1948 in science

The year 1948 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space science

• February 16 – Miranda, innermost of the large moons of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper from the McDonald Observatory in Texas. ^[1]
• October 10 – An R-1 (missile) on test becomes the first Soviet launch to enter space. ^[2]

Biology

• August 7 – Teaching and research in Mendelian genetics is prohibited in the Soviet Union in favour of Lysenkoist theories of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. ^{[3] [4]}
• October 5 – Delegates to a conference organised by Sir Julian Huxley at Fontainebleau agree to formation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. ^[5]
• November 20 – The South Island takahē, a flightless bird generally thought to have been extinct for fifty years, is rediscovered by Geoffrey Orbell near Lake Te Anau in the South Island of New Zealand.
• Last recorded sighting of the Caspian tiger in Kazakhstan.
• Publication of Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet , a Malthusian critique of human environmental destruction. ^{[6] [7]}

Computer science

• May 12 – World's first stored-program computer operates, the mechanical ARC (Automatic Relay Calculator) at Birkbeck College, University of London (largely built by Kathleen Booth). ^[8]
• June 21 – World's first working program run on an electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby (written by Tom Kilburn). ^[9]
• July–October – Claude E. Shannon publishes "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell System Technical Journal , regarded as a foundation of information theory, ^[10] introducing the concept of Shannon entropy and adopting the term Bit .

History of science and technology

• December 17 – The original Wright Flyer goes on display in the Smithsonian Institution.

Mathematics

• May – The Descartes snark (210 vertices) in graph theory is described by Bill Tutte writing as Blanche Descartes. ^[11]

Medicine and human sciences

• January 5 – The first Kinsey Report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is published in the United States.
• April 7 – The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
• July 5 – The National Health Service begins functioning in the United Kingdom, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use. ^[12]
• Winter 1948/49 – Outbreak of Akureyri disease in Iceland.
• In psychology, Bertram Forer demonstrates the Barnum effect (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).
• Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie identify the analgesic properties of acetaminophen.

Meteorology

• March 25 – Meteorologists at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City issue the world's first tornado forecast, for the second of the 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes.

Physics

• April 1 – Physicists Ralph Asher Alpher and George Gamow publish the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper about the Big Bang. ^[13]
• May 29 – Casimir effect predicted by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir. ^[14]
• Herbert Fröhlich makes a key breakthrough in understanding superconductivity, at the University of Liverpool. ^[15]

Technology

• June 18 – Columbia Records unveil the LP records developed by Peter Goldmark of CBS Laboratories. ^{[16] [17] [18]}
• First modern long-span permanent box girder bridge completed, between Cologne and Deutz. ^[19]

Publications

• First publication of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
• Publication in Britain of the novel No Highway by former aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute, dealing with the effects of metal fatigue on aircraft.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
  • Chemistry – Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
  • Medicine – Paul Hermann Müller

Births

• January 30 – Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• March 1 – Alison Richard, English primatologist and academic.
• March 9 – László Lovász, Hungarian computer scientist.
• March 21 – Robert Watson, British atmospheric chemist.
• May – David Mabberley, English-born plant taxonomist.
• June 13 – Nina L. Etkin (died 2009), American anthropologist and biologist.
• June 28 – Kenneth Alan Ribet, American mathematician.
• July 20 – Martin Green, Australian solar cell researcher.
• August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• August 25 – Nicholas A. Peppas, Greek chemical and biomedical engineer.
• August 29 – Robert S. Langer, American biomedical engineer.
• August 30 – Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, psychiatrist and psychologist; describes Skumin syndrome in 1978.
• September 2 – Christa McAuliffe, born Sharon Christa Corrigan (died 1986), American astronaut.
• October 29 – Frans de Waal, Dutch primatologist.
• October 31 – Mu-ming Poo, Chinese neuroscientist.
• December 30 – Randy Schekman, American cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• Margaret Allen, American cardiothoracic surgeon.
• Robert Plomin, American-born psychologist.

Deaths

• January 30 – Orville Wright (born 1871), American pioneer aviator.
• May 26 – Sir George Newman (born 1870), English public health physician.
• June 10 – Philippa Fawcett (born 1868), English mathematician.
• June 21 – D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (born 1860), Scottish biologist.
• December 12 – Marjory Stephenson (born 1885), English biochemist.

References

1. Moore, Patrick (1995). The Guinness Book of Astronomy (5th ed.). Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing. p. 110. ISBN   978-0851126432.
2. Wade, Mark. "R-1". Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
3. Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair . Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN   978-0-674-53985-3.
4. Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 229–233. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425.
5. Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994). "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation" (PDF). Green Globe YearBook. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
6. Netzley, Patricia (1999). Environmental Literature. California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-000-0.
7. Desrochers, Pierre; Hoffbauer, Christine (2009). "The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population Bomb: Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet and William Vogt's Road to Survival in retrospect" (PDF). The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development. 1 (3): 73–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
8. Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2022-11-12). "Kathleen Booth". The Guardian . London. p. 9 (Journal). Retrieved 2022-11-13.
9. Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". Resurrection (20). Computer Conservation Society. ISSN   0958-7403. Archived from the original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
10. James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society . 55: 257–265. doi: 10.1098/rsbm.2009.0015 .
11. Descartes, Blanche (1948). "Network-colourings". The Mathematical Gazette . 32 (299): 67–69. doi:10.2307/3610702. JSTOR   3610702. MR   0026309. S2CID   250434686.
12. "The Lost Decade Timeline". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
13. Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. (1948-04-01). "The Origin of Chemical Elements". Physical Review . 73 (7): 803–804. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..803A. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.73.803 .
14. Casimir, H. B. G. (1948). "On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates" (PDF). Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet. 51: 793.
15. "Science Places Liverpool". 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
16. Goldmark, Peter (1973). Maverick Inventor: My Turbulent Years at CBS. New York: Saturday Review Press. ISBN   978-0-8415-0046-4.
17. "Columbia Diskery: CBS Show Microgroove Platters to Press; Tell How It Began". Billboard . 1948-06-26. p. 3.
18. Marmorstein, Gary (2007). The Label: the Story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 165. ISBN   978-1-56025-707-3.
19. Brown, David J. (1993). Bridges. London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 94. ISBN   978-1-85732-163-0.