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18 of the 36 seats in the Senate 18 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Australian states each elected three members of the Australian Senate at the 1913 federal election to serve a six-year term starting on 1 July 1913.
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18 of the 36 seats in the Senate 18 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Australian states each elected three members of the Australian Senate at the 1913 federal election to serve a six-year term starting on 1 July 1913.
| Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | 946,807 | 49.38 | +3.83 | 7 | 7 |  7 | |
| Labour | 934,176 | 48.72 | −1.58 | 11 | 29 |  7 | |
| Socialist Labor | 20,183 | 1.05 | +1.05 | ||||
| Independents | 16,233 | 0.85 | −2.51 | ||||
| Total | 1,917,399 | 18 | 36 | ||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 114,947 | 5.66 | −1.00 | ||||
| Turnout | 2,032,346 | 73.63 | +11.55 | ||||
| Registered voters | 2,760,216 | ||||||
| Source: Psephos: 1913 Senate | |||||||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | Sir Albert Gould (re-elected 1) | 358,143 | 53.6 | −2.3 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | Edward Millen (re-elected 2) | 350,887 | 52.5 | −1.7 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | Charles Oakes (elected 3) | 349,544 | 52.3 | ||
| Labour | John Grant | 301,994 | 45.2 | ||
| Labour | David Watson | 300,826 | 45.0 | ||
| Labour | Ike Smith | 284,322 | 42.5 | ||
| Socialist Labor | James Moroney | 22,969 | 3.4 | −1.1 [lower-alpha 2] | |
| Socialist Labor | Thomas Batho | 21,817 | 3.3 | ||
| Socialist Labor | Henry Ostler | 15,763 | 2.4 | ||
| Total formal votes | 2,006,265 668,755 voters | 93.2 | −2.0 | ||
| Informal votes | 48,195 | 6.7 | +2.0 | ||
| Turnout | 716,950 | 69.2 | +7.8 | ||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Liberal | 1,058,574 | 52.8 | +8.4 | ||
| Labour | 887,142 | 44.2 | −6.3 | ||
| Socialist Labor | 60,549 | 3.0 | +1.4 | ||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | William Maughan (elected 1) | 145,477 | 54.7 | ||
| Labour | John Mullan (elected 2) | 143,700 | 54.0 | ||
| Labour | Myles Ferricks (elected 3) | 143,416 | 53.9 | ||
| Liberal | Thomas Chataway (defeated) | 123,621 | 46.5 | −5.3 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | Robert Sayers (defeated) | 121,780 | 45.8 | −4.4 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | Anthony St Ledger (defeated) | 121,372 | 45.2 | −4.0 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Total formal votes | 798,366 266,122 voters | 94.9 | +0.1 | ||
| Informal votes | 14,403 | −0.1 | |||
| Turnout | 280,525 | 77.3 | +16.1 | ||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Labour | 432,593 | 54.2 | +3.9 | ||
| Liberal | 365,773 | 45.8 | −1.8 | ||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | James O'Loghlin (elected 1) | 96,750 | 52.5 | ||
| Labour | John Newlands (elected 2) | 96,179 | 52.2 | ||
| Labour | William Senior (elected 3) | 94,222 | 51.1 | ||
| Liberal | Joseph Vardon (defeated) | 82,829 | 45.0 | −1.5 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | John Shannon (defeated) | 82,436 | 44.7 | [lower-alpha 3] | |
| Liberal | Peter Allen | 81,805 | 44.4 | ||
| Independent | Sir Josiah Symon (defeated) | 18,556 | 10.1 | −1.7 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Total formal votes | 552,777 184,259 voters | 94.3 | −2.4 | ||
| Informal votes | 11,204 | 5.7 | +2.4 | ||
| Turnout | 195,463 | 80.1 | +26.9 | ||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Labour | 287,151 | 51.9 | −1.7 | ||
| Liberal | 247,070 | 44.7 | −1.7 | ||
| Independent | 18,556 | 10.1 | |||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | John Keating (re-elected 1) | 39,409 | 52.3 | +1.2 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | Thomas Bakhap (elected 2) | 39,331 | 52.2 | ||
| Liberal | John Clemons (re-elected 2) | 38,249 | 50.7 | −0.4 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Labour | James Guy | 35,062 | 44.4 | +2.1 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Labour | James Ogden | 34,951 | 46.4 | ||
| Labour | James Hurst | 34,583 | 45.9 | ||
| Independent | Cyril Cameron (defeated) [lower-alpha 4] | 4,615 | 6.1 | −47.6 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Total formal votes | 226,200 75,400 voters | 93.8 | |||
| Informal votes | 4,998 | 6.2 | |||
| Turnout | 80,398 | 75.3 | |||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Liberal | 116,989 | 51.7 | +8.0 | ||
| Labour | 104,596 | 46.2 | −8.9 | ||
| Independent | 4,615 | 2.0 | |||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Edward Russell (re-elected 1) | 299,969 | 50.1 | +13.3 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | James McColl (re-elected 2) | 297,390 | 49.7 | −2.3 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Labour | John Barnes (elected 3) | 294,919 | 49.2 | ||
| Liberal | Carty Salmon | 293,370 | 49.0 | ||
| Labour | Andrew McKissock | 293,307 | 49.0 | ||
| Liberal | Samuel Mauger | 292,412 | 48.8 | ||
| Independent | William Renwick | 25,528 | 4.3 | ||
| Total formal votes | 1,796,895 598,965 voters | 95.5 | +1.0 | ||
| Informal votes | 27,896 | 4.5 | −0.1 | ||
| Turnout | 626,861 | 75.5 | +8.9 | ||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Labour | 888,195 | 49.4 | +1.0 | ||
| Liberal | 883,172 | 49.1 | +2.8 | ||
| Independent | 25,528 | 1.4 | |||
Each elector voted for up to three candidates. Percentages refer to the number of voters rather than the number of votes.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | George Pearce (re-elected 1) | 68,916 | 55.6 | −3.1 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Labour | Patrick Lynch (re-elected 2) | 67,039 | 54.1 | +7.1 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Labour | Ted Needham (re-elected 3) | 66,897 | 54.0 | −0.8 [lower-alpha 1] | |
| Liberal | William Butcher | 56,730 | 45.8 | ||
| Liberal | William Nairn | 56,162 | 45.3 | ||
| Liberal | Charles Davies | 55,950 | 45.2 | ||
| Total formal votes | 371,694 123,898 voters | 93.8 | −0.8 | ||
| Informal votes | 8,251 | 6.2 | +0.8 | ||
| Turnout | 132,149 | 73.5 | +11.3 | ||
| Party total votes | |||||
| Labour | 202,852 | 54.6 | +0.7 | ||
| Liberal | 168,842 | 45.4 | −0.7 | ||
The electoral system of Australia comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament and is governed primarily by the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918. The system presently has a number of distinctive features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house, the House of Representatives; and the use of the single transferable vote proportional representation system to elect the upper house, the Senate.
