In hyperbolic geometry, a uniform honeycomb in hyperbolic space is a uniform tessellation of uniform polyhedral cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are nine Coxeter group families of compact convex uniform honeycombs, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by permutations of rings of the Coxeter diagrams for each family.
Order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb {5,3,4} | Order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb {5,3,5} |
Order-5 cubic honeycomb {4,3,5} | Icosahedral honeycomb {3,5,3} |
Poincaré ball model projections |
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Honeycombs are divided between compact and paracompact forms defined by Coxeter groups, the first category only including finite cells and vertex figures (finite subgroups), and the second includes affine subgroups.
The nine compact Coxeter groups are listed here with their Coxeter diagrams, [1] in order of the relative volumes of their fundamental simplex domains. [2]
These 9 families generate a total of 76 unique uniform honeycombs. The full list of hyperbolic uniform honeycombs has not been proven and an unknown number of non-Wythoffian forms exist. Two known examples are cited with the {3,5,3} family below. Only two families are related as a mirror-removal halving: [5,31,1] ↔ [5,3,4,1+].
Indexed | Fundamental simplex volume [2] | Witt symbol | Coxeter notation | Commutator subgroup | Coxeter diagram | Honeycombs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | 0.0358850633 | [5,3,4] | [(5,3)+,4,1+] = [5,31,1]+ | 15 forms, 2 regular | ||
H2 | 0.0390502856 | [3,5,3] | [3,5,3]+ | 9 forms, 1 regular | ||
H3 | 0.0717701267 | [5,31,1] | [5,31,1]+ | 11 forms (7 overlap with [5,3,4] family, 4 are unique) | ||
H4 | 0.0857701820 | [(4,3,3,3)] | [(4,3,3,3)]+ | 9 forms | ||
H5 | 0.0933255395 | [5,3,5] | [5,3,5]+ | 9 forms, 1 regular | ||
H6 | 0.2052887885 | [(5,3,3,3)] | [(5,3,3,3)]+ | 9 forms | ||
H7 | 0.2222287320 | [(4,3)[2]] | [(4,3+,4,3+)] | 6 forms | ||
H8 | 0.3586534401 | [(3,4,3,5)] | [(3,4,3,5)]+ | 9 forms | ||
H9 | 0.5021308905 | [(5,3)[2]] | [(5,3)[2]]+ | 6 forms |
There are just two radical subgroups with non-simplicial domains that can be generated by removing a set of two or more mirrors separated by all other mirrors by even-order branches. One is [(4,3,4,3*)], represented by Coxeter diagrams an index 6 subgroup with a trigonal trapezohedron fundamental domain ↔ , which can be extended by restoring one mirror as . The other is [4,(3,5)*], index 120 with a dodecahedral fundamental domain.
There are also 23 paracompact Coxeter groups of rank 4 that produce paracompact uniform honeycombs with infinite or unbounded facets or vertex figure, including ideal vertices at infinity.
Type | Coxeter groups |
---|---|
Linear graphs | | | | | | |
Tridental graphs | | |
Cyclic graphs | | | | | | | | |
Loop-n-tail graphs | | | |
Other paracompact Coxeter groups exists as Vinberg polytope fundamental domains, including these triangular bipyramid fundamental domains (double tetrahedra) as rank 5 graphs including parallel mirrors. Uniform honeycombs exist as all permutations of rings in these graphs, with the constraint that at least one node must be ringed across infinite order branches.
Dimension | Rank | Graphs |
---|---|---|
H3 | 5 |
|
There are 9 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: [3,5,3] or
One related non-wythoffian form is constructed from the {3,5,3} vertex figure with 4 (tetrahedrally arranged) vertices removed, creating pentagonal antiprisms and dodecahedra filling in the gaps, called a tetrahedrally diminished dodecahedron. [3] Another is constructed with 2 antipodal vertices removed. [4]
The bitruncated and runcinated forms (5 and 6) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {4,10|3} and {10,4|3}.
