Titicaca at the north end of the Altiplano. Since the lake lacked any major outlet and had a mean depth of less than 3 m (10 ft), the surface area differed greatly seasonally.
Ingavi is a province in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. This is where the Battle of Ingavi occurred on November 18, 1841, and where the World Heritage Site of Tiwanaku is situated.
Salinas de Garci Mendoza is a town in the Bolivian Oruro Department. It is the administrative center of Ladislao Cabrera Province and is located 280 km (170 mi) south-west of Oruro, the capital of the department. It is situated at an elevation of 3,732 m (12,244 ft) at Caricha, 20 km north of the Tunupa stratovolcano. Salar de Coipasa,a salt lake, is 20 km north-west of Salinas de Garci Mendoza, and 15 km in south-eastern direction is Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt pan. Salinas de Garci Mendoza is the endpoint of the road from Chuquichamba via Andamarca and Aroma to Salinas de Garci Mendoza.
Tiwanaku Municipality is the third municipal section of the Ingavi Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is the village of Tiwanaku located near the UNESCO World Heritage Site Tiwanaku.
Calacoto or Qala Qutu is the third municipal section of the Pacajes Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is Calacoto.
Ayo Ayo is a location in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Ayo Ayo Municipality, the third municipal section of the Aroma Province.
Comanche, Bolivia is a location in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Comanche Municipality, the fourth municipal section of the Pacajes Province.
Santiago de Machaca is a location in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Santiago de Machaca Municipality, the first municipal section of the José Manuel Pando Province, and it is also the seat of the province.
The Neo-Tiwanakan or Pseudo-Tiwanakan architecture is an architectural style developed by the architect Emilio Villanueva Peñaranda between 1930 and 1948, inspired by the designs of the Pre-Columbian archeological site of Tiwanaku in Bolivia.
Huachacalla is a small town in the Litoral Province of the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Huachacalla Municipality.
Pazña Municipality is a municipality of the Poopó Province in the Oruro Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Pazña.
Kimsa Chata, also spelled Kimsachata, is a 4,735-metre-high (15,535 ft) mountain in the Andes in Bolivia. It is located in the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range south-east of Wiñaymarka Lake, the southern part of Lake Titicaca. It lies in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, Tiwanaku Municipality, about 15 km south of the archaeological site of Tiwanaku and the village of the same name. Kimsa Chata is situated between the mountains Nasa Puqi in the north and Chuqi Ch'iwani in the south.
Tiwanaku River or Wakira River is a Bolivian river southeast of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, in the municipalities of Guaqui and Tiwanaku, and in the Los Andes Province, Laja Municipality. It empties into Wiñaymarka Lake, the southern part of Lake Titicaca, north of Guaqui (Waki) near the villages of Jawira Pampa and Uma Marka. On its way along the southern slopes of the Taraco range it flows along the archaeological site of Tiwanaku.
The Tiwanaku Polity was a Pre-Columbian polity in western Bolivia based in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku was one of the most significant Andean civilizations. Its influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile and lasted from around 600 to 1000 AD. Its capital was the monumental city of Tiwanaku, located at the center of the polity's core area in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. This area has clear evidence for large-scale agricultural production on raised fields that probably supported the urban population of the capital. Researchers debate whether these fields were administered by a bureaucratic state (top-down) or through a federation of communities with local autonomy. Tiwanaku was once thought to be an expansive military empire, based mostly on comparisons to the later Inca Empire. However, recent research suggests that labelling Tiwanaku as an empire or even a state may be misleading. Tiwanaku is missing a number of features traditionally used to define archaic states and empires: there is no defensive architecture at any Tiwanaku site or changes in weapon technology, there are no princely burials or other evidence of a ruling dynasty or a formal social hierarchy, no evidence of state-maintained roads or outposts, and no markets.
Sonia Alconini Mujica is a Bolivian anthropologist and archaeologist specializing in the socioeconomic and political development of early states and empires in the Andes. She has studied the dynamics of ancient imperial frontiers, and the ways in which Guarani tropical tribes expanded over these spaces. She has also conducted work in the eastern Bolivian valleys and Lake Titicaca region.
The architecture of Bolivia is closely related to its history, culture and religion. Bolivian architecture has been constantly changing and progressing over time. Subject to terrain and high altitudes, most of Bolivia's Pre-Columbian buildings were built for housing, mainly influenced by Bolivian indigenous culture. The arrival of Spanish settlers brought many European-style buildings, and the Spaniards began planning to build big cities. After Independence, the architectural style became Neoclassical and many churches and government buildings were built. In modern Bolivia, like many countries, skyscrapers and post-modern buildings dominate, and of course there are special styles of architecture to attract tourists and build.
Poopó is a Bolivian town, capital of the province of Poopó, in the department of Oruro. Emma Heberlein is the mayor
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