Bellardia trixago

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Bellardia trixago
Bellardia trixago (flowers).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Tribe: Rhinantheae
Genus: Bellardia
All.
Species:
B. trixago
Binomial name
Bellardia trixago
(L.) All.
Synonyms
  • Bartsia trixago(L.) All.
  • Trixago apulaStev

Bellardia trixago is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae (it has been formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae). The only member of the monotypic genus Bellardia, it is known as trixago bartsia [1] or Mediterranean lineseed. [2] This plant is native to the Mediterranean Basin, but it is known in other places with similar climates, such as California and parts of Chile, where it is an introduced species and noxious weed.

Contents

Etymology

The genus name Bellardia is a taxonomic patronym in honor of Carlo Antonio Lodovico Bellardi (1741-1826), an Italian botanist from Piedmont. [3]

The species name trixago has two possible etymologies.

Description

This is an erect plant often reaching over half a meter in height. Its foliage is rich green and dotted with glands and hairs. The sawtoothed leaves extend about halfway up the plant, with the upper half of the stem being occupied with a stout inflorescence which narrows to a point. The inflorescence has rows of leaflike bracts, between which emerge showy purple and white lipped, hooded flowers, each over two centimeters wide. The fruit is a smooth, green capsule. Mediterranean lineseed, like other broomrapes, is parasitic; this species is hemiparasitic in that it is green and photosynthetic but also taps into the roots of other plants to extract nutrients.

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. [9] [10] Bellardia belongs to the core Rhinantheae. Bellardia is closely related to Parentucellia , to some Bartsia taxa, and to Odontites . [10] [11] In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with Tozzia and Hedbergia , and then with Euphrasia and Bartsia .

Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae.
   Rhinantheae   
         

  Melampyrum  

 
 
 
         

  Rhynchocorys  

 
 
         

  Lathraea

 
 

  Rhinanthus

 
 
 
  Core Rhinantheae  
         

  Bartsia sensu stricto ( Bartsia alpina )

 
 
         

  Euphrasia

 
 
         

  Tozzia

 
 

  Hedbergia
  (including Bartsia decurva + B. longiflora )

 
 
         

  Bellardia

 
 
         

  Neobartsia
(New World Bartsia)

 
 

  Parentucellia

 
 
 
 

  Odontites sensu lato
  (including Bornmuellerantha
  and Bartsiella )

 
 
 
 
 
 
The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron and trnK region). [9] [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Lathraea</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Lathraea (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in the family Orobanchaceae.

<i>Odontites</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Odontites is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.

Orobanchaceae Family of flowering plants known as broomrapes

Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing Orobanche major and relatives, but neither Paulownia tomentosa nor Phryma leptostachya nor Mazus japonicus.

<i>Euphrasia</i> Genus of plants knowns as eyebrights

Euphrasia, or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other plants. The common name refers to the plant's use in treating eye infections.

<i>Melampyrum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Melampyrum is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae known commonly as cow wheat. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are hemiparasites on other plants, obtaining water and nutrients from host plants, though they are able to survive on their own without parasitising other plants.

<i>Rhinanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Rhinanthus (rattle) is a genus of annual hemiparasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. The genus consists of about 30 to 40 species found in Europe, northern Asia, and North America, with the greatest species diversity in Europe.

Painted tree-rat Species of mammals belonging to the spiny rat family of rodents

The painted tree-rat is a species of spiny rat from Brazil, restricted to north-eastern Bahia in eastern Brazil. It is the only species in the genus Callistomys.

The toros or brush-tailed rats, genus Isothrix, are a group of spiny rats found in tropical South America, particularly in the Amazon Basin.

The giant tree-rat is a species in the family Echimyidae, the spiny rats. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Toromys. It is endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the flooded forest along the banks of the Amazon River and its tributaries.

The tuft-tailed spiny tree rat is a spiny rat species from South America. It is known from Brazil south of the Amazon River, where it has been found in grassland and gallery forest. It is the only species in the genus Lonchothrix. Very little is known about this rodent. It is small with an average adult weight of about 138 grams. It is nocturnal and solitary in habits.

Phyllomys is a genus of arboreal spiny rat, geographically restricted to the forests of eastern Brazil.

<i>Plagiodontia</i> Genus of mammals belonging to the hutia subfamily of rodents

Plagiodontia is a genus of rodent in the subfamily Capromyinae.

<i>Bartsia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Bartsia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.

<i>Parentucellia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Parentucellia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae containing about four species. They are known generally as glandweeds. The genus was named for Pope Nicholas V, whose surname was Parentucelli.

Rhinantheae Tribe of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Rhinantheae is a tribe with less than 20 genera of herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae.

<i>Rhynchocorys</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Rhynchocorys is a small genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is native to Europe, Morocco and Algeria.

<i>Tozzia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Tozzia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, Tozzia alpina.

<i>Hedbergia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family

Hedbergia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, Hedbergia abyssinica. It is an afromontane genus, widespread in grasslands and scrubs of the mountains of tropical Africa, and known from Ethiopia, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Nigeria, and Cameroons.

<i>Hedbergia decurva</i> Species of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae

Hedbergia decurva, formerly Bartsia decurva, is a species of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.

Hedbergia longiflora, formerly Bartsia longiflora, is a species of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.

References

  1. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ↑ "Bellardia trixago". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA . Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  3. ↑ Rameau, Jean-Claude; Mansion, Dominique; Dumé, G. (2008). Flore forestière française: guide écologique illustré. Région méditerranéenne (in French). Forêt privée française. p. 1261. ISBN   978-2-904740-93-0.
  4. 1 2 Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN   978-2010035289. OCLC   461974285.
  5. 1 2 Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Page T". www.calflora.net. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  7. 1 2 "Bartsia". Plante Méditerranéenne (in French). Retrieved 2020-05-02.
  8. ↑ Gentil, Ambroise (1923). Dictionnaire étymologique de la flore française (PDF). Paris: Paul Lechevalier. p. 229.
  9. 1 2 Těšitel, Jakub; Říha, Pavel; Svobodová, Šárka; Malinová, Tamara; Štech, Milan (2010-10-28). "Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (4): 347–367. doi:10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y. ISSN   1211-9520. S2CID   39873516.
  10. 1 2 3 Scheunert, Agnes; Fleischmann, Andreas; Olano-Marín, Catalina; Bräuchler, Christian; Heubl, Günther (2012-12-14). "Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts". Taxon. 61 (6): 1269–1285. doi:10.1002/tax.616008.
  11. ↑ Uribe-Convers, Simon; Tank, David C. (2016-09-01). "Phylogenetic revision of the genus Bartsia (Orobanchaceae): disjunct distributions correlate to independent lineages". Systematic Botany. 41 (3): 672–684. doi:10.1600/036364416x692299. ISSN   0363-6445. S2CID   88752480.


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