The 1998 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 39th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 3 October 1998. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. The incumbent centre-right Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard of the Liberal Party and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party defeated the centre-left Australian Labor Party opposition led by Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, despite losing the nationwide popular and two-party preferred vote. However, the Australian Labor Party gained seats from the previous election.
Elections in Australia take place periodically to elect the legislature of the Commonwealth of Australia, as well as for each Australian state and territory and for local government councils. Elections in all jurisdictions follow similar principles, although there are minor variations between them. The elections for the Australian Parliament are held under the federal electoral system, which is uniform throughout the country, and the elections for state and territory Parliaments are held under the electoral system of each state and territory.
The 1903 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 16 December 1903. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Protectionist Party minority government led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin retained the most House of Representatives seats of the three parties and retained government with the parliamentary support of the Labour Party led by Chris Watson. The Free Trade Party led by George Reid remained in opposition.
The 1906 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 12 December 1906. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Protectionist Party minority government led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin retained government, despite winning the fewest House of Representatives votes and seats of the three parties. Parliamentary support was provided by the Labour Party led by Chris Watson, while the Anti-Socialist Party, led by George Reid, remained in opposition.
The 1954 Australian federal election were held in Australia on 29 May 1954. All 121 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election, but no Senate election took place. The incumbent Liberal–Country coalition led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies defeated the opposition Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt, despite losing the two-party preferred vote. Although the ALP won the two-party preferred vote, six Coalition seats were uncontested compared to one ALP seat. The Psephos blog makes clear that if all seats had been contested, the Coalition would have recorded a higher primary vote than the ALP and possibly also a higher two-party preferred vote.
The following is a pendulum based on the outcome of the 2010 federal election and changes since, including the redistributions of seats in South Australia and Victoria. It is a Mackerras pendulum, invented by psephologist Malcolm Mackerras, which works by lining up all of the seats held in Parliament according to the percentage point margin on a two-candidate-preferred basis. The two-party result is also known as the swing required for the seat to change hands. Given a uniform swing to the opposition or government parties in an election, the number of seats that change hands can be predicted. Swings are never uniform, but in practice variations of swing among the Australian states usually tend to cancel each other out. Seats are arranged in safeness categories according to the Australian Electoral Commission's (AEC) classification of safeness. "Safe" seats require a swing of over 10 per cent to change, "fairly safe" seats require a swing of between 6 and 10 per cent, while "marginal" seats require a swing of less than 6 per cent. The swings for South Australian and Victorian seats are notional, based on calculations by the AEC.
The following tables show state-by-state results in the Australian Senate at the 1901 federal election. Senators total 17 Free Trade, 11 Protectionist, and eight Labour. The terms were deemed to start on 1 January 1901. In each state, the first three elected received full six-year terms, and the three senators elected with the lowest number of votes retire after three years.
Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia provides for three aspects of the terms of members of the Australian Senate: the timing of elections, the commencement date of their terms and for the Senate to allocate long (six-year) and short (three-year) terms following a double dissolution of the Parliament of Australia. While members of the House of Representatives and territory senators have a maximum three-year term, state senators have a fixed six-year term, subject only to the parliament being dissolved by a double dissolution.
The Tasmanian Nationals are a political party in the Australian state of Tasmania, aligned with the National Party of Australia. The party is not currently registered with the Tasmanian Electoral Commission, and is not separately registered with the Australian Electoral Commission, unlike the other state branches of the Nationals.
The Australian states each elected three members of the Australian Senate at the 1903 federal election to serve a six-year term starting on 1 January 1904.
The Australian states each elected three members of the Australian Senate at the 1906 federal election to serve a six-year term starting on 1 January 1907.
The Australian states each elected three members of the Australian Senate at the 1910 federal election to serve a six-year term starting on 1 July 1910.
The 5 September 1914 election was a double dissolution election which meant all 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, with each Australian states electing six members, with half to serve a six-year term and the rest to serve a three year term. Terms were taken to have commenced on 1 July 1914. The Senate resolved that in each State the three senators who received the most votes would sit for a six-year term, finishing on 30 June 1920 while the other half would sit for a three-year term, finishing on 30 June 1917.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in Victoria since Federation in 1901.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in Western Australia since Federation in 1901.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in South Australia since Federation in 1901.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in Tasmania since Federation in 1901.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in Queensland since Federation in 1901.
This is a list of electoral results for the Australian Senate in New South Wales since Federation in 1901.
 Results of Australian federal elections | |||
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| House of Representatives | |||
| Senate | |||
| By-elections | |||