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbols | Cell counts/vertex and positions in honeycomb | Vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
1 | icosahedral (ikhon) t0{3,5,3} | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | |||||
2 | rectified icosahedral (rih) t1{3,5,3} | (2) (5.5.5) | (3) (3.5.3.5) | ||||
3 | truncated icosahedral (tih) t0,1{3,5,3} | (1) (5.5.5) | (3) (5.6.6) | ||||
4 | cantellated icosahedral (srih) t0,2{3,5,3} | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (4.4.3) | (2) (3.5.4.5) | |||
5 | runcinated icosahedral (spiddih) t0,3{3,5,3} | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | (5) (4.4.3) | (5) (4.4.3) | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | ||
6 | bitruncated icosahedral (dih) t1,2{3,5,3} | (2) (3.10.10) | (2) (3.10.10) | ||||
7 | cantitruncated icosahedral (grih) t0,1,2{3,5,3} | (1) (3.10.10) | (1) (4.4.3) | (2) (4.6.10) | |||
8 | runcitruncated icosahedral (prih) t0,1,3{3,5,3} | (1) (3.5.4.5) | (1) (4.4.3) | (2) (4.4.6) | (1) (5.6.6) | ||
9 | omnitruncated icosahedral (gipiddih) t0,1,2,3{3,5,3} | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.4.6) | (1) (4.4.6) | (1) (4.6.10) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbols | Cell counts/vertex and positions in honeycomb | Vertex figure | Picture | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Alt | ||||
[77] | partially diminished icosahedral (pidih) pd{3,5,3} [5] | (12) (3.3.3.5) | (4) (5.5.5) | |||||
[78] | semi-partially diminished icosahedral spd{3,5,3} [4] | (6) (3.3.3.5) (6) (3.3.3.3.3) | (2) (5.5.5) | |||||
Nonuniform | omnisnub icosahedral (snih) ht0,1,2,3{3,5,3} | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3 | (1) (3.3.3.3) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 15 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: [5,3,4] or .
This family is related to the group [5,31,1] by a half symmetry [5,3,4,1+], or ↔ , when the last mirror after the order-4 branch is inactive, or as an alternation if the third mirror is inactive ↔ .
# | Name of honeycomb Coxeter diagram | Cells by location and count per vertex | Vertex figure | Picture | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Alt | |||||
[34] | alternated order-5 cubic (apech) ↔ | (20) (3.3.3) | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | ||||||
[35] | cantic order-5 cubic (tapech) ↔ | (1) (3.5.3.5) | - | (2) (5.6.6) | (2) (3.6.6) | ||||
[36] | runcic order-5 cubic (birapech) ↔ | (1) (5.5.5) | - | (3) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (3.3.3) | ||||
[37] | runcicantic order-5 cubic (bitapech) ↔ | (1) (3.10.10) | - | (2) (4.6.10) | (1) (3.6.6) | ||||
Nonuniform | snub rectified order-4 dodecahedral | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | (1) (3.3.3) | - | (2) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) | Irr. tridiminished icosahedron | ||
Nonuniform | runcic snub rectified order-4 dodecahedral | (3.4.4.4) | (4.4.4.4) | - | (3.3.3.3.5) | +(3.3.3) | |||
Nonuniform | omnisnub order-5 cubic | (1) (3.3.3.3.4) | (1) (3.3.3.4) | (1) (3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 9 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: [5,3,5] or
The bitruncated and runcinated forms (29 and 30) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {4,6|5} and {6,4|5}.
# | Name of honeycomb Coxeter diagram | Cells by location and count per vertex | Vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
25 | (Regular) Order-5 dodecahedral (pedhon) t0{5,3,5} | (20) (5.5.5) | |||||
26 | rectified order-5 dodecahedral (ripped) t1{5,3,5} | (2) (3.3.3.3.3) | (5) (3.5.3.5) | ||||
27 | truncated order-5 dodecahedral (tipped) t0,1{5,3,5} | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | (5) (3.10.10) | ||||
28 | cantellated order-5 dodecahedral (sripped) t0,2{5,3,5} | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (4.4.5) | (2) (3.5.4.5) | |||
29 | Runcinated order-5 dodecahedral (spidded) t0,3{5,3,5} | (1) (5.5.5) | (3) (4.4.5) | (3) (4.4.5) | (1) (5.5.5) | ||
30 | bitruncated order-5 dodecahedral (diddoh) t1,2{5,3,5} | (2) (5.6.6) | (2) (5.6.6) | ||||
31 | cantitruncated order-5 dodecahedral (gripped) t0,1,2{5,3,5} | (1) (5.6.6) | (1) (4.4.5) | (2) (4.6.10) | |||
32 | runcitruncated order-5 dodecahedral (pripped) t0,1,3{5,3,5} | (1) (3.5.4.5) | (1) (4.4.5) | (2) (4.4.10) | (1) (3.10.10) | ||
33 | omnitruncated order-5 dodecahedral (gipidded) t0,1,2,3{5,3,5} | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.4.10) | (1) (4.4.10) | (1) (4.6.10) |
# | Name of honeycomb Coxeter diagram | Cells by location and count per vertex | Vertex figure | Picture | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Alt | ||||
Nonuniform | omnisnub order-5 dodecahedral ht0,1,2,3{5,3,5} | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 11 forms (and only 4 not shared with [5,3,4] family), generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: [5,31,1] or . If the branch ring states match, an extended symmetry can double into the [5,3,4] family, ↔ .
