Bishop Auckland (UK Parliament constituency)

Last updated

Bishop Auckland
County constituency
for the House of Commons
Bishop Auckland (UK Parliament constituency)
Boundaries since 2024
North East England - Bishop Auckland constituency.svg
Boundary of Bishop Auckland in the North East England
County County Durham
Population87,143 (2011 census) [1]
Electorate 70,879 (2023) [2]
Major settlements Bishop Auckland, Shildon, Barnard Castle
Current constituency
Created 1885
Member of Parliament Sam Rushworth (Labour)
SeatsOne
Created from South Durham

Bishop Auckland is a constituency in County Durham that is represented in the House of Commons since 2024 by Sam Rushworth of the Labour Party.

Contents

Constituency profile

The constituency is located in an upland, western part of County Durham in the North East of England.

The constituency includes as its major settlements the towns of Barnard Castle, Bishop Auckland, Shildon, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Crook, Tow Law, Stanhope and Wolsingham, with their surrounding villages, dales and fields. The seat is named for the market town of Bishop Auckland which has a mixed modern and historic high street. It also includes the similarly sized Barnard Castle, together with large areas used for agriculture, particularly hill farming on the rolling landscape that cuts into the Pennines, with a substantial quantity of livestock. [3] Most housing, many small towns and most facilities were built in the prosperous era of coal mining which brought thousands of workers to live in Bishop Auckland town and neighbouring settlements. Manufacturing, including food processing and packaging, public sector employment, retail and agriculture are the main employers. [3]

Within the seat are Auckland Castle and Park, Lartington Hall, Witton Castle, Raby Castle, Binchester Roman Fort (Vinovia), The Bowes Museum, the Weardale Railway and enclosures and industrial workings on Cockfield Fell. [4]

History

Results since 1900. Bishop Auckland Results 1900-2019.png
Results since 1900.

From 1935 to 2017 inclusive, the seat's voters returned MPs from the Labour Party; the former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Dalton, was the MP for Bishop Auckland from 1929 to 1931, and after regaining the seat in 1935, remained an MP until 1959. The 2019 result returned a Conservative; the party's results had shown an increase from election to election from 2001 onwards, going from 20% of the vote in the previous 1997 election to a majority of votes at 53% in 2019. However, this was reversed in 2024 when the Conservative vote dropped back down to 25.6% and Labour regained the seat.

Boundaries

Bishop Auckland (UK Parliament constituency)
Map of 1997-2024 boundaries

1885–1918

The constituency was created for the 1885 general election by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 as one of eight new single-member divisions of the county of Durham, replacing the two 2-member seats of North Durham and South Durham. See map on Vision of Britain website. [6]

1918–1950

Gained parts of Barnard Castle, offset by losses to the new constituencies of Sedgefield and Spennymoor.

1950–1955

The urban and rural districts of Barnard Castle transferred from the abolished constituency thereof.

1955–1974

As above, except the part of the Middridge ward transferred to the Rural District of Darlington by the County of Durham (Parish of Great Aycliffe) Confirmation Order 1952 (Statutory Instrument 1953/741). [9]

1974–1983

Gained the rural district of Darlington (which contained the new town of Newton Aycliffe) from the abolished constituency of Sedgefield.

1983–1997

Rural areas around Darlington returned to the re-established Sedgefield constituency.

1997–2024

Gained Spennymoor from Sedgefield in exchange for Newton Aycliffe.

Following a review of parliamentary representation in County Durham in 2007, the Boundary Commission for England made no changes to the Bishop Auckland constituency. In the 2009 structural changes to local government in England, the local authority districts in Durham were abolished and replaced with a single unitary authority; however, this did not affect the boundaries of the constituency.

2024–present

Following the 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 general election, the constituency is composed of the following electoral divisions of the County of Durham (as they existed on 1 December 2020):

The constituency experienced significant boundary changes with, Spennymoor and Tudhoe being transferred to the new constituency of Newton Aycliffe and Spennymoor, and Crook, Tow Law and Weardale being added from the abolished constituency of North West Durham.

