Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast

Last updated • 10 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Volodymyr
Володимир
Володимѣрь
Volodymyr-Volyns'kiy Knyazay Vasyl'ka 2 Kostel Ioakima ta Anny 01 (YDS 6418).jpg
Vv kirche.jpg
Volodymyr-Volynskyi Volynska-complex Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos-1.jpg
Top: Church of Sts. Joachim and Anne; Bottom left: Lutheran Church; Bottom right: Dormition Cathedral and Bishop's Palace
Flag of Volodymyr-Volynsky.png
Coat of arms Volodymyr.svg
Volyn Oblast location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Volodymyr
Location of Volodymyr
Ukraine adm location map improved.svg
Red pog.svg
Volodymyr
Volodymyr (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 50°50′53″N24°19′20″E / 50.84806°N 24.32222°E / 50.84806; 24.32222
Country Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine
Oblast Volyn Oblast
Raion Volodymyr Raion
Hromada Volodymyr urban hromada
First mentioned988
Government
  MayorIhor Palyonka
Elevation
174 m (571 ft)
Population
 (2022) [1]
  Total
Increase2.svg37,910
  Estimate 
(2023) [2]
Increase2.svg38,164
Time zone UTC+2 (EET)
  Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal index
44700-44709
Area code +380 3342
Website volodymyrrada.gov.ua

Volodymyr (Ukrainian : Володимир, IPA: [woloˈdɪmɪr] ), previously known as Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Володимир-Волинський) from 1944 to 2021, is a small city in Volyn Oblast, northwestern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Volodymyr Raion and the center of Volodymyr urban hromada. It is one of the oldest cities in Ukraine and the historic centre of the region of Volhynia; it served as the capital of the Principality of Volhynia and later as one of the capital cities of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Population: 37,910 (2022 estimate). [1]

Contents

The medieval Latin name of the town "Lodomeria" became the namesake of the 19th century Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, of which the town itself was not a part. Five kilometres (three miles) south from Volodymyr is Zymne, where the oldest Orthodox monastery in Volhynia is located.

Name

The city was named after Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great), who was born in the village of Budiatychi, about 20 km from Volodymyr, and later also abbreviated Lodomeria, Ladimiri. Following the partitions of Poland and the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire in 1795, it was called Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky) to distinguish it from Vladimir-on-Klyazma. [3] The name was not in use between 1919 and 1939 when the city was again part of Poland. In 1944, the name Volodymyr-Volynskyi was restored.

On 1 October 2021, the city council voted to drop the regional qualifier and change the name of the city to just Volodymyr. [4] The decision had to be ratified by Ukraine's national parliament (Verkhovna Rada) to take effect. On 14 December 2021 parliament approved the name change (it was supported by 348 people's deputies). [3] The city of Vladimir in Russia opposed the name change, claiming that there can be only one city called Vladimir. [3]

Over the centuries its residents and rulers have used various names:

History

The city is one of the oldest towns in Ukraine. It was originally a stronghold founded by Vladimir the Great (Volodymyr the Great). [5] In 988, the city became the capital of Volodymyr Principality and the seat of an Orthodox bishopric, as mentioned in the Primary Chronicle .

In 1160, the building of the Sobor of Dormition of the Holy Mother of God was completed. [6] By the 13th century, the city became part of Galicia–Volhynia as one of the most important trading towns in the region. After being conquered by Batu Khan in 1240, the city was under the rule of the Mongol Empire, together with other principalities in Rus'. In 1241, the Mongol army gathered near the town before the First Mongol invasion of Poland. [7]

Earth mounds of the former castle Volodimir-Volins'kii Zemliani vali zamku.jpg
Earth mounds of the former castle