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0' | 3 | ||||
34 | alternated order-5 cubic (apech) ↔ | - | - | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | (20) (3.3.3) | ||
35 | cantic order-5 cubic (tapech) ↔ | (1) (3.5.3.5) | - | (2) (5.6.6) | (2) (3.6.6) | ||
36 | runcic order-5 cubic (birapech) ↔ | (1) (5.5.5) | - | (3) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (3.3.3) | ||
37 | runcicantic order-5 cubic (bitapech) ↔ | (1) (3.10.10) | - | (2) (4.6.10) | (1) (3.6.6) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram ↔ | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 3 | Alt | ||||
[10] | Order-4 dodecahedral (doehon) ↔ | (4) (5.5.5) | - | - | |||
[11] | rectified order-4 dodecahedral (riddoh) ↔ | (2) (3.5.3.5) | - | (2) (3.3.3.3) | |||
[12] | rectified order-5 cubic (ripech) ↔ | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | - | (5) (3.4.3.4) | |||
[15] | bitruncated order-5 cubic (ciddoh) ↔ | (1) (5.6.6) | - | (2) (4.6.6) | |||
[14] | truncated order-4 dodecahedral (tiddoh) ↔ | (2) (3.10.10) | - | (1) (3.3.3.3) | |||
[17] | cantellated order-4 dodecahedral (sriddoh) ↔ | (1) (3.4.5.4) | (2) (4.4.4) | (1) (3.4.3.4) | |||
[20] | cantitruncated order-4 dodecahedral (griddoh) ↔ | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.4.4) | (1) (4.6.6) | |||
Nonuniform | snub rectified order-4 dodecahedral ↔ | (2) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3) | (2) (3.3.3.3.3) | (4) +(3.3.3) | Irr. tridiminished icosahedron |
There are 9 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group:
The bitruncated and runcinated forms (41 and 42) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {8,6|3} and {6,8|3}.
There are 9 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group:
The bitruncated and runcinated forms (50 and 51) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {10,6|3} and {6,10|3}.
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
47 | tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (4) (3.3.3) | - | (4) (5.5.5) | (6) (3.5.3.5) | ||
48 | tetrahedral-icosahedral | (30) (3.3.3.3) | (20) (3.3.3) | - | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | ||
49 | cyclotruncated tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (3) (3.6.6) | (1) (3.3.3) | (1) (5.5.5) | (3) (5.6.6) | ||
52 | rectified tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (1) (3.3.3.3) | (2) (3.4.3.4) | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (3.4.5.4) | ||
53 | truncated tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (1) (3.6.6) | (1) (3.4.3.4) | (1) (3.10.10) | (2) (4.6.10) | ||
54 | truncated tetrahedral-icosahedral | (2) (4.6.6) | (1) (3.6.6) | (1) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (5.6.6) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,1 | 2,3 | Alt | ||||
50 | cyclotruncated dodecahedral-tetrahedral | (2) (3.3.3) | (6) (3.10.10) | |||
51 | cyclotruncated tetrahedral-icosahedral | (10) (3.6.6) | (2) (3.3.3.3.3) | |||
55 | omnitruncated tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (2) (4.6.6) | (2) (4.6.10) | |||
Nonuniform | omnisnub tetrahedral-dodecahedral | (2) (3.3.3.3.3) | (2) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 6 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: . There are 4 extended symmetries possible based on the symmetry of the rings: , , , and .
This symmetry family is also related to a radical subgroup, index 6, ↔ , constructed by [(4,3,4,3*)], and represents a trigonal trapezohedron fundamental domain.
The truncated forms (57 and 58) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {6,6|4} and {8,8|3}.
