Acer campestre

Last updated

Acer campestre
Acer campestre in Appennino2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Acer
Section: Acer sect. Platanoidea
Species:
A. campestre
Binomial name
Acer campestre
L.
Acer campestre range.svg
Distribution
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Acer affineHoffmanns. ex Walp.
    • Acer affineOpiz
    • Acer bedoi Borbás
    • Acer campestre f. aegaeicumDrenk.
    • Acer campestre f. boomiiGeerinck
    • Acer campestre f. ferrugineumJovan.
    • Acer campestre f. josifovicii(Gajic & Diklic) Jovan.
    • Acer campestre f. jovanoviciiGajic & Drenk.
    • Acer campestre f. latilobumJovan.
    • Acer campestre f. platypterumJovan.
    • Acer collinumTen.
    • Acer erythrocarpumOpiz ex Rouy & Fouc.
    • Acer haplolobumBorbás
    • Acer heterolobumOpiz
    • Acer heterotomumBorbás
    • Acer marucumWalp.
    • Acer microphyllumOpiz
    • Acer orthopteronMasson ex Opiz
    • Acer palmatisectumOrtmann
    • Acer polycarponOpiz
    • Acer praecoxOpiz
    • Acer quinquelobatumJ.Wagner ex Opiz
    • Acer robustumOpiz
    • Acer suberosumDumort.
    • Acer tauricumDippel
    • Acer tauschianumOpiz
    • Euacer affineOpiz
    • Euacer austriacumOpiz
    • Euacer campestre(L.) Opiz
    • Euacer eriocarponOpiz
    • Euacer erythrocarponOpiz
    • Euacer kablikianumOpiz
    • Euacer leiocarponOpiz
    • Euacer molleOpiz
    • Euacer obtusilobumOpiz
    • Euacer orthopteronOpiz
    • Euacer pallensOpiz
    • Euacer palmatisectumOpiz
    • Euacer polycarponOpiz
    • Euacer quinquelobatumOpiz
    • Euacer rubescensOpiz
    • Euacer rubrotinctumOpiz
    • Euacer scharkenseOpiz
    • Euacer stenopteronOpiz
    • Euacer subquinquelobatumOpiz
237 Acer campestre.jpg

Acer campestre, known as the field maple, [2] is a flowering plant species in the family Sapindaceae. It is native to much of continental Europe, Britain, southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains. It has been widely planted, and is introduced outside its native range in Europe and areas of USA and Western Australia with suitable climate.

Contents

Description

It is a deciduous tree reaching 15–25 m (49–82 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, with finely fissured, often somewhat corky bark. The shoots are brown, with dark brown winter buds. The leaves are in opposite pairs, 5–16 cm (2.0–6.3 in) long (including the 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) petiole) and 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) broad, with five blunt, rounded lobes with a smooth margin. Usually monoecious, the flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the leaves open, yellow-green, in erect clusters 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) across, and are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a samara with two winged achenes aligned at 180°, each achene is 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide, flat, with a 2 cm (0.79 in) wing. [3] [4]

The two varieties, not accepted as distinct by all authorities, are: [3] [5]

The closely related Acer miyabei replaces it in eastern Asia. [3]

Distribution

The native range of field maple includes much of Europe, including Denmark, Poland and Belarus, England north to southern Scotland (where it is the only native maple), southwest Asia from Turkey to the Caucasus, and north Africa in the Atlas Mountains. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] In many areas, the original native range is obscured by widespread planting and introductions. [10] In North America it is known as hedge maple [11] [12] and in Australia, it is sometimes called common maple. [13] In Nottinghamshire, England it was known locally as dog oak. [14]

Ecology

Field maple is an intermediate species in the ecological succession of disturbed areas; it typically is not among the first trees to colonise a freshly disturbed area, but instead seeds in under the existing vegetation. It is very shade-tolerant during the initial stages of its life, but it has higher light requirements during its seed-bearing years. It exhibits rapid growth initially, but is eventually overtaken and replaced by other trees as the forest matures. It is most commonly found on neutral to alkaline soils, but more rarely on acidic soil. [9]