In the early 14th century, the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus', Theognostus, resided in the city for several years before moving to Moscow. [8] In 1349, the Polish king, Casimir the Great, captured the city, and subsequently it became part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Polish king began building a castle, destroyed by Lithuanians after 1370, [9] and established a Catholic bishopric in the city (known as Włodzimierz), later transferred to nearby Lutsk, which in the 15th century instead of Volodymyr became the leading city and capital of Volhynia. [10] In 1370, it was taken by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after 1386, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union) and it was not until the Union of Lublin of 1569 that it returned to the Crown of Poland. [10] In the meantime, the city was given Magdeburg town rights in 1431. In 1491 and 1500, it was invaded by Tatars. [9] From 1566 to 1795 it was part of the Volhynian Voivodeship. It was a royal city of Poland. Most of the city's landmarks were built at that time, including the Baroque church of St. Joachim and St. Anne, the Jesuit church, the Dominican monastery and the chapel of St. Josaphat. Włodzimierz was also a garrison town, with the 6th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed there in 1790, and the 2nd Polish National Cavalry Brigade stationed there in 1794. [11]

On 17 July 1792, the Battle of Włodzimierz took place in the vicinity of the town: a numerically inferior Polish force led by Tadeusz Kościuszko defeated a Russian army. The city remained a part of Poland until the Third Partition of Poland of 1795 when the Russian Empire annexed it. That year the Russian authorities changed the name of several cities in Volhynia, including Zviahel, which became Novohrad-Volynskyi. Volodymyr-Volynskyi stayed within the Russian Partition until 1917. In the 19th century, as part of anti-Polish repressions, the Russians demolished the Dominican church and Capuchin monastery, and the former Jesuit and then Basilian church was converted into an Orthodox church.

Volodymyr during World War I Expositur des 4.A.K. Wladimir Wolinsky. (BildID 15691888).jpg
Volodymyr during World War I

In the 18th and 19th centuries the town started to grow rapidly, mostly thanks to large numbers of Jews settling there as part of the Pale of Settlement. By the second half of the 19th century, they made up the majority of the population. According to the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, [9] in the late 19th century, the city had 8,336 inhabitants, 6,122 of them Jews. In 1908, the railway station was opened.

Immediately after World War I, the area became disputed by the newly formed Second Polish Republic, Bolshevist Russia, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, with the Polish 17th Infantry Regiment capturing it overnight on 23 January 1919. In the interbellum, the city was a seat of a powiat within the Volhynian Voivodeship of Poland and an important garrison was located there. According to the 1921 census, the population was 48.2% Jewish, 32.0% Polish, 16.8% Ukrainian, 2.6% Russian. [12] In 1926, the Volyn Artillery Reserve Cadet School (Wołyńska Szkoła Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii) was established in Włodzimierz.

World War II

The Great Synagogue was set on fire by the Germans in 1942 and in the 1950s the remnants were completely razed by the Soviet regime. Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Wlodzimierz-Wolynsky) Great Synagogue.jpg
The Great Synagogue was set on fire by the Germans in 1942 and in the 1950s the remnants were completely razed by the Soviet regime.

Following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and the start of World War II, the city was occupied by Soviet forces on 19 September 1939. On 23 June 1941, at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the city was occupied by Germany and attached to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine, and immediately the Jewish community of 11,554 began to be persecuted. Between 1–3 September 1942, 25,000 Jews from the local area were shot at Piatydni. On 13 November 1942, the Germans killed another 3,000 Jews from the town near Piatydni. During World War II, a German concentration camp was located near the city. About 140 Jews returned to the city after the war but most later emigrated. By 1999, only 30 remained. [14]

From September 1941, the Germans operated the Oflag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp in the town, which was reorganized as Stalag 365 in April 1942. [15] In 1943, the city became a shelter for Poles escaping massacres carried out by Ukrainian nationalists of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). [16] Attacks by the UPA took place mainly in the suburbs. Poles were defended both by the Polish police established with the consent of the Germans and an illegal self-defense unit. In the city, Poles suffered from overpopulation, hunger and diseases. [16] According to later research by Władysław Siemaszko and Ewa Siemaszko, a total of 111 Poles were killed in a dozen UPA attacks. [16] The city was liberated by the Red Army on 20 July 1944 and annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. After the war, the vast majority of Polish residents was displaced to the post-war Polish territories, as the city was annexed from Poland by the Soviets. [16]

Post-war

A Cold War air base was located north-east of the town at Zhovtnevy.