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Pictures | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
56 | cubic-octahedral (cohon) | (6) (3.3.3.3) | - | (8) (4.4.4) | (12) (3.4.3.4) | ||
60 | truncated cubic-octahedral (tucoh) | (1) (4.6.6) | (1) (3.4.4.4) | (1) (3.8.8) | (2) (4.6.8) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,3 | 1,2 | Alt | ||||
57 | cyclotruncated octahedral-cubic (cytoch) | (6) (4.6.6) | (2) (4.4.4) | |||
Nonuniform | cyclosnub octahedral-cubic | (4) (3.3.3.3.3) | (2) (3.3.3) | (4) +(3.3.3.3) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,1 | 2,3 | ||||
58 | cyclotruncated cubic-octahedral (cytacoh) | (2) (3.3.3.3) | (6) (3.8.8) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,2 | 1,3 | ||||
59 | rectified cubic-octahedral (racoh) | (2) (3.4.3.4) | (4) (3.4.4.4) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,1,2,3 | Alt | ||||
61 | omnitruncated cubic-octahedral (otacoh) | (4) (4.6.8) | |||
Nonuniform | omnisnub cubic-octahedral | (4) (3.3.3.3.4) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 9 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group:
The truncated forms (65 and 66) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {10,6|3} and {6,10|3}.
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
62 | octahedral-dodecahedral | (6) (3.3.3.3) | - | (8) (5.5.5) | (1) (3.5.3.5) | ||
63 | cubic-icosahedral | (30) (3.4.3.4) | (20) (4.4.4) | - | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | ||
64 | cyclotruncated octahedral-dodecahedral | (3) (4.6.6) | (1) (4.4.4) | (1) (5.5.5) | (3) (5.6.6) | ||
67 | rectified octahedral-dodecahedral | (1) (3.4.3.4) | (2) (3.4.4.4) | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (3.4.5.4) | ||
68 | truncated octahedral-dodecahedral | (1) (4.6.6) | (1) (3.4.4.4) | (1) (3.10.10) | (2) (4.6.10) | ||
69 | truncated cubic-dodecahedral | (2) (4.6.8) | (1) (3.8.8) | (1) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (5.6.6) |
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0,1 | 2,3 | Alt | ||||
65 | cyclotruncated dodecahedral-octahedral | (2) (3.3.3.3) | (8) (3.10.10) | |||
66 | cyclotruncated cubic-icosahedral | (10) (3.8.8) | (2) (3.3.3.3.3) | |||
70 | omnitruncated octahedral-dodecahedral | (2) (4.6.8) | (2) (4.6.10) | |||
Nonuniform | omnisnub octahedral-dodecahedral | (2) (3.3.3.3.4) | (2) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are 6 forms, generated by ring permutations of the Coxeter group: . There are 4 extended symmetries possible based on the symmetry of the rings: , , , and .
The truncated forms (72 and 73) contain the faces of two regular skew polyhedrons: {6,6|5} and {10,10|3}.
# | Honeycomb name Coxeter diagram | Cells by location (and count around each vertex) | vertex figure | Picture | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Alt | ||||
71 | dodecahedral-icosahedral | (12) (3.3.3.3.3) | - | (20) (5.5.5) | (30) (3.5.3.5) | |||
72 | cyclotruncated icosahedral-dodecahedral | (3) (5.6.6) | (1) (5.5.5) | (1) (5.5.5) | (3) (5.6.6) | |||
73 | cyclotruncated dodecahedral-icosahedral | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | (1) (3.3.3.3.3) | (3) (3.10.10) | (3) (3.10.10) | |||
74 | rectified dodecahedral-icosahedral | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (3.5.3.5) | (2) (3.4.5.4) | |||
75 | truncated dodecahedral-icosahedral | (1) (5.6.6) | (1) (3.4.5.4) | (1) (3.10.10) | (2) (4.6.10) | |||
76 | omnitruncated dodecahedral-icosahedral | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.6.10) | (1) (4.6.10) | |||
Nonuniform | omnisnub dodecahedral-icosahedral | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (1) (3.3.3.3.5) | (4) +(3.3.3) |
There are infinitely many known non-Wythoffian uniform compact hyperbolic honeycombs, and there may be more undiscovered ones. Two have been listed above as diminishings of the icosahedral honeycomb {3,5,3}. [6]
In 1997 Wendy Krieger discovered an infinite series of uniform hyperbolic honeycombs with pseudoicosahedral vertex figures, made from 8 cubes and 12 p-gonal prisms at a vertex for any integer p. In the case p = 4, all cells are cubes and the result is the order-5 cubic honeycomb. The case p = 2 degenerates to the Euclidean cubic honeycomb. [6]