Members of Parliament

ElectionMember [15] Party
1885 James Mellor Paulton Liberal
Jan. 1910 Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, Bt. Liberal
1918 Ben Spoor Labour
1929 by-election Ruth Dalton Labour
1929 Hugh Dalton Labour
1931 Aaron Curry Liberal National
1935 Hugh Dalton Labour
1959 James Boyden Labour
1979 Derek Foster Labour
2005 Helen Goodman Labour
2019 Dehenna Davison Conservative
2024 Sam Rushworth Labour

Elections

Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Bishop Auckland [16] [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Sam Rushworth 17,036 42.1 +5.5
Conservative Jane MacBean10,36425.6−27.4
Reform UK Rhys Burris9,46623.4+17.9
Green Sarah Hannan1,8574.6+4.0
Liberal Democrats Helen Cross1,3733.4−0.2
Transform Rachel Maughan3310.8N/A
Majority6,67216.5
Turnout 40,42757.1
Labour gain from Conservative Swing

    Elections in the 2010s

    General election 2019: Bishop Auckland [18] [19]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Conservative Dehenna Davison 24,067 53.7 +6.8
    Labour Helen Goodman 16,10535.9−12.2
    Brexit Party Nicholas Brown2,5005.6N/A
    Liberal Democrats Ray Georgeson2,1334.8+2.1
    Majority7,96217.8N/A
    Turnout 44,80565.7+1.7
    Conservative gain from Labour Swing +9.5
    General election 2017: Bishop Auckland [20] [21]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Helen Goodman 20,808 48.1 +6.7
    Conservative Christopher Adams [22] 20,30646.9+14.4
    Liberal Democrats Ciaran Morrissey1,1762.7−1.7
    BNP Adam Walker 9912.3N/A
    Majority5021.2−7.7
    Turnout 43,28164.1+4.5
    Labour hold Swing -3.85
    General election 2015: Bishop Auckland [23] [24]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Helen Goodman 16,307 41.4 +2.4
    Conservative Christopher Adams12,79932.5+6.2
    UKIP Rhys Burriss7,01517.8+15.1
    Liberal Democrats Stephen White1,7234.4−18.0
    Green Thom Robinson1,5453.9N/A
    Majority3,5088.9−3.8
    Turnout 39,38959.6−0.6
    Labour hold Swing -1.9
    General election 2010: Bishop Auckland [25] [26]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Helen Goodman 16,023 39.0 −11.1
    Conservative Barbara Harrison10,80526.3+3.4
    Liberal Democrats Mark Wilkes9,18922.3−1.3
    BNP Adam Walker 2,0364.9N/A
    Local Liberals People Before PoliticsSam Zair1,9644.8N/A
    UKIP Dave Brothers1,1192.7−0.7
    Majority5,21812.7−13.7
    Turnout 41,13660.2+4.0
    Labour hold Swing

    Elections in the 2000s

    General election 2005: Bishop Auckland [27]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Helen Goodman 19,065 50.0 −8.8
    Liberal Democrats Chris Foote Wood9,01823.7+8.0
    Conservative Richard Bell8,73622.9+0.2
    UKIP Margaret Hopson1,3093.4N/A
    Majority10,04726.3−9.8
    Turnout 38,12856.5−0.7
    Labour hold Swing
    General election 2001: Bishop Auckland [28]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 22,680 58.8 −7.1
    Conservative Fiona P. McNish8,75422.7+2.5
    Liberal Democrats Chris Foote Wood6,07315.7+6.4
    Green Carl D. Bennett1,0522.7N/A
    Majority13,92636.1−9.6
    Turnout 38,55957.2−11.2
    Labour hold Swing −4.8