Since 1991, the city has been part of Ukraine.

Discovery of mass graves from World War II

A series of mass graves were discovered in 1997, with exhumations completed by 2013. Originally thought to be an example of NKVD mass murder, similar to the Katyn massacre and the Vinnytsia massacre, [17] the Volodymyr-Volynskyi murders were shown in 2012 to have been carried out by German forces, most likely the Einsatzgruppen C. [18] The primary archeological evidence for German culpability was that most of the bullet shell casings were dated 1941 and were from a German factory. Testimony by a Jewish survivor of the city, Ann Kazimirski (née Ressels), [19] [20] who lived on Kovelska Street, recorded by the USC Shoah Foundation corroborated the view that the perpetrators were German and that the victims were primarily Jewish. [21] Anthropological analysis of the remains led to the conclusion that three quarters of the victims were women and children. The 747 victims were reinterred in local city cemeteries. [22]

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Volodymyr-Volynskyi (1981–2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)0.0
(32.0)
1.2
(34.2)
6.3
(43.3)
14.0
(57.2)
20.1
(68.2)
22.5
(72.5)
24.6
(76.3)
24.1
(75.4)
18.7
(65.7)
13.0
(55.4)
5.9
(42.6)
1.1
(34.0)
12.6
(54.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)−2.9
(26.8)
−2.1
(28.2)
2.0
(35.6)
8.4
(47.1)
14.1
(57.4)
16.9
(62.4)
18.8
(65.8)
18.0
(64.4)
13.2
(55.8)
8.2
(46.8)
2.7
(36.9)
−1.5
(29.3)
8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−5.7
(21.7)
−5.4
(22.3)
−1.7
(28.9)
3.1
(37.6)
8.1
(46.6)
11.1
(52.0)
13.1
(55.6)
12.1
(53.8)
8.2
(46.8)
4.1
(39.4)
−0.2
(31.6)
−4.2
(24.4)
3.6
(38.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)33.8
(1.33)
35.3
(1.39)
36.5
(1.44)
42.9
(1.69)
66.8
(2.63)
81.4
(3.20)
92.9
(3.66)
66.8
(2.63)
61.2
(2.41)
42.7
(1.68)
43.5
(1.71)
39.2
(1.54)
643.0
(25.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)9.29.89.28.19.09.810.18.09.07.49.610.1109.3
Average relative humidity (%)85.583.979.070.670.473.574.375.180.081.685.987.278.9
Source: World Meteorological Organization [23]

Culture

Churches

St. George's Church Volodymyr-Volyns'kiy Kovel's'ka 186 Georgiyivs'ka Tserkva 06 (YDS 6475).jpg
St. George's Church
The Baroque Church of St. Joachim and St. Anne Volodimir-Volins'kii - Kostel Ioakima i Anni -1-5.jpg
The Baroque Church of St. Joachim and St. Anne

The oldest place of worship in the town is the Temple of Volodymyr, erected several kilometres from the modern town's centre and first mentioned in a chronicle (letopis) of 1044. The oldest existing church is the Dormition of the Mother of God built by Mstyslav Izyaslavovych in 1160. By the late 18th century it fell into disuse and finally collapsed in 1829, but was restored between 1896 and 1900. The third of the old Orthodox churches is the Eastern Orthodox Basil the Great's cathedral, which was erected in the 14th or 15th century, though local legends attribute its construction to Volodymyr the Great, who supposedly built it some time after 992.

Former Jesuit church, now the Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, is one of the Baroque landmarks of the city Kostel poslannia Apostoliv (sobor Rizdva Khristovogo) (mur.).jpg
Former Jesuit church, now the Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, is one of the Baroque landmarks of the city

In 1497, Duke Alexander Jagiellon erected a Catholic church of Holy Trinity and a Dominican monastery. In 1554, another wooden Catholic church was founded by Princess Anna Zbaraska, which was later replaced by a new St. Joachim and Anna's church in 1836. In 1755, a Jesuit church was erected there by the starost of Słonim Ignacy Sadowski and, in 1780, the Greek Catholic Josaphat's church was added to the list. Following the Russian Empire's takeover of the town, in the effect of the Partitions of Poland, both shrines were confiscated and donated to the authorities of the Orthodox Church, which converted them to an Orthodox monastery and church, respectively, while the Dominican monastery was converted to an administrative building.