Diseases include a leaf spot fungus Didymosporina aceris, a mildew Uncinula bicornis, a canker Nectria galligena , and verticillium wilt Verticillium alboatrum. The leaves are also sometimes damaged by gall mites in the genus Aceria, and the aphid Periphyllus villosus. [15]

Cultivation

The field maple is widely grown as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens. The wood is white, hard and strong, and used for furniture, flooring, wood turning and musical instruments, [16] though the small size of the tree and its relatively slow growth make it an unimportant wood. [3] It has an OPALS rating of 7. [17]

It is locally naturalised in parts of the United States [11] and more rarely in New Zealand. [18] The hybrid maple Acer × zoeschense has A. campestre as one of its parents. [4]

The tree has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [19] [20]

Cultivars

Over 30 cultivars of Acer campestre are known, selected for their foliage or habit, or occasionally both; several have been lost to cultivation. [21]

Bonsai

Acer campestre (and the similar A. monspessulanum ) are popular among bonsai enthusiasts. The dwarf cultivar 'Microphyllum' is especially useful in this regard. A. campestrebonsai have an appearance distinct from those selected from some other maples such as A. palmatum with more frilly, translucent, leaves. The shrubby habit and smallish leaves of A. campestre respond well to techniques encouraging ramification and leaf reduction. [22] [23]

Related Research Articles

<i>Acer saccharinum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae

Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States.

<i>Acer platanoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the soapberry family Sapindaceae

Acer platanoides, commonly known as the Norway maple, is a species of maple native to eastern and central Europe and western Asia, from Spain east to Russia, north to southern Scandinavia and southeast to northern Iran. It was introduced to North America in the mid-1700s as a shade tree. It is a member of the family Sapindaceae.

<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> Species of flowering plant in the lychee family Sapindaceae

Acer pseudoplatanus, known as the sycamore in the British Isles and as the sycamore maple in the United States, is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large deciduous, broad-leaved tree, tolerant of wind and coastal exposure. It is native to Central Europe and Western Asia, from France eastward to Ukraine, northern Turkey and the Caucasus and southward in the mountains of Italy and northern Iberia.

<i>Acer negundo</i> Species of tree commonly known as boxelder maple

Acer negundo, the box elder, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple or ash-leaved maple, is a species of maple native to North America. It is a fast-growing, short-lived tree with opposite, compound leaves. It is sometimes considered a weedy or invasive species, and has been introduced to and naturalized throughout much of the world, including in South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, much of Europe, and parts of Asia.

<i>Acer griseum</i> Species of maple

Acer griseum, the paperbark maple or blood-bark maple, is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to central China. Acer griseum is found in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan, at altitudes of 1,500–2,000 m (4,921–6,562 ft).

<i>Acer ginnala</i> Species of plant

Acer ginnala, the Amur maple, is a plant species with woody stems native to northeastern Asia from easternmost Mongolia east to Korea and Japan, and north to the Russian Far East in the Amur River valley. It is a small maple with deciduous leaves that is sometimes grown as a garden subject or boulevard tree.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maple</span> Genus of flowering plants

Acer is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae. There are approximately 132 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Maples usually have easily recognizable palmate leaves and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse chestnuts. Maple syrup is made from the sap of some maple species. It is one of the most common genera of trees in Asia. Numerous maple species are widely grown in gardens where many are especially valued for their autumn colour.

<i>Acer buergerianum</i> Species of plant

Acer buergerianum is a species of maple native to eastern China, Taiwan and Japan. The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Dutch plant hunter J. Buerger (1804-1858).

<i>Acer shirasawanum</i> Species of maple

Acer shirasawanum, the Shirasawa maple or fullmoon maple, is a species of maple native to Japan, on central and southern Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū.

<i>Acer japonicum</i> Species of maple

Acer japonicum, Fullmoon Maple, Downy Japanese-Maple, is a species of maple native to Japan, on Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, and also southern Korea.

