1998 Brazilian general election

1998 Brazilian general election

←  1994 4 October 1998 2002  →
Presidential election
Turnout	78.51%
Candidate Fernando Henrique Cardoso Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Ciro Gomes Party PSDB PT PPS Alliance Union, Work and Progress Union of People Change Brazil Real and Fair Brazil Running mate Marco Maciel Leonel Brizola Roberto Freire Popular vote 35,922,692 21,470,333 7,424,783 Percentage 53.06% 31.71% 10.97%
Presidential election results by state
President before election Fernando Henrique Cardoso PSDB Elected President Fernando Henrique Cardoso PSDB
Chamber of Deputies
All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 257 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/– Chamber of Deputies PSDB Teotônio Vilela Filho 17.54 99 +37 PFL Jorge Bornhausen 17.30 105 +16 PMDB Orestes Quércia 15.17 83 −24 PT José Dirceu 13.19 58 +9 PPB 11.35 60 New PDT Leonel Brizola 5.67 25 −9 PTB Ricardo Ribeiro 5.66 31 0 PSB 3.41 19 +4 PL Alvaro Valle 2.47 12 −1 PPS 1.31 3 +1 PCdoB 1.30 7 −3 PRONA Enéas Carneiro 0.89 1 +1 PSD 0.76 3 0 PSC 0.67 3 0 PMN 0.54 2 −2 PST 0.29 1 New PSL 0.27 1 New This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Senate
27 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate
Party Leader Vote % Seats Senate MDB Orestes Quércia 21.69 10 PT José Dirceu 18.42 6 PPB 14.95 1 PFL Jorge Bornhausen 11.40 5 PSDB Teotônio Vilela Filho 10.30 4 PSB 6.39 1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

General elections were held in Brazil on 4 October 1998 to elect the President, National Congress and state governorships. If no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a second-round runoff would have been held on 25 October. The election saw voting machines used for the first time in Brazilian history.

Elected in 1994 amidst a hyperinflation crisis, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the centre-right Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) prioritized price stability policies during his term. ^[1] Other notable policies pursued by Cardoso included the declaration of Decree 1775, ^[2] which allowed for increased commercial interest in indigenous lands, and the privatization of publicly-owned companies. ^[3] Vice President Marco Maciel of the conservative Liberal Front Party (PFL) served as Cardoso's running mate, as he did in the previous election. ^[4]

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party (PT), a former labor leader and federal deputy, ran for the presidency for a third time. ^[5] Lula had previously run for the presidency in both 1989, where he lost to Fernando Collor, and 1994, where he lost to Cardoso. Lula chose Leonel Brizola of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), a longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left who was a chief competitor of his in 1989, as his running mate.

In addition to Lula, Ciro Gomes, a populist who previously served as Governor of Ceará and as Minister of Finance in the conservative government of President Itamar Franco, mounted his own campaign. ^[6] Running as a member of the centre-left Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Ciro attempted to present himself as a progressive alternative to Lula.

Cardoso won reelection with an absolute majority in the first round, negating the need for a second round. In doing so, he became the first President of Brazil to be reelected since the fall of the military dictatorship. Four years later, Lula would succeed him after winning the 2002 presidential election, while Ciro would mount a second presidential bid in the same election, where he came in fourth place.

Background

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, better known as "FHC", had been inaugurated as president on January 1, 1995, after defeating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, his main rival in the 1994 election, in the first round by an advantage of almost 30 million votes. ^[1] FHC had based his first presidential campaign in the then newly launched Real Plan and the promise of stabilizing the economy of Brazil. As a matter of fact, the plan had a positive effect during the first years of his administration, being able to curb the exorbitant inflation rates, stabilize the exchange rate, and increase the purchasing power of the Brazilian population without shocks or price freezing. ^[1]

On the very first day of his administration, the Treaty of Asunción came into force. ^[1] Signed by Fernando Collor de Mello, it predicted the implementation of Mercosur, a free trade area between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. ^[1] Moreover, the first FHC administration was marked by political and economic reforms, such as the end of the state monopolies in oil and telecommunications, the reform on the social security plans, and the change in the concept of "national company". ^[1]

Although approved in the Congress, the reforms carried by the federal government met strong resistance from the opposition, most notably the Workers' Party, which fiercely criticized the privatization of companies such as Vale do Rio Doce and the constitutional amendment that allowed the re-election of officeholders in the Executive branch. ^[1] As a result, Peter Mandelson, a close aide to then British Prime Minister and Labour Party leader Tony Blair, alleged that the Workers' Party's proposals represented "an old-fashioned and out-of-date socialism". ^[7] At that time, FHC-Blair relations were magnified, once both of them were adherents of the Third Way.