    Elections in the 1990s

    General election 1997: Bishop Auckland [29]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 30,359 65.9
    Conservative Josephine H. Fergus9,29520.2
    Liberal Democrats Les Ashworth4,2939.3
    Referendum David Blacker2,1044.6
    Majority21,06445.7
    Turnout 46,05168.4
    Labour hold Swing
    General election 1992: Bishop Auckland [30] [31]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 27,763 50.0 +2.0
    Conservative David R. Williamson17,67631.8−3.0
    Liberal Democrats William P. Wade10,09918.2+1.0
    Majority10,08718.2+5.0
    Turnout 55,53876.5+2.4
    Labour hold Swing +2.5

    Elections in the 1980s

    General election 1987: Bishop Auckland [32]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 25,648 48.0 +3.6
    Conservative Robin Wight 18,61334.8−1.2
    Liberal George Irwin9,19517.2−2.4
    Majority7,03513.2+4.8
    Turnout 53,45674.1+2.0
    Labour hold Swing +2.4
    General election 1983: Bishop Auckland [33]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 22,750 44.4
    Conservative Barry Legg 18,44436.0
    Liberal Arthur Collinge10,07019.6
    Majority4,3068.4
    Turnout 51,26472.1
    Labour hold Swing

    Elections in the 1970s

    General election 1979: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Derek Foster 27,200 48.8 −4.0
    Conservative Michael Irvine 21,16038.0+6.7
    Liberal J.D. Frise7,43913.3−2.6
    Majority6,04010.8−11.7
    Turnout 55,79974.7+3.8
    Labour hold Swing −5.4
    General election October 1974: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 27,181 52.8 +4.7
    Conservative D.W. Etheridge16,08631.3−2.8
    Liberal David Lytton Cobbold 8,16815.9−1.9
    Majority11,09521.5+7.5
    Turnout 51,43570.9−7.5
    Labour hold Swing +3.8
    General election February 1974: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 27,101 48.1 −12.6
    Conservative D.W. Etheridge19,22634.1−5.2
    Liberal J.D. Frise10,04417.8N/A
    Majority7,87514.0−7.4
    Turnout 56,37178.4+7.4
    Labour hold Swing −3.7
    General election 1970: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 21,257 60.7 −4.1
    Conservative Tom J. Wiseman13,76939.3+4.1
    Majority7,48821.4−8.2
    Turnout 35,02671.0−2.4
    Labour hold Swing −4.1

    Elections in the 1960s

    General election 1966: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 22,015 64.8 +3.0
    Conservative Jeremy Vivian Ropner11,93635.2−3.0
    Majority10,07929.6+6.0
    Turnout 33,95173.4−3.2
    Labour hold Swing +3.0
    General election 1964: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 22,310 61.8 +6.8
    Conservative Jeremy Vivian Ropner13,78238.2+4.3
    Majority8,52823.6+2.5
    Turnout 36,09276.2−4.6
    Labour hold Swing +1.3

    Elections in the 1950s

    General election 1959: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour James Boyden 21,706 55.0 −2.7
    Conservative Neil W. Murray13,37733.9−8.4
    Liberal Gurney Pease 4,37711.1N/A
    Majority8,32921.1+5.7
    Turnout 39,46080.8+3.8
    Labour hold Swing +2.9
    General election 1955: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 21,804 57.7
    Conservative Robert Douglas M Youngson15,95942.3
    Majority5,84515.4
    Turnout 37,76377.0
    Labour hold Swing
    General election 1951: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 25,881 60.5 +2.6
    Conservative Bruce Lionel Butcher16,89539.5+7.9
    Majority8,98621.0−5.3
    Turnout 42,77685.1−1.4
    Labour hold Swing −5.3
    General election 1950: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 25,039 57.9
    Conservative Antony Lambton 13,66931.6
    Liberal Louis William Malby4,52710.5
    Majority11,37026.3
    Turnout 43,23586.5
    Labour hold Swing

    Elections in the 1940s

    General election 1945: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 20,100 64.1 +1.8
    National Liberal William John Wilson Tily11,24035.9N/A
    Majority8,86028.2+3.6
    Turnout 31,34074.0−5.2
    Labour hold Swing N/A