<i>Acer mandshuricum</i> Species of maple

Acer mandshuricum, the Manchurian maple, is a species of maple native to China, Korea and Russia.

<i>Acer triflorum</i> Species of maple

Acer triflorum, the three-flowered maple, is a species of maple native to hills of northeastern China and Korea.

<i>Acer capillipes</i> Species of maple

Acer capillipes, is a maple in the same taxonomic section as other snakebark maples such as A. pensylvanicum, A. davidii and A. rufinerve. It is native to mountainous regions in Japan, on central and southern Honshū, Kyūshū and Shikoku islands, usually growing alongside mountain streams.

<i>Acer monspessulanum</i> Species of maple

Acer monspessulanum, the Montpellier maple, is a species of maple native to the Mediterranean region from Morocco and Portugal in the west, to Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel in the east, and north to the Jura Mountains in France and the Eifel in Germany.

<i>Acer <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> zoeschense</i> Maple hybrid

Acer × zoeschense, the Zöschen maple, is a hybrid maple, a cross between Acer campestre, and either Acer lobelii or Acer cappadocicum. While Field Maple parentage is universally accepted, the second parent is uncertain, though the tree's extensive production of root sprouts favours A. cappadocicum over A. lobelii. It takes its name from Zöschen Nurseries in Germany, where it first appeared as a garden hybrid at some time before 1870.

<i>Acer davidii</i> Species of maple

Acer davidii, or Père David's maple, is a species of maple in the snakebark maple group. It is native to China, from Jiangsu south to Fujian and Guangdong, and west to southeastern Gansu and Yunnan.

<i>Acer rufinerve</i> Species of maple

Acer rufinerve, the grey-budded snake-bark-maple, redvein maple or Honshū maple, is a species of tree in the snakebark maple group, related to Acer capillipes. It is native to mountain forests of Japan, on Honshū, Kyūshū and Shikoku.

<i>Acer crataegifolium</i> Species of maple

Acer crataegifolium , is a species of maple in the snakebark maple group, native to mountains forests of central and southern Japan, on Honshū, Kyūshū, and Shikoku.

<i>Acer cissifolium</i> Species of maple

Acer cissifolium is a maple native to Japan, from southern Hokkaidō south through Honshū and Shikoku to Kyūshū.

<i>Acer palmatum</i> Species of maple

Acer palmatum, commonly known as Japanese maple, palmate maple, or smooth Japanese maple (Japanese: irohamomiji, イロハモミジ, or momiji,, is a species of woody plant native to Japan, Korea, China, eastern Mongolia, and southeast Russia. Many different cultivars of this maple have been selected and they are grown worldwide for their large variety of attractive forms, leaf shapes, and spectacular colors.

References

  1. "Acer campestre L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  2. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN   0-00-220013-9.
  4. 1 2 3 Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN   0-00-212035-6
  5. 1 2 Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Acer campestre Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  6. "Acer campestre". Flora Europaea . Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  7. Flora of NW Europe: Acer campestre [ permanent dead link ]
  8. Den virtuella floran: Acer campestre distribution map
  9. 1 2 Nagy, L.; Ducci, F. (2004). "Acer campestre - Field maple" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use: 6 p. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-19.
  10. "Online atlas of the British and Irish flora, Acer campestre (Field maple)". Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
  11. 1 2 "Acer campestre". USDA Plants Profile . Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  12. "Acer campestre". Ohio State University. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
  13. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: Pests and Diseases Image Library Archived 2008-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
  14. Wright, Joseph. The English dialect dictionary. Vol. 6. London: Oxford University Press. p. 109.
  15. "Field maple images and diseases". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
  16. "Field maple_Woodland Trust". Archived from the original on 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
  17. Ogren, Thomas Leo (2000). Allergy-Free Gardening . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p.  30. ISBN   1580081665.
  18. Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 36: 203-225 Plants naturalised in the County of Ashburton
  19. "Acer campestre". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  20. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. November 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  21. van Gelderen, C.J.; van Gelderen, D.M. (1999). Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia .
  22. "A. campestre". Bonsai Club International. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  23. D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer campestre". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2011.

Further reading