Another four known ones are related to noncompact families. The tessellation consists of truncated cubes and infinite order-8 triangular tilings . However the latter intersect the sphere at infinity orthogonally, having exactly the same curvature as the hyperbolic space, and can be replaced by mirror images of the remainder of the tessellation, resulting in a compact uniform honeycomb consisting only of the truncated cubes. (So they are analogous to the hemi-faces of spherical hemipolyhedra.) [6] [7] Something similar can be done with the tessellation consisting of small rhombicuboctahedra , infinite order-8 triangular tilings , and infinite order-8 square tilings . The order-8 square tilings already intersect the sphere at infinity orthogonally, and if the order-8 triangular tilings are augmented with a set of triangular prisms, the surface passing through their centre points also intersects the sphere at infinity orthogonally. After replacing with mirror images, the result is a compact honeycomb containing the small rhombicuboctahedra and the triangular prisms. [8] Two more such constructions were discovered in 2023. The first one arises from the fact that and have the same circumradius; the former has truncated octahedra and order-6 square tilings , while the latter has cuboctahedra and order-6 square tilings . A compact uniform honeycomb is taken by discarding the order-6 square tilings they have in common, using only the truncated octahedra and cuboctahedra. The second one arises from a similar construction involving (which has small rhombicosidodecahedra , octahedra , and order-4 pentagonal tilings ) and (which is the prism of the order-4 pentagonal tiling, having pentagonal prisms and order-4 pentagonal tilings ). These two likewise have the same circumradius, and a compact uniform honeycomb is taken by using only the finite cells of both, discarding the order-4 pentagonal tilings they have in common. [9]
Another non-Wythoffian was discovered in 2021. It has as vertex figure a snub cube with 8 vertices removed and contains two octahedra and eight snub cubes at each vertex. [6] Subsequently Krieger found a non-Wythoffian with a snub cube as the vertex figure, containing 32 tetrahedra and 6 octahedra at each vertex, and that the truncated and rectified versions of this honeycomb are still uniform. In 2022, Richard Klitzing generalised this construction to use any snub as vertex figure: the result is compact for p=4 or 5 (with a snub cube or snub dodecahedral vertex figure respectively), paracompact for p=6 (with a snub trihexagonal tiling as the vertex figure), and hypercompact for p>6. Again, the truncated and rectified versions of these honeycombs are still uniform. [6]
There are also other forms based on parallelepiped domains. Two known forms generalise the cubic-octahedral honeycomb, having distorted small rhombicuboctahedral vertex figures. One form has small rhombicuboctahedra, cuboctahedra, and cubes; another has small rhombicosidodecahedra, icosidodecahedra, and cubes. (The version with tetrahedral-symmetry polyhedra is the cubic-octahedral honeycomb, using cuboctahedra, octahedra, and cubes). [9]
This is the complete enumeration of the 76 Wythoffian uniform honeycombs. The alternations are listed for completeness, but most are non-uniform.
Index | Coxeter group | Extended symmetry | Honeycombs | Chiral extended symmetry | Alternation honeycombs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | [4,3,5] | [4,3,5] | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [1+,4,(3,5)+] | (2) | (= ) |
[4,3,5]+ | (1) | ||||||
H2 | [3,5,3] | [3,5,3] | 6 | | | | | | |||
[2+[3,5,3]] | 5 | | | [2+[3,5,3]]+ | (1) | |||
H3 | [5,31,1] | [5,31,1] | 4 | | | | |||
[1[5,31,1]]=[5,3,4] ↔ | (7) | | | | | | | [1[5,31,1]]+ =[5,3,4]+ | (1) | |||
H4 | [(4,3,3,3)] | [(4,3,3,3)] | 6 | | | | | | |||
[2+[(4,3,3,3)]] | 3 | | | [2+[(4,3,3,3)]]+ | (1) | |||
H5 | [5,3,5] | [5,3,5] | 6 | | | | | | |||
[2+[5,3,5]] | 3 | | | [2+[5,3,5]]+ | (1) | |||
H6 | [(5,3,3,3)] | [(5,3,3,3)] | 6 | | | | | | |||
[2+[(5,3,3,3)]] | 3 | | | [2+[(5,3,3,3)]]+ | (1) | |||
H7 | [(3,4)[2]] | [(3,4)[2]] | 2 | ||||
[2+[(3,4)[2]]] | 1 | ||||||
[2+[(3,4)[2]]] | 1 | ||||||
[2+[(3,4)[2]]] | 1 | [2+[(3+,4)[2]]] | (1) | ||||
[(2,2)+[(3,4)[2]]] | 1 | [(2,2)+[(3,4)[2]]]+ | (1) | ||||
H8 | [(5,3,4,3)] | [(5,3,4,3)] | 6 | | | | | | |||
[2+[(5,3,4,3)]] | 3 | | | [2+[(5,3,4,3)]]+ | (1) | |||
H9 | [(3,5)[2]] | [(3,5)[2]] | 2 | ||||
[2+[(3,5)[2]]] | 1 | ||||||
[2+[(3,5)[2]]] | 1 | ||||||
[2+[(3,5)[2]]] | 1 | ||||||
[(2,2)+[(3,5)[2]]] | 1 | [(2,2)+[(3,5)[2]]]+ | (1) |
In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.
