943

943 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	943; CMXLIII
Ab urbe condita	1696
Armenian calendar	392; ԹՎ ՅՂԲ
Assyrian calendar	5693
Balinese saka calendar	864–865
Bengali calendar	350
Berber calendar	1893
Buddhist calendar	1487
Burmese calendar	305
Byzantine calendar	6451–6452
Chinese calendar	壬寅年 (Water Tiger); 3639 or 3579; — to —; 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit); 3640 or 3580
Coptic calendar	659–660
Discordian calendar	2109
Ethiopian calendar	935–936
Hebrew calendar	4703–4704
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	999–1000
- Shaka Samvat	864–865
- Kali Yuga	4043–4044
Holocene calendar	10943
Iranian calendar	321–322
Islamic calendar	331–332
Japanese calendar	Tengyō 6; (天慶６年)
Javanese calendar	843–844
Julian calendar	943; CMXLIII
Korean calendar	3276
Minguo calendar	969 before ROC ; 民前969年
Nanakshahi calendar	−525
Seleucid era	1254/1255 AG
Thai solar calendar	1485–1486
Tibetan calendar	阳水虎年; (male Water-Tiger); 1069 or 688 or −84; — to —; 阴水兔年; (female Water-Rabbit); 1070 or 689 or −83
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Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	9th century ; 10th century ; 11th century ;
Decades:	920s ; 930s ; 940s ; 950s ; 960s ;
Years:	940 ; 941 ; 942 ; 943 ; 944 ; 945 ; 946 ;

Last updated March 05, 2019

Year 943 ( CMXLIII ) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, employ seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value, as follows:

A common year starting on Sunday is any non-leap year that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is A. The most recent year of such kind was 2017 and the next one will be 2023 in the Gregorian calendar, or, likewise, 2018 and 2029 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. Any common year that starts on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday has two Friday the 13ths. This common year contains two Friday the 13ths in January and October.

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

Spring – Allied with the Russians, a Hungarian army raids Moesia and Thrace. Emperor Romanos I buys peace, and accepts to pay a yearly tribute (protection money) to the Hungarians.^[1] His frontiers now 'protected' on the Balkan Peninsula, Romanos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (80,000 men) led by general John Kourkouas (his commander-in-chief) to invade northern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).

Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Varangian Rurik dynasty. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it.

Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River. It included most of the territory of modern-day Central Serbia, Kosovo and the northern parts of the modern North Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria and Romanian Dobrudja.

The Theme of Thrace was a province of the Byzantine Empire located in the south-eastern Balkans, comprising varying parts of the eponymous geographic region during its history.

Europe

Caspian expeditions of the Rus': The Russians under the Varangian prince Igor I of Kiev sail up the Kura River, deep into the Caucasus, and defeat the forces of the Sallarid ruler Marzuban ibn Muhammad. They capture the fortress city of Barda (modern Azerbaijan).
Battle of Wels: A joint Bavarian–Carantanian army led by Bertold (duke of Bavaria) defeats the Hungarians near Wels (Upper Austria), who are attacked at a crossing of the Enns River at Ennsburg.^[2]

The Varangians was the name given by Greeks, Rus' people, and others to Vikings, who between the 9th and 11th centuries, ruled the medieval state of Kievan Rus', settled among many territories of modern Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard. According to the 12th century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik. Before Rurik, the Rus' might have ruled an earlier hypothetical polity. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882 and established the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Rurik's descendants.

Igor I was a Varangian ruler of Kievan Rus' from 912 to 945.

The Kura is an east-flowing river south of the Greater Caucasus Mountains which drains the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus east into the Caspian Sea. It also drains the north side of the Lesser Caucasus while its main tributary, the Aras drains the south side of those mountains. Starting in northeastern Turkey, it flows through Turkey to Georgia, then to Azerbaijan, where it receives the Aras as a right tributary, and enters the Caspian Sea at Neftçala. The total length of the river is 1,515 kilometres (941 mi).

England

King Edmund I ravages Strathclyde and defeats the Scottish king Constantine II, who has reigned as king of Alba since 900. Constantine, ruler of the 'Picts and Scots', abdicates to enter a monastery and yields control of his realm to his cousin Malcolm I.^[3]
The Trinity Bridge at Crowland, Lincolnshire is described, in the 'Charter of Eadred'.^[4]

Edmund I was King of the English from 939 until his death. His epithets include the Elder, the Deed-doer, the Just, and the Magnificent.

