Bismuth subsalicylate

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Bismuth subsalicylate
Bismuth subsalicylate molecular structure.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Pepto-Bismol, BisBacter
AHFS/Drugs.com Multum Consumer Information
MedlinePlus a607040
Routes of
administration 		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 2-Hydroxy-2H,4H-benzo[d]1,3-dioxa-2-bismacyclohexan-4-one
    Simplified molecular structure of bismuth subsalicylate. Bismuth subsalicylate molecular structure.svg
    Simplified molecular structure of bismuth subsalicylate.
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.035.397 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C7H5BiO4
Molar mass 362.093 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O[Bi]1OC(=O)C2CCCCC2O1
  • InChI=1S/C7H6O3.Bi.H2O/c8-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)7(9)10;;/h1-4,8H,(H,9,10);;1H2/q;+3;/p-3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:ZREIPSZUJIFJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-K Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Bismuth subsalicylate, sold generically as pink bismuth and under brand names including Pepto-Bismol, Pepti-Calm and BisBacter, is a medication used to treat temporary discomfort of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, and diarrhea.

Contents

Bismuth subsalicylate has the empirical chemical formula C7H5BiO4, [1] and is a colloidal substance obtained by hydrolysis of bismuth salicylate (Bi(C6H4(OH)CO2)3).

Medical uses

A generic version of Pepto-Bismol, back view Bismuth Subsalicylate Bottle.png
A generic version of Pepto-Bismol, back view

As a derivative of salicylic acid, bismuth subsalicylate displays anti-inflammatory [2] and bactericidal action. [3] It also acts as an antacid.

Mechanism of action

Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an antacid and antidiarrheal, and to treat some other gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea. The means by which this occurs is still not well documented. It is thought to be some combination of the following: [4]

In vitro and in vivo data have shown that bismuth subsalicylate hydrolyzes in the gut to bismuth oxychloride and salicylic acid and less commonly bismuth hydroxide. In the stomach, this is likely an acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The salicylic acid is absorbed and therapeutical concentrations of salicylic acid can be found in blood after bismuth subsalicylate administration. Bismuth oxychloride and bismuth hydroxide are both believed to have bactericidal effects, as is salicylic acid for enterotoxigenic E. coli a common cause of "traveler's diarrhea." [5]

Organobismuth compounds have historically been used in growth media for selective isolation of microorganisms. Such salts have been shown to inhibit proliferation of Helicobacter pylori , other enteric bacteria, and some fungi. [6]

Adverse effects

There are some adverse effects. It can cause a black tongue and black stools in some users of the drug when it combines with trace amounts of sulfur in saliva and the colon to form bismuth sulfide. [7] Bismuth sulfide is a highly insoluble black salt, and the discoloration seen is temporary and harmless.

Long-term use (more than six weeks) may lead to accumulation and toxicity. [8] High daily intake over a period of months can possibly cause severe fatigue, weakness and neurological symptoms that reverse with discontinuation. [9] Some of the risks of salicylism can apply to the use of bismuth subsalicylate. [10] [11] [12]

Children should not take medication with bismuth subsalicylate while recovering from influenza or chicken pox, as epidemiologic evidence points to an association between the use of salicylate-containing medications during certain viral infections and the onset of Reye syndrome. [13] For the same reason, it is typically recommended that nursing mothers not use medication containing bismuth subsalicylate because small amounts of the medication are excreted in human breast milk, and these pose a theoretical risk of Reye's syndrome to nursing children. [14]

Salicylates are very toxic to cats, and thus bismuth subsalicylate should not be administered to cats. [15]

The British National Formulary does not recommend bismuth-containing antacids (unless chelated), cautioning that absorbed bismuth can be neurotoxic, causing encephalopathy, and that such antacids tend to be constipating. [16]

Drug interactions

There is an increased risk of bleeding when using bismuth subsalicylate and anticoagulation therapy, like Coumadin (Warfarin). [17] [18] [19]

