334 BC

Last updated

Millennium: 1st millennium BC
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
334 BC in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 334 BC
CCCXXXIV BC
Ab urbe condita 420
Ancient Egypt era XXXI dynasty, 10
- Pharaoh Darius III of Persia, 3
Ancient Greek era 111th Olympiad, year 3
Assyrian calendar 4417
Balinese saka calendar N/A
Bengali calendar −926
Berber calendar 617
Buddhist calendar 211
Burmese calendar −971
Byzantine calendar 5175–5176
Chinese calendar 丙戌年 (Fire  Dog)
2364 or 2157
     to 
丁亥年 (Fire  Pig)
2365 or 2158
Coptic calendar −617 – −616
Discordian calendar 833
Ethiopian calendar −341 – −340
Hebrew calendar 3427–3428
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat −277 – −276
 - Shaka Samvat N/A
 - Kali Yuga 2767–2768
Holocene calendar 9667
Iranian calendar 955 BP – 954 BP
Islamic calendar 984 BH – 983 BH
Javanese calendar N/A
Julian calendar N/A
Korean calendar 2000
Minguo calendar 2245 before ROC
民前2245年
Nanakshahi calendar −1801
Thai solar calendar 209–210
Tibetan calendar 阳火狗年
(male Fire-Dog)
−207 or −588 or −1360
     to 
阴火猪年
(female Fire-Pig)
−206 or −587 or −1359
The Battle of the Granicus BattleofGranicus.JPG
The Battle of the Granicus

Year 334 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caudinus and Calvinus (or, less frequently, year 420 Ab urbe condita ). The denomination 334 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Contents

Events

By place

Persian Empire

  • The king of Caria, Pixodarus, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law, Orontobates.
  • As the Persian satraps have gathered for a war council at Zeleia, Memnon argues that it is preferable for the Persians to avoid a pitched battle and adopt a scorched earth tactic. Arsites, the satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, will not allow his land to be burned and agrees with other satraps to reject this cautious advice.

Macedonia

  • King Alexander III of Macedonia crosses the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who has already faithfully served his father, Philip II, as his deputy in Greece with over 13,000 men. Alexander himself commands about 30,000 foot soldiers and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 are Macedonians and about 7,000 are allies sent by the Greek League. [1]
  • May Alexander wins a major victory against the Persians commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes, in the Battle of the Granicus near the Sea of Marmara. A large number of King Darius III's Greek mercenaries are massacred, but 2,000 survivors are sent back to Macedonia in chains.
  • Alexander accepts the surrender of the Persian provincial capital of Sardis (and its treasury) and proceeds down the Ionian coast.
  • At Halicarnassus, Alexander successfully undertakes the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponents, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap of Caria, Orontobates, to withdraw by sea. Alexander leaves Caria in the hands of Ada, who was the ruler of Caria before being deposed by her brother-in-law, Pixodarus.
  • Alexander's victory exposes western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most of the cities in the region hasten to open their gates. The Ionian city of Miletus defies Alexander and he has to subdue it through a siege.

Italy

China

  • The rulers of Wei and Qi agree to recognize each other as kings, formalizing the independence of the Warring States and the powerlessness of the Zhou dynasty.

Births

Deaths

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wars of Alexander the Great</span> Conflicts of Alexander The Great

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memnon of Rhodes</span> 4th-century BCE Greek mercenary commander

Memnon of Rhodes was a prominent Rhodian Greek commander in the service of the Achaemenid Empire. Related to the Persian aristocracy by the marriage of his sister to the satrap Artabazus II, together with his brother Mentor he served the Persian king for most of his life, and played an important role during the invasion of Alexander the Great and the decades before that.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ada of Caria</span> 4th-century BC Satrap and Queen of Caria

Ada of Caria was a member of the House of Hecatomnus and ruler of Caria during the mid-4th century BC, first as Persian Satrap and later as Queen under the auspices of Alexander III of Macedon.

Mentor of Rhodes was a Greek mercenary and later Satrap of the Asiatic coast. He fought both for and against Artaxerxes III of Persia. He is also known as the first husband of Barsine, who later became a mistress to Alexander the Great.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pixodarus</span> Satrap of Caria from 340 to 334 BC

Pixodarus or Pixodaros, was a satrap of Caria, nominally the Achaemenid Empire Satrap, who enjoyed the status of king or dynast by virtue of the powerful position his predecessors of the House of Hecatomnus created when they succeeded the assassinated Persian Satrap Tissaphernes in the Carian satrapy. Lycia was also ruled by the Carian dynasts since the time of Mausolus, and the name of Pixodarus as ruler appears in the Xanthos trilingual inscription in Lycia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artabazos II</span> 4th-century BC Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia

Artabazos II was a Persian general and satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia. He was the son of the Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia Pharnabazus II, and younger kinsman of Ariobarzanes of Phrygia who revolted against Artaxerxes III around 356 BC. His first wife was an unnamed Greek woman from Rhodes, sister of the two mercenaries Mentor of Rhodes and Memnon of Rhodes. Towards the end of his life, he became satrap of Bactria for Alexander the Great.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barsine</span> 4th-century BC Persian/Greek noblewoman

Barsine was the daughter of a Persian father, Artabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, and a Greek Rhodian mother, the sister of mercenaries Mentor of Rhodes and Memnon of Rhodes. Barsine became the wife of her uncle Mentor, and after his death married her second uncle, Memnon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hecatomnids</span> 4th-century BC rulers of Caria and surrounding areas

The Hecatomnid dynasty or Hecatomnids were the rulers of Caria and surrounding areas c. 395 – c. 330 BCE. They were satraps (governors) under the Achaemenid Empire, although they ruled with considerable autonomy as a hereditary dynasty. The dynasty had previously ruled the city of Mylasa, which became the capital of Hecatomnus, the first indigenous satrap of Caria. The dynastic capital was moved to Halicarnassus by Mausolus and Artemisia, who built the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, there. The dynasty survived the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great when Ada I, the final Hecatomnid ruler of Caria, adopted Alexander the Great as her son. The small family was remarkable for containing so many sets of married siblings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Halicarnassus</span> Siege by Alexander the Great in 334 BC

The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander, who had no navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would not oblige them. Eventually, the Persian fleet sailed to Halicarnassus, in order to establish a new defense. Ada of Caria, the former queen of Halicarnassus, had been driven from her throne by her younger brother Pixodarus of Caria. When Pixodarus died, Persian King Darius had appointed Orontobates satrap of Caria, which included Halicarnassus in its jurisdiction. On the arrival of Alexander in 334 BC, Ada, who was in possession of the fortress of Alinda, surrendered the fortress to him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pharnabazus III</span> 4th-century BC Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia

Pharnabazus III was a Persian satrap who fought against Alexander the Great. His father was Artabazos II, and his mother a Greek from Rhodes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsites</span> 4th-century BC Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia

Arsites was Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia in the Achaemenid Empire in the 4th century BC. His satrapy also included the region of Paphlagonia.

References

  1. Walkbank, Frank W. (February 21, 2024). "Alexander the Great". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 25, 2024.