    Elections in the 1930s

    General election 1935: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 20,481 62.3 +13.7
    Liberal Aaron Curry 12,39537.7−13.7
    Majority8,08624.6+21.8
    Turnout 32,87679.2−3.2
    Labour gain from Liberal Swing
    General election 1931: Bishop Auckland [34]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    National Liberal Aaron Curry 17,751 51.4 N/A
    Labour Hugh Dalton 16,79648.6−7.2
    Majority9552.8N/A
    Turnout 34,54782.5+6.0
    National Liberal gain from Labour Swing

    Elections in the 1920s

    General election 1929: Bishop Auckland [35]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Hugh Dalton 17,838 55.8 +0.7
    Liberal Aaron Curry 9,63530.1−14.8
    Unionist Herbert Thompson4,50314.1N/A
    Majority8,20325.7+15.5
    Turnout 31,97676.5−4.4
    Registered electors 41,772
    Labour hold Swing +7.8
    Bishop Auckland by-election, 1929
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Ruth Dalton 14,797 57.1 +2.0
    Liberal Aaron Curry 7,72529.9−15.0
    Unionist Herbert Thompson3,35713.0N/A
    Majority7,07227.2+17.0
    Turnout 25,87974.4−6.5
    Registered electors 34,787
    Labour hold Swing +8.5
    General election 1924: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Ben Spoor 15,786 55.1 +3.9
    Liberal John Bainbridge12,86844.9+19.2
    Majority2,91810.2−15.3
    Turnout 28,65480.9+5.4
    Registered electors 35,438
    Labour hold Swing −7.7
    General election 1923: Bishop Auckland [36]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Ben Spoor 13,328 51.2 −2.5
    Liberal John Bainbridge6,68625.7−20.6
    Unionist Robert Gee 6,02423.1N/A
    Majority6,64225.5+18.1
    Turnout 26,03875.5+0.7
    Registered electors 34,487
    Labour hold Swing +9.1
    General election 1922: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Ben Spoor 13,946 53.7 +3.1
    National Liberal Egbert Atherley-Jones12,01946.3N/A
    Majority1,9277.4−5.9
    Turnout 25,96574.8+14.0
    Registered electors 34,730
    Labour hold Swing N/A

    Elections in the 1910s

    Rutherford Vickerman Rutherford.jpg
    Rutherford
    General election 1918: Bishop Auckland
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Labour Ben Spoor 10,060 50.6
    C National Liberal Godfrey Vick 7,41737.3
    Liberal Vickerman Rutherford 2,41112.1
    Majority2,64313.3
    Turnout 19,88860.8
    Labour gain from Liberal Swing
    Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

    General Election 1914–15: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

    General election December 1910: Bishop Auckland [38] [39]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal Henry Havelock-Allan 4,531 37.6 −4.5
    Labour William House 3,99333.2+5.3
    Conservative Gervase Edward Markham3,51929.2−0.8
    Majority5384.4−7.7
    Turnout 12,04382.8−5.2
    Registered electors 14,552
    Liberal hold Swing −4.9
    General election January 1910: Bishop Auckland [38] [39]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal Henry Havelock-Allan 5,391 42.1 −28.8
    Conservative Walter Chaytor3,84130.0+0.9
    Labour William House 3,57927.9N/A
    Majority1,55012.1−29.7
    Turnout 12,81188.0+6.0
    Registered electors 14,552
    Liberal hold Swing −14.9

    Elections in the 1900s

    General election 1906: Bishop Auckland [38] [40]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton 7,430 70.9 +13.7
    Conservative Gervase Edward Markham3,05629.1−13.7
    Majority4,37441.8+27.4
    Turnout 10,48682.0+6.9
    Registered electors 12,790
    Liberal hold Swing +13.7
    General election 1900: Bishop Auckland [38] [40] [41]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton 4,872 57.2 −0.2
    Conservative William Hustler Hopkins3,64142.8+0.2
    Majority1,23114.4−0.4
    Turnout 8,51375.1−4.8
    Registered electors 11,341
    Liberal hold Swing −0.2