Despite its political victories, the government needed to impose measures to cool down the domestic demand and help the trade balance, which eventually caused unemployment to grow and made the economy show signs of recession. ^[1] Other areas, such as health, education and land reform also suffered major crises. ^[1] The violent conflict in the countryside reached its peak with the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre. Thus, FHC's reelection campaign was based on the idea that the continuity of his government was essential for the stabilization to reach areas other than the economy, such as health, agriculture, employment, education, and public security. ^[1]

President Fernando Henrique Cardoso in 1998.

Presidential election

Candidates

The 1998 presidential race had twelve candidates, the largest number of candidates since the 1989 election, when over twenty candidacies were launched. The number could have been as high as fifteen, but the Electoral Justice withdrew the candidacy of impeached President Fernando Collor de Mello, ^[8] while Oswaldo Souza Oliveira ^[9] and João Olivar Farias declined to run.

Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB)

The Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) reprised the coalition which had elected Cardoso four years prior, comprising the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). They were joined by the Progressive Party (PPB), the Social Democratic Party (PDS), and the Social Liberal Party (PSL). Once again, PFL member Marco Maciel served as Cardoso's running mate.

Workers' Party (PT)

The Workers' Party reprised its past two candidacies, by launching former union leader and federal deputy Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as its candidate and forming a coalition with the Communist Party of Brazil, and the Brazilian Socialist Party. Other PT members, such as former Mayor of Porto Alegre Tarso Genro, were mentioned as potential candidates. ^[10] Indeed, it was reported in 1997 that Lula was willing to give up his candidacy in favor of backing a bid by Genro, though this did not come to fruition. ^[11]

The novelty in this election was the choice of longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left Leonel Brizola, a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), as his running mate. Unlike in 1994, when close Lula ally and fellow PT member Aloizio Mercadante was chosen as Lula's running mate, Brizola had previously been a rival of Lula's, serving as his main opposition on the left in the 1989 election. The PT previously refrained from forming coalitions with parties linked to varguista labour unions to guarantee the Central Única dos Trabalhadores' (CUT) independence. As a result, the United Socialist Workers' Party left the coalition and launched union leader José Maria de Almeida as its candidate.

Brizola was noted for his combative style in contrast to Lula's more "diplomatic" tone on the campaign trail, while led the Folha de S.Paulo to declare that he "outshine[d]" Lula in their first joint appearance. ^[10]

Leonel Brizola, a longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left, who served as the running mate of his former rival Lula in the 1998 election.

Socialist People's Party (PPS)

Former Governor of Ceará Ciro Gomes run for president, and, therefore, his Socialist People's Party (PPS) did not join the Workers' Party coalition as they did in the previous election. After Oswaldo Souza Oliveira's quit the race, his Party of the Nation's Retirees decided to support Gomes.

Other candidates

After securing the third place in the 1994 election, Enéas Carneiro from the far-right Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) also run in 1998. This time, however, he only received 1.4 million votes, against 4.6 million in 1994. Carneiro's running mate was Irapuan Teixeira, a professor who would later become a member of the Chamber of Deputies as a member of PRONA.

This election also brought the second woman candidate ever: Thereza Tinajero Ruiz from the National Labor Party, which replaced Dorival Masci de Abreu. ^[12]