Museum

Volodymyr Historical Museum VolodimirMuzei.jpg
Volodymyr Historical Museum

There also exists Volodymyr Historical Museum, an architectural monument of the 19th century.

International relations

Twin towns - Sister cities

Volodymyr is twinned with:

Notable people

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Przemyśl</span> City-County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland

Przemyśl is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chełm</span> City in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland

Chełm is a city in southeastern Poland with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres from the border with Ukraine. Chełm used to be the capital of the Chełm Voivodeship until it became part of the Lublin Voivodeship in 1999.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galicia (Eastern Europe)</span> Historical region in Central Europe

Galicia is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia and Lesser Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volhynia</span> Historical region in Central and Eastern Europe

Volhynia or Volynia is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and northwestern Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in Ukraine it is roughly equivalent to Volyn and Rivne Oblasts; the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halych</span> Urban locality in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine

Halych is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The city gave its name to the Principality of Halych, the historic province of Galicia (Halychyna), and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local rulers moved to Lviv.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ternopil Oblast</span> Region of Ukraine

Ternopil Oblast, also referred to as Ternopilshchyna or Ternopillia, is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population: 1,021,713.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutsk</span> City and administrative center of Volyn Oblast, Ukraine

Lutsk is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has a population of 220,986. Historically it was a cultural and religious center in Volhynia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drohobych</span> City in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine

Drohobych is a city in the south of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. In 1939–1941 and 1944–1959 it was the center of Drohobych Oblast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</span> Kingdom in Eastern Europe

The Principality or, from 1253, Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of Rus, was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine, with parts in Belarus, Poland, Moldova, and Lithuania. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lodomeria</span> Historical Ruthenian duchy

Lodomeria is the Latinized name of Volodymyr, a Ruthenian principality also referred to as the Principality of Volhynia, which was founded by the Rurik dynasty in 987 in the western parts of Kievan Rus'. It was centered on the region of Volhynia, straddling the borders of modern-day Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. The Principality of Volodymyr arose in the course of the 12th century along with the Principality of Halych.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buchach</span> City in Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine

Buchach is a city located on the Strypa River in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Buchach urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Buchach rests 135 kilometres south-east of Lviv, in the historic region of Halychyna (Galicia). The city was located in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions, followed by the Habsburg monarchy (1772–1804), Austrian Empire (1804–1867), Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919), the Second Polish Republic (1919–1939), and the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union (1939–1991). The population was estimated at 12,171.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liuboml</span> City in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine

Liuboml is a city in Kovel Raion, Volyn Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located close to the border with Poland. It serves as the administrative center of Liuboml urban hromada. Population: 10,295.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)</span> Former voivodeship of Poland

Wołyń Voivodeship or Wołyń Province was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939) with an area of 35,754 km², 22 cities, and provincial capital in Łuck.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavlivka, Volyn Oblast</span> Village in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine

Pavlivka is a town now located in northwestern Ukraine, in Volodymyr Raion of Volyn Oblast, near Volodymyr, on the Luha river. For centuries, Poryck was property of several noble Polish families. The town is the birthplace of a Polish statesman Tadeusz Czacki. On 11 July 1943, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, supported by local nationalists murdered here more than 300 Polish civilians, who had gathered in a local Roman Catholic church for a Sunday ceremony.