History

1957 Life magazine ad for the product 1957 Pepto Bismol ad.jpg
1957 Life magazine ad for the product

Bismuth salts were in use in Europe by the late 1700s. The combination of bismuth subsalicylate and zinc salts for astringency with salol (phenyl salicylate) appears to have begun in the US in the early 20th century as a remedy for life-threatening diarrhea in infants with cholera. At first sold directly to physicians, it was first marketed as Bismosal in 1918. [20]

Pepto-Bismol was first sold in 1900 [20] or 1901 [21] by a doctor in New York. It was originally sold as a remedy for infant diarrhea by Norwich Pharmacal Company under the name "Bismosal: Mixture Cholera Infantum". [20] It was renamed Pepto-Bismol in 1919. Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Procter and Gamble in 1982. [22]

As of 1946 and 1959, Canadian advertisements placed by Norwich show the product as Pepto-Besmal both in graphic and text. [23] [24]

Pepto-Bismol is an over-the-counter drug currently produced by the Procter & Gamble company in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Pepto-Bismol is made in chewable tablets [25] and swallowable caplets, [26] but it is best known for its original formula, which is a thick liquid. This original formula is a medium pink in color, with a teaberry (methyl salicylate) flavor. [27]

Generic bismuth subsalicylate and other branded versions of the drug are widely available in pill and liquid form.

Structure

The crystal structure of bismuth subsalicylate. Bismuth subsalicylate layers.png
The crystal structure of bismuth subsalicylate.

Despite its common usage and commercial significance, the exact structure of the pharmaceutical long remained undetermined, but was revealed, through the use of advanced electron crystallography techniques, to be a layered coordination polymer with the formula BiO(C7H5O3). [28] In the structure, both the carboxylate and phenol groups of the salicylate coordinate towards the bismuth cations. The determination of bismuth subsalicylate had long been hindered due to the small particle size as well as defects within the structure, arising from variations in the stacking arrangement of the bismuth subsalicylate layers, which could be observed as part of the structural investigation. [29]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antacid</span> Substance that relieves stomach problems

An antacid is a substance that neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach. Some antacids have been used in the treatment of constipation and diarrhea. Marketed antacids contain salts of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium. Some preparations contain a combination of two salts, such as magnesium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide.

An anti-diarrheal drug is any medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug</span> Class of therapeutic drug for relieving pain and inflammation

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salicylic acid</span> Chemical compound used in medicines and industry

Salicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4COOH. A colorless (or, white), bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is a plant hormone, and has been listed by the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory as an experimental teratogen. The name is from Latin salix for willow tree, from which it was initially identified and derived. It is an ingredient in some anti-acne products. Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastroenteritis</span> Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastritis</span> Stomach disease

Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain. Other possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite and heartburn. Complications may include stomach bleeding, stomach ulcers, and stomach tumors. When due to autoimmune problems, low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin B12 may occur, a condition known as pernicious anemia.

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Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may lead to severe health problems and/or birth defects. Even small amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana have not been proven to be safe when taken while pregnant. In some cases, for example, if the mother has epilepsy or diabetes, the risk of stopping a medication may be worse than risks associated with taking the medication while pregnant. The mother's healthcare professional will help make these decisions about the safest way to protect the health of both the mother and unborn child. In addition to medications and substances, some dietary supplements are important for a healthy pregnancy, however, others may cause harm to the unborn child.