Party		Candidate	Most relevant political office or occupation	Party		Running mate	Coalition	Electoral number
	Workers' Party (PT)	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Member of the Chamber of Deputies from São Paulo (1987–1991)		Democratic Labour Party (PDT)	Leonel Brizola	Union of the People Change Brazil Workers' Party (PT) Democratic Labour Party (PDT) Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)	13
	United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)	José Maria de Almeida	PSTU National President (since 1993)		United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)	José Galvão de Lima	—	16
	National Labour Party (PTN)	Thereza Ruiz			National Labour Party (PTN)	Eduardo Gomes	—	19
	Social Christian Party (PSC)	Sérgio Bueno			Social Christian Party (PSC)	Ronald Azaro	—	20
	Popular Socialist Party (PPS)	Ciro Gomes	Governor of Ceará (1991–1994)		Popular Socialist Party (PPS)	Roberto Freire	Real and Fair Brazil Popular Socialist Party (PPS) Liberal Party (PL) Party of the Nations' Retirees (PAN)	23
	Christian Social Democratic Party (PSDC)	José Maria Eymael	Member of the Chamber of Deputies from São Paulo (1987–1995)		Christian Social Democratic Party (PSDC)	Josmar Alderete	—	27
	National Solidarity Party (PSN)	Vasco Azevedo Neto	Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Bahia (1971–1989)		National Solidarity Party (PSN)	Alexandre Santos	—	31
	Party of National Mobilization (PMN)	Ivan Frota	Lieutenant-brigadier of the Brazilian Air Force		Party of National Mobilization (PMN)	João Ferreira da Silva	—	33
	Green Party (PV)	Alfredo Sirkis	Member of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro (1989–1997)		Green Party (PV)	Carla Piranda Rabello	—	43
	Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	President of Brazil (1995–2003)		Liberal Front Party (PFL)	Marco Maciel	Union, Work and Progres Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Liberal Front Party (PFL) Brazilian Progressive Party Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) Social Democratic Party (PSD)	45
	Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA)	Enéas Carneiro	PRONA National President (1989–2006)		Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA)	Iraouan Teixeira	—	56
	Labour Party of Brazil (PTdoB)	João de Deus			Labour Party of Brazil (PTdoB)	Nanci Pilar	—	70

Results

President

Candidate		Running mate	Party	Votes	%
	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	Marco Maciel (PFL)	Brazilian Social Democracy Party	35,936,540	53.06
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	Leonel Brizola (PDT)	Workers' Party	21,475,218	31.71
	Ciro Gomes	Roberto Freire	Popular Socialist Party	7,426,190	10.97
	Enéas Carneiro	Irapuan Teixeira  [ pt ]	Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order	1,447,090	2.14
	Ivan Frota  [ pt ]	João Ferreira da Silva	Party of National Mobilization	251,337	0.37
	Alfredo Sirkis	Carla Miranda Rabello	Green Party	212,984	0.31
	José Maria de Almeida	José Galvão de Lima	United Socialist Workers' Party	202,659	0.30
	João de Deus	Nanci Pilar	Labour Party of Brazil	198,916	0.29
	José Maria Eymael	Josmar Alderete	Christian Social Democratic Party	171,831	0.25
	Thereza Ruiz  [ pt ]	Eduardo Gomes	National Labour Party	166,138	0.25
	Sérgio Bueno	Ronald Azaro	Social Christian Party	124,659	0.18
	Vasco Azevedo Neto	Alexandre José dos Santos	National Solidarity Party	109,003	0.16
Total				67,722,565	100.00
Valid votes				67,722,565	81.30
Invalid/blank votes				15,575,298	18.70
Total votes				83,297,863	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				106,101,067	78.51
Source: Nohlen [13]

Chamber of Deputies

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Brazilian Social Democracy Party	11,684,900	17.54	99	+37
	Liberal Front Party	11,526,193	17.30	105	+16
	Brazilian Democratic Movement Party	10,105,609	15.17	83	–24
	Workers' Party	8,786,499	13.19	58	+9
	Brazilian Progressive Party	7,558,601	11.35	60	New
	Democratic Labour Party	3,776,541	5.67	25	–9
	Brazilian Labour Party	3,768,260	5.66	31	0
	Brazilian Socialist Party	2,273,751	3.41	19	–4
	Liberal Party	1,643,881	2.47	12	–1
	Popular Socialist Party	872,348	1.31	3	+1
	Communist Party of Brazil	869,270	1.30	7	–3
	Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order	592,632	0.89	1	+1
	Social Democratic Party	503,713	0.76	3	0
	Social Christian Party	446,256	0.67	3	0
	Party of National Mobilization	360,298	0.54	2	–2
	Green Party	292,691	0.44	0	–1
	Progressive Republican Party	255,509	0.38	0	–1
	Labour Party of Brazil	216,640	0.33	0	0
	Social Labour Party	193,562	0.29	1	New
	United Socialist Workers' Party	187,675	0.28	0	0
	Social Liberal Party	177,037	0.27	1	New
	National Solidarity Party	136,829	0.21	0	New
	National Labour Party	64,712	0.10	0	New
	Party of the Nation's Retirees	62,653	0.09	0	New
	Christian Social Democratic Party	62,057	0.09	0	New
	National Reconstruction Party	54,641	0.08	0	–1
	Brazilian Labour Renewal Party	53,778	0.08	0	0
	Brazilian Communist Party	49,620	0.07	0	0
	Workers' General Party	27,825	0.04	0	New
	Workers' Cause Party	8,067	0.01	0	New
Total		66,612,048	100.00	513	0
Valid votes		66,612,048	79.98
Invalid/blank votes		16,668,707	20.02
Total votes		83,280,755	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		106,053,106	78.53
Source: Nohlen, [14] Senate