    Elections in the 1890s

    Paulton James Mellor Paulton.jpg
    Paulton
    General election 1895: Bishop Auckland [38] [40] [41]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton 5,032 57.4 −11.5
    Conservative Gervase Edward Markham3,73542.6+11.5
    Majority1,29714.8−23.0
    Turnout 8,76779.9+5.3
    Registered electors 10,979
    Liberal hold Swing -11.5
    General election 1892: Bishop Auckland [38] [40]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton 5,784 68.9
    Conservative Eli Waddington2,60731.1
    Majority3,17737.8
    Turnout 8,39174.6
    Liberal hold Swing

    Elections in the 1880s

    General election 1886: Bishop Auckland [38] [40]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton Unopposed
    Liberal hold
    Wyvill Marmaduke D'Arcy Wyvill.jpg
    Wyvill
    General election 1885: Bishop Auckland [38] [40] [42]
    PartyCandidateVotes%±%
    Liberal James Mellor Paulton 5,907 72.2
    Conservative Marmaduke D'Arcy Wyvill 2,28027.8
    Majority3,62744.4
    Turnout 8,18783.0
    Liberal win (new seat)

    See also

    Notes

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      References

      1. ↑ "Bishop Auckland: Usual Resident Population, 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
      2. ↑ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – North East". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
      3. 1 2 "Local statistics – Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
      4. ↑ "Ordnance Survey map, courtesy of English Heritage". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
      5. ↑ "Redistribution of Seats Act 1885". Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports. pp. 155–156.
      6. ↑ "HMSO Boundary Commission Report 1885, Durham".
      7. ↑ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 10. ISBN   0-900178-09-4. OCLC   539011.
      8. ↑ "Representation of the People Act 1918". 1918. p. 496.
      9. 1 2 Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 58. ISBN   0-900178-09-4. OCLC   539011.
      10. ↑ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 129. ISBN   0-900178-09-4. OCLC   539011.
      11. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983" (PDF). p. 22.
      12. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995". In the County of Durham.
      13. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". In Durham and Darlington.
      14. ↑ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 4 North East region.
      15. ↑ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "B" (part 3)
      16. ↑ "Statement of Persons Nominated - Bishop Auckland Constituency" (PDF). Durham County Council. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
      17. ↑ "Bishop Auckland - General election results 2024". BBC News. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
      18. ↑ Collins, Terry (14 November 2019). "Statement of persons nominated, notice of poll and situation of polling stations. Election of a Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland Constituency" (PDF). Durham County Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
      19. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 8749. General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
      20. ↑ Collins, Terry (17 May 2017). "Statement of persons nominated, notice of poll and situation of polling stations. Election of a Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland Constituency" (PDF). Durham County Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
      21. ↑ "Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF) (Second ed.). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019 [7 April 2018]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019.
      22. ↑ "General election 2017: latest updates". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
      23. ↑ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
      24. ↑ "Bishop Auckland". BBC News . Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
      25. ↑ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
      26. ↑ http://www.durham.gov.uk/PDFApproved/ParliamentaryElection2010_SoPN_BA.pdf%5B‍%5D
      27. ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      28. ↑ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      29. ↑ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      30. ↑ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      31. ↑ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
      32. ↑ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      33. ↑ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
      34. ↑ Political Science Resources, Richard Kimber
      35. ↑ British parliamentary election results 1918-1949, Fred W. S. Craig Parliamentary Research Services, 1983
      36. ↑ British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-49, FWS Craig
      37. ↑ Newcastle Journal 14 May 1914
      38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 British Parliamentary Election Results 1885–1918, FWS Craig
      39. 1 2 Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
      40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Liberal Year Book, 1907
      41. 1 2 Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
      42. ↑ Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886

      Sources

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