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References

  1. ↑ Merck Index , 11th Edition, 1299
  2. ↑ Madisch A, Morgner A, Stolte M, Miehlke S (December 2008). "Investigational treatment options in microscopic colitis". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 17 (12): 1829–37. doi:10.1517/13543780802514500. PMID   19012499. S2CID   72294495.
  3. ↑ DuPont HL (April 2005). "Travelers' diarrhea: antimicrobial therapy and chemoprevention". Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2 (4): 191–8, quiz 1 p following 198. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0142. PMID   16265184. S2CID   10666532.
  4. ↑ Bismuth subsalicylate, DrugBank.
  5. 1 2 Sox TE, Olson CA (December 1989). "Binding and killing of bacteria by bismuth subsalicylate". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33 (12): 2075–82. doi:10.1128/AAC.33.12.2075. PMC   172824 . PMID   2694949.
  6. ↑ Dodge AG, Wackett LP (February 2005). "Metabolism of bismuth subsalicylate and intracellular accumulation of bismuth by Fusarium sp. strain BI". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (2): 876–82. Bibcode:2005ApEnM..71..876D. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.2.876-882.2005. PMC   546758 . PMID   15691943.
  7. ↑ "Why does Pepto-Bismol sometimes darken the tongue/stool and how long does it last?". Pepto-Bismol FAQ. Pepto-Bismol.
  8. ↑ Gorbach SL (September 1990). "Bismuth therapy in gastrointestinal diseases". Gastroenterology. 99 (3): 863–75. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)90983-8. PMID   2199292.
  9. ↑ "It Was Like the Vigor Had Suddenly Been Sucked Out of His Body. What Was It? (March 7, 2024)". New York Times.
  10. ↑ "Bismuth Subsalicylate". MedlinePlus. National Institutes of Health.
  11. ↑ Sainsbury SJ (December 1991). "Fatal salicylate toxicity from bismuth subsalicylate". The Western Journal of Medicine. 155 (6): 637–9. PMC   1003120 . PMID   1812638.
  12. ↑ Vernace MA, Bellucci AG, Wilkes BM (September 1994). "Chronic salicylate toxicity due to consumption of over-the-counter bismuth subsalicylate". The American Journal of Medicine. 97 (3): 308–9. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90017-5. PMID   8092182.
  13. ↑ Aspirin or Salicylate-Containing Medications, reyessyndrome.org
  14. ↑ "Food-borne and Waterborne Illness - Breastfeeding – CDC". cdc.gov.
  15. ↑ Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook, Carlson and Giffin, page 390.
  16. ↑ "1.1.1 Antacids and simeticone". Archived from the original on 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  17. ↑ "Drug Interactions between Pepto-Bismol and warfarin". Archived from the original on 2016-02-06.
  18. ↑ Rose SR, Keystone JS (2006). International Travel Health Guide 2006-2007. Mosby. pp. 89–103. ISBN   978-0-323-04050-1.
  19. ↑ Bingham AL, Brown RO, Dickerson RN (December 2013). "Inadvertent exaggerated anticoagulation following use of bismuth subsalicylate in an enterally fed patient receiving warfarin therapy". Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 28 (6): 766–769. doi:10.1177/0884533613507606. PMID   24163322.
  20. 1 2 3 Bierer DW (January–February 1990). "Bismuth subsalicylate: history, chemistry, and safety". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 12 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): S3-8. doi:10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_1.s3. JSTOR   4455445. PMID   2406853.
  21. ↑ "History of Pepto Bismol". Pepto Bismol. Procter & Gamble.
  22. ↑ Dyer D, Dalzell F, Olegario R (May 1, 2004). Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter and Gamble. Harvard Business Press. p. 424. ISBN   9781591391470.
  23. ↑ "'Simple Diarrhea' ad". Toronto Daily Star. August 16, 1946. p. 33.
  24. ↑ "'Pepto-Besmal puts out the fire of an upset stomach' ad". Toronto Daily Star. June 6, 1959.
  25. ↑ http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=b8i462.2.2 The trademark was extended to cover the tablets in 1973. Registration No. 0972198], November 6, 1973.
  26. ↑ The capsules were introduced in 1983. Registration No. 1269605, March 13, 1984; cancelled July 16, 1990. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=b8i462.2.1.
  27. ↑ "Pepto-Bismol Original Liquid" (PDF). Material Safety Data Sheet. Procter & Gamble. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2018.
  28. 1 2 Svensson Grape E, Rooth V, Nero M, Willhammar T, Inge AK (April 2022). "Structure of the active pharmaceutical ingredient bismuth subsalicylate". Nature Communications. 13 (1984): 1984. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29566-0 . PMC   9008038 . PMID   35418171.
  29. ↑ Henry Arnaud, Celia (April 26, 2022). "Structure of Pepto-Bismol active ingredient solved". Chemical & Engineering News . 100 (44): 34–35. doi:10.1021/cen-10044-cover6. ISSN   0009-2347. S2CID   254899845 . Retrieved 15 April 2023.
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