Senate

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				Elected	Total
	Brazilian Democratic Movement Party	13,414,074	21.69	10	26
	Workers' Party	11,392,662	18.42	6	7
	Brazilian Progressive Party	9,246,089	14.95	1	3
	Liberal Front Party	7,047,853	11.40	5	20
	Brazilian Social Democracy Party	6,366,681	10.30	4	16
	Brazilian Socialist Party	3,949,025	6.39	1	3
	Democratic Labour Party	3,195,863	5.17	0	4
	Brazilian Labour Party	2,449,479	3.96	0	1
	Popular Socialist Party	1,846,897	2.99	0	1
	Communist Party of Brazil	559,218	0.90	0	0
	Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order	376,043	0.61	0	0
	Social Christian Party	371,873	0.60	0	0
	United Socialist Workers' Party	371,618	0.60	0	0
	Social Labour Party	213,643	0.35	0	0
	Green Party	163,425	0.26	0	0
	Party of National Mobilization	144,541	0.23	0	0
	Christian Social Democratic Party	114,573	0.19	0	0
	National Solidarity Party	110,080	0.18	0	0
	National Reconstruction Party	99,077	0.16	0	0
	Progressive Republican Party	76,969	0.12	0	0
	Liberal Party	71,974	0.12	0	0
	Brazilian Labour Renewal Party	67,586	0.11	0	0
	Labour Party of Brazil	62,086	0.10	0	0
	Party of the Nation's Retirees	43,389	0.07	0	0
	National Labour Party	42,042	0.07	0	0
	Social Democratic Party	18,647	0.03	0	0
	Social Liberal Party	12,870	0.02	0	0
	Workers' General Party	11,810	0.02	0	0
	Workers' Cause Party	274	0.00	0	0
Total		61,840,361	100.00	27	81
Valid votes		61,840,361	74.26
Invalid/blank votes		21,435,568	25.74
Total votes		83,275,929	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		106,053,106	78.52
Source: Nohlen, [15] IPU

References

1. MASON, Anthony. Memórias do Século XX - Vol. 6: Tempos Modernos, 1970-1999. Translated and adapted by Maria Clara de Mello Motta. Rio de Janeiro: Reader's Digest, 2004. ISBN   85-7645-016-X
2. Moore, Sara Gavney; Lemos, Maria Carmen (1999-05-01). "Indigenous Policy in Brazil: The Development of Decree 1775 and the Proposed Raposa/Serra do Sol Reserve, Roraima, Brazil". Human Rights Quarterly. 21 (2): 444–463. doi:10.1353/hrq.1999.0026. ISSN   1085-794X. S2CID   144099400.
3. "Primeiro Governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-02.
4. "Leonel Brizola, 82; Brazilian Politician". Los Angeles Times. 2004-06-23. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
5. Boas, Taylor C. (2016-03-04). Presidential Campaigns in Latin America: Electoral Strategies and Success Contagion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-316-54626-0.
6. "Folha de S.Paulo - Partido pode apoiar Ciro Gomes - 30/6/1998". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
7. "Mandelson under fire in Brazil". BBC News. 1998-07-23. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
8. "O Caso Collor - A tentativa de retorno" Archived June 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Superior Electoral Court. December 19, 2008. Accessed December 2, 2010.
9. MENEZES, Ana Cláudia. "Candidatos passam o Dia dos Pais com as famílias" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine . A Notícia. August 10, 1998. Accessed December 2, 2010.
10. "Folha de S.Paulo - Brizola ofusca Lula em 1° ato conjunto - 22/11/97". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
11. "Folha de S.Paulo - Lula apóia Tarso Genro para Presidência - 12/05/97". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
12. LARANJEIRA, Leandro. "Mulheres podem fazer história nas eleições de 2010" Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine . Diário do Grande ABC. 10 de agosto de 2009. Acesso em: 28 de junho de 2010.
13. Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p234 ISBN   978-0-19-928358-3
14. Nohlen, pp196-226
15. Nohlen, p213