Kingdom of Strathclyde medieval kingdom in northern Britain

Strathclyde, originally Cumbric: Ystrad Clud or Alclud, was one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Britons in Hen Ogledd, the Brythonic-speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and northern England. The kingdom developed during the post-Roman period. It is also known as Alt Clut, a Brittonic term for Dumbarton Castle, the medieval capital of the region. It may have had its origins with the Brythonic Damnonii people of Ptolemy's Geography.

Constantine, son of Áed was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba. The Kingdom of Alba, a name which first appears in Constantine's lifetime, was situated in modern-day Scotland. The core of the kingdom was formed by the lands around the River Tay. Its southern limit was the River Forth, northwards it extended towards the Moray Firth and perhaps to Caithness, while its western limits are uncertain. Constantine's grandfather Kenneth I of Scotland was the first of the family recorded as a king, but as king of the Picts. This change of title, from king of the Picts to king of Alba, is part of a broader transformation of Pictland and the origins of the Kingdom of Alba are traced to Constantine's lifetime.

Births

Dayang Jingxuan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1027)
Edgar I (the Peaceful), king of England (approximate date)
Emma of Paris, duchess consort of Normandy (d. 968)
Ibn Zur'a, Abbasid physician and philosopher (d. 1008)
Matilda, queen consort of Burgundy (approximate date)

Dayang Jingxuan was a Zen Buddhist monk during the early Song Dynasty. During his life, he was apparently the only living teacher representing Caodong/Sōtō school, and he was the last monk of that tradition to be mentioned in the influential Transmission of the Lamp, compiled in 1004. However, as that work was compiled during his lifetime, it lacked biographical information. A biography did not appear until the Xudeng lu of 1101. He left his birth city to become a monk at Chongxiao Temple in Jinling. His teacher there was named Zhitong, but Dayang soon left when he was 19. He studied with Yuanjiao Liaoyi for a time, but eventually moved on, finally settling on Liangshan Yuanguan as his teacher.

Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as the Chan school (Chánzong) of Chinese Buddhism and later developed into various schools. Chán Buddhism was also influenced by Taoist philosophy, especially Neo-Daoist thought. From China, Chán spread south to Vietnam and became Vietnamese Thiền, northeast to Korea to become Seon Buddhism, and east to Japan, becoming Japanese Zen.

Year 1027 (MXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Deaths

February 23
- David I, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)
- Herbert II, Frankish nobleman
February 26 – Muirchertach mac Néill, king of Ailech (Ireland)
March 16 – Pi Guangye, chancellor of Wuyue (b. 877)
March 30 – Li Bian, emperor of Southern Tang (b. 889)
April 6
- Liu Churang, Chinese general (b. 881)
- Nasr II, Samanid emir (b. 906)
April 10 – Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)
April 15 – Liu Bin, emperor of Southern Han (b. 920)
April 18 – Fujiwara no Atsutada, Japanese nobleman (b. 906)
July 4 – Wang Kon, founder of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 877)
July 26 – Motoyoshi, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 890)
November 8 – Liu, empress of Qi (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 877)
Cao Zhongda, official and chancellor of Wuyue (b. 882)
Gagik I of Vaspurakan, Armenian king (or 936)
Liu Honggao, chancellor of Southern Han (b. 923)
Sinan ibn Thabit, Persian physician (b. 880)
Urchadh mac Murchadh, king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland)
Xu Jie, Chinese officer and chancellor (b. 868)
Zhang Yuxian, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date)

February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 311 days remaining until the end of the year.

David I was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti who ruled, with the title of mampali, in Adjara and Nigali from 889 and in Klarjeti from 900 until his abdication in 943.

References

↑ Brian Todd Cary (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byanztine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 81. ISBN 978-184884-215-1.
↑ Charles R. Bowlus. The Battle of Lechfield and his Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Ashgate (2006), p. 145.
↑ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 175; Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 444-448; Broun, "Constantine II".
↑ Quoted in Wheeler, W.H. (1896). A history of the fens of South Lincolnshire (2 ed.). Boston: J.M.Newcomb. p. 313.

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[1] Brian Todd Cary (2012). Road to Manzikert – Byanztine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 81. ISBN 978-184884-215-1.

[2] Charles R. Bowlus. The Battle of Lechfield and his Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West. Ashgate (2006), p. 145.

[3] Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 175; Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 444-448; Broun, "Constantine II".

[wheeler-4] Quoted in Wheeler, W.H. (1896). A history of the fens of South Lincolnshire (2 ed.). Boston: J.M.Newcomb. p. 313.

943

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