Włodzimierz may refer to the following :

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khoroshiv</span> Rural locality in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine

Khoroshiv, until 2015 Volodarsk-Volynskyi is a rural settlement in Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. Population: 7,335

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zviahel</span> City in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine

Zviahel is a city in Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine. The city serves as the administrative center of Zviahel Raion (district). Population: 55,086.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katerynivka, Ternopil Oblast</span> Village in Ternopil, Ukraine

Katerynivka, until 1944 Katerburg is a village and a former town in Western Ukraine. Administratively part of Kremenets Raion of the Ternopil Oblast, the village has 391 inhabitants. Katerynivka belongs to Kremenets urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Głęboczyca massacre</span> Massacre of ethnic poles on 29 August 1943

Głęboczyca massacre was a mass murder of ethnic Poles carried out on 29 August 1943 by the troops of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army aided by the Ukrainian peasants. It exclusively targeted Polish inhabitants of the Głęboczyca colony, located in the Włodzimierz County of the Wołyń Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic. About 250 Poles were killed, including 199 known by name including women and children. Głęboczyce does not exist anymore. It was swept from existence during the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, along with the neighbouring settlement of Ostrówek in powiat Luboml.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oleksandr Tsynkalovsky</span> Oleksandr Mykolayovych Tsynkalovsky, ukrainian archaeologist

Oleksandr Mykolayovych Tsynkalovsky was a Ukrainian historian, museologist, archaeologist, ethnographer and researcher of Volhynia.

References

  1. 1 2 Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022](PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  2. https://volodymyrrada.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/G26_2024-02-05-Social-passport-of-Volodymyr-Volynska-TG_dlya-oprylyudnennya-na-sajti_ostatochnyj-variant_compressed.pdf
  3. 1 2 3 (in Ukrainian) The council renamed Volodymyr-Volynskyi, the Russian city Vladimir is against, Ukrayinska Pravda (14 December 2021)
  4. Володимир-Волинський хоче називатися Володимиром. Чому нервують у Росії? [Volodymyr-Volynskyi wants to be called Volodymyr. Why are they nervous in Russia?]. Radio Svoboda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2021-10-09.
  5. Henryk Paszkiewicz. The making of the Russian nation. Greenwood Press. 1977. Cracow 1996, p.77-79.
  6. Собор Успiння Пресвятої Богоматерi (ukr.). volodymyrrada.gov.ua. [accessed 2011-11-12]
  7. Włodzimierz Knap (2 April 2013). "Straszni Mongołowie złupili Kraków". Dziennik Polski (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. Meyendorff, John. Byzantium and the Rise of Russia, p.84.
  9. 1 2 3 Filip Sulimierski; Bronisław Chlebowski; Władysław Walewski, eds. (1880). "Włodzimierz". Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (in Polish). Vol. XIV. Warsaw: Wiek. pp. 169–170.
  10. 1 2 "Włodzimierz Wołyński". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  11. Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. pp. 7, 28.
  12. Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. IX. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1923. p. 61.
  13. Sergey R. Kravtsov, Vladimir Levin. Synagogues in Ukraine VOLHYNIA Vol. 2. Page 697. The Center Of Jewish Art. ISBN   978-965-227-342-0.
  14. "Remember Jewish Austila". 2018-07-21.
  15. Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 267. ISBN   978-0-253-06089-1.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945, Warszawa, "von borowiecky", 2000, s. 950-958 (in Polish)
  17. Ivan Katchanovski (26 October 2011). "Owning a massacre: 'Ukraine's Katyn'". OpenDemocracy. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  18. "Włodzimierz Wołyński – pogrzeb ofiar zbrodni z 1941 r." [Volodymyr-Volynskyi – funeral of the victims of the 1941 crime] (in Polish). Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  19. Branswell, Brenda (27 January 2011). "Survivor's daughter keeps mother's stories alive". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 8 August 2021 via PressReader.
  20. Montreal Gazette (26 January 2011). "Holocaust survivor Ann Kazimirski's testimony to the Shoah Foundation". YouTube. USC Shoah Foundation Institute and the Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Witness to Horror: Ann Kazimirski". The Foundation for Genocide Education. November 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  22. "Kolejna zbiorowa mogiła odnaleziona we Włodzimierzu Wołyńskim" [Another mass grave found in Volodymyr-Volynskyi] (in Polish). Wiadomości. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  23. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  24. Ізотова, Тетяна. "Польський Мальборк став новим містом-партнером Володимира". volodymyrrada.gov.ua.

Official Web site of the Volodymyr-Vohlynsky historical museum