637

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Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
637 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 637
DCXXXVII
Ab urbe condita 1390
Armenian calendar 86
ԹՎ ՁԶ
Assyrian calendar 5387
Balinese saka calendar 558–559
Bengali calendar 44
Berber calendar 1587
Buddhist calendar 1181
Burmese calendar −1
Byzantine calendar 6145–6146
Chinese calendar 丙申年 (Fire  Monkey)
3334 or 3127
     to 
丁酉年 (Fire  Rooster)
3335 or 3128
Coptic calendar 353–354
Discordian calendar 1803
Ethiopian calendar 629–630
Hebrew calendar 4397–4398
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 693–694
 - Shaka Samvat 558–559
 - Kali Yuga 3737–3738
Holocene calendar 10637
Iranian calendar 15–16
Islamic calendar 15–16
Japanese calendar N/A
Javanese calendar 527–528
Julian calendar 637
DCXXXVII
Korean calendar 2970
Minguo calendar 1275 before ROC
民前1275年
Nanakshahi calendar −831
Seleucid era 948/949 AG
Thai solar calendar 1179–1180
Tibetan calendar 阳火猴年
(male Fire-Monkey)
763 or 382 or −390
     to 
阴火鸡年
(female Fire-Rooster)
764 or 383 or −389
The Muslim invasion of Northern Syria Mohammad adil-Muslim invasion of Syria-4.PNG
The Muslim invasion of Northern Syria

Year 637 ( DCXXXVII ) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 637 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

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The 630s decade ran from January 1, 630, to December 31, 639.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">634</span> Calendar year

Year 634 (DCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">638</span> Calendar year

Year 638 (DCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 638 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">642</span> Calendar year

Year 642 (DCXLII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 642 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Domnall Brecc was king of Dál Riata, in modern Scotland, from about 629 until 642. He was the son of Eochaid Buide. He was counted as Donald II of Scotland by the scholar Fraxinius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Yarmuk</span> 636 CE conflict between the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine Empire

The Battle of the Yarmuk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what are now the borders of Syria–Jordan and Syria-Israel, southeast of the Sea of Galilee. The result of the battle was a crushing Muslim victory that ended Roman rule in Syria after about seven centuries. The Battle of the Yarmuk is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, and it marked the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into the then-Christian/Roman Levant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim conquest of Persia</span> 7th-century conquest of the Sassanid Empire

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654. As part of the early Muslim conquests, which had begun under Muhammad in 622, it led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of Zoroastrianism, which had been predominant throughout Persia as the nation's official religion. The persecution of Zoroastrians by the early Muslims during and after this conflict prompted many of them to flee eastward to India, where they were granted refuge by various kings.

Domnall mac Áedo, also known as Domnall II, was an Irish king and son of Áed mac Ainmuirech and his consort Land, the daughter of Áed Guaire mac Amalgada of Airgíalla. Domnall was High King of Ireland from 628 until his death. He belonged to the Cenél Conaill kindred of the Northern Uí Néill.

Congal Cáech was a king of the Cruthin of Dál nAraidi in the medieval Irish province of Ulaid, from around 626 to 637. He was king of Ulaid from 627–637 and, according to some sources, High King of Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Walaja</span>

The Battle of Walaja was fought in Mesopotamia (Iraq) in May 633 between the Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies. The Sassanid army is said to have been two times the size of the Muslim army during the battle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim conquest of the Levant</span> 7th-century conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate

The Muslim conquest of the Levant, or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. A part of the wider Arab-Byzantine Wars, the Levant was brought under Arab Muslim rule and developed into the provincial region of Bilad al-Sham. Clashes between the Arabs and Byzantines on the southern Levantine borders of the Byzantine Empire had occurred during the lifetime of Muhammad, with the Battle of Muʿtah in 629 CE. However, the actual conquest did not begin until 634, two years after Muhammad's death. It was led by the first two Rashidun caliphs who succeeded Muhammad: Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. During this time, Khalid ibn al-Walid was the most important leader of the Rashidun army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Ullais</span> 633 CE engagement between Rashidun and Sassanian forces

The Battle of Ullais was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Persian Empire in the middle of June 633 AD in Iraq, and is sometimes referred to as the Battle of Blood River since, as a result of the battle, there were enormous amounts of Persian Sasanian and Arab Christian casualties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Iron Bridge</span> 637 AD battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate

The Battle of the Iron Bridge was fought between the Muslim Rashidun army and the Byzantine army in 637 AD. The battle took its name from a nearby nine-arch stone bridge spanning the Orontes River which had gates trimmed with iron. It was one of the last battles fought between the Byzantines and Rashidun Caliphate in the province of Syria. The aftermath of the battle marked the nearly complete annexation of the province into the Rashidun Caliphate with the fall of its capital, Antioch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Damascus (634)</span> Part of the Muslim Conquest of Syria

The siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell to the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus was the first major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)</span> 636–637 CE siege of Byzantine Syrian city by the Rashidun Caliphate

The siege of Jerusalem (636–637) was part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant and the result of the military efforts of the Rashidun Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire in the year 636–637/38. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem beginning in November 636. After six months, the Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the Caliph. In 637 or 638, Caliph Umar traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The Patriarch thus surrendered to him.

The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. The city surrendered without much bloodshed. This expedition is important because it marks the end of the military career of the legendary Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition.

The Battle of Moira, also known as the Battle of Magh Rath, was fought in the summer of 637 by the High King of Ireland, Domnall II, against his foster son Congal Cáech, King of Ulaid, supported by his ally Domnall Brecc, King of Dál Riata. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the High King and his army, and Congal Cáech was killed in the fighting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab conquest of Mesopotamia</span> 633–638 AD invasion of the Sasanid Empire by the Rashidun Caliphate

The Arab conquest of Mesopotamia was carried out by the Rashidun Caliphate from 633 to 638 AD. The Arab Muslim forces of Caliph Umar first attacked Sasanian territory in 633, when Khalid ibn al-Walid invaded Mesopotamia, which was the political and economic centre of the Sasanian state. From 634 to 636 AD, following the transfer of Khalid to the Byzantine front in the Levant, the hold of Arab forces on the region weakened under the pressure of Sasanian counterattacks. A second major Arab offensive in 636 and ended in January 638 with the capture of Mosul and the consolidation of Arab control over and exclusion of Sasanid influence from the whole Mosul-Tikrit region.

The Battle of Fid Eoin was fought in early medieval Ireland between the kingdoms of Dál Riata and Dál nAraidi in either 629 or 630. The forces of Dál Riata were led by their king Connad Cerr, whilst the Dál nAraidi were led by Máel Caích, brother of Congal Cáech who was the king of the Dál nAraidi and the over-kingdom of Ulaid. The result of the battle was a decisive defeat of the Dál Riata.

Battle of Babylon was fought between the forces of Sasanian Empire and Rashidun Caliphate in 634. Muslim Arabs won the encounter to maintain their pursuit of conquering Mesopotamia. After this battle, the Arabs would go on to conquer Ctesiphon and the rest of Iraq from the Persians.

References

  1. Rosenthal, p. 12
  2. Akram 2004 , p. 431
  3. Nicolle 2009, p. 52.
  4. "Geography at about.com". Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2006.
  5. Exegesis (Tafsir) of Quran by ibn Kathir for Chapter 66, verses 1–5 of Quran
  6. Zaad al-Ma'aad, 1/103

Sources