The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille.
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra. It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.
In geometry, the icosahedral honeycomb is one of four compact, regular, space-filling tessellations in hyperbolic 3-space. With Schläfli symbol {3,5,3}, there are three icosahedra around each edge, and 12 icosahedra around each vertex, in a regular dodecahedral vertex figure.
In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination of the regular 24-cell.
In eight-dimensional geometry, an eight-dimensional polytope or 8-polytope is a polytope contained by 7-polytope facets. Each 6-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 7-polytope facets.
In seven-dimensional geometry, a 7-polytope is a polytope contained by 6-polytope facets. Each 5-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 6-polytope facets.
In nine-dimensional geometry, a nine-dimensional polytope or 9-polytope is a polytope contained by 8-polytope facets. Each 7-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 8-polytope facets.
In six-dimensional geometry, a uniform 6-polytope is a six-dimensional uniform polytope. A uniform polypeton is vertex-transitive, and all facets are uniform 5-polytopes.
In geometry, a uniform 5-polytope is a five-dimensional uniform polytope. By definition, a uniform 5-polytope is vertex-transitive and constructed from uniform 4-polytope facets.
In ten-dimensional geometry, a 10-polytope is a 10-dimensional polytope whose boundary consists of 9-polytope facets, exactly two such facets meeting at each 8-polytope ridge.
In geometry, uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space are tessellations of convex uniform polyhedron cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are 23 Coxeter group families of paracompact uniform honeycombs, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by ring permutations of the Coxeter diagrams for each family. These families can produce uniform honeycombs with infinite or unbounded facets or vertex figure, including ideal vertices at infinity, similar to the hyperbolic uniform tilings in 2-dimensions.
In hyperbolic 3-space, the order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb is a paracompact regular space-filling tessellation. It is paracompact because it has vertex figures composed of an infinite number of faces, and has all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {3,3,6}, the order-6 tetrahedral honeycomb has six ideal tetrahedra around each edge. All vertices are ideal, with infinitely many tetrahedra existing around each vertex in a triangular tiling vertex figure.
In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb arises as one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells composed of an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere: a flat plane in hyperbolic space that approaches a single ideal point at infinity.
The order-6 cubic honeycomb is a paracompact regular space-filling tessellation in hyperbolic 3-space. It is paracompact because it has vertex figures composed of an infinite number of facets, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {4,3,6}, the honeycomb has six ideal cubes meeting along each edge. Its vertex figure is an infinite triangular tiling. Its dual is the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb.
The triangular tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular space-filling tessellations in hyperbolic 3-space. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. It has Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}, being composed of triangular tiling cells. Each edge of the honeycomb is surrounded by three cells, and each vertex is ideal with infinitely many cells meeting there. Its vertex figure is a hexagonal tiling.
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the square tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells, whose vertices exist on horospheres and converge to a single ideal point at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {4,4,3}, it has three square tilings, {4,4}, around each edge, and six square tilings around each vertex, in a cubic {4,3} vertex figure.
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4 square tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs. It is paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {4,4,4}, it has four square tilings around each edge, and infinite square tilings around each vertex in a square tiling vertex figure.
The order-4 octahedral honeycomb is a regular paracompact honeycomb in hyperbolic 3-space. It is paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {3,4,4}, it has four ideal octahedra around each edge, and infinite octahedra around each vertex in a square tiling vertex figure.