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| Black belt | |
|---|---|
 A generic martial arts black belt. | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 검은띠 |
| Japanese name | |
| Kanji | 黒帯 |
In East Asian martial arts,the black belt is associated with expertise,but may indicate only competence,depending on the martial art. [1] The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s. [2]
The systematic use of belt colour to denote rank was first used in Japan by Jigoro Kano,the founder of judo in the 1880s. Previously,Japanese Koryu instructors tended to provide rank certificates only. [3] Initially the wide obi was used. As practitioners trained in a kimono,only white and black obi were used. This kind of ranking is less common in arts that do not claim a far Eastern origin,though it is used in the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program.
Rank and belts are not equivalent between arts,styles,or even within some organisations. [4] In some arts,a black belt may be awarded in three years or even less,while in others it takes dedicated training of ten years or more. Testing for black belt is commonly more rigorous and more centralised than for lower grades.
In contrast to the "black belt as master" stereotype,a black belt commonly indicates the wearer is competent in a style's basic technique and principles. [2]
Another way to describe this links to the terms used in Japanese arts;shodan (for a first degree black belt),means literally the first/beginning step,and the next grades,nidan and sandan are each numbered as ni is two and san is three,meaning second step,third step,etc.
As a "black belt" is commonly viewed as conferring some status,achieving one has been used as a marketing gimmick. For example,a school might guarantee that one will be awarded within a certain period,or for a certain amount of money. [5] Such schools are sometimes referred to as McDojos or belt factories. [6]
In some Japanese schools,after obtaining a black belt the student also begins to instruct,and may be referred to as a senpai (senior student) or sensei (teacher). In others,a black belt student should not be called sensei until they are Sandan (third-degree black belt),or the titles kyosa or sabom in Korean martial arts as a second degree or higher,as this denotes a greater degree of experience and a sensei must have this and grasp of what is involved in teaching a martial art.
In Japanese martial arts the further subdivisions of black belt ranks may be linked to dan grades and indicated by 'stripes' on the belt. Yūdansha (roughly translating from Japanese to "person who holds a dan grade") is often used to describe those who hold a black belt rank. While the belt remains black,stripes or other insignia may be added to denote seniority,in some arts,very senior grades will wear differently colored belts.
In judo and some forms of karate,a sixth dan will wear a red-and-white belt. The red-and-white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions,and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award red. In some schools of jujutsu,the shihan rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are often still referred to collectively as "black belts".
Judo is an unarmed modern Japanese martial art,Olympic sport,and the most prominent form of jacket wrestling competed internationally. Judo was created in 1882 by KanōJigorōas an eclectic martial art,distinguishing itself from its predecessors due to an emphasis on "randori" instead of "kata" alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements. Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over established jujutsu schools in tournaments hosted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department,resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art. A judo practitioner is called a "judoka",and the judo uniform is called "judogi".
Karate (空手),also karate-do,is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts under the influence of Chinese martial arts,particularly Fujian White Crane. Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching,kicking,knee strikes,elbow strikes,and open-hand techniques such as knife-hands,spear-hands,and palm-heel strikes. Historically,and in some modern styles,grappling,throws,joint locks,restraints,and vital-point strikes are also taught. A karate practitioner is called a karate-ka (空手家).
Shotokan is a style of karate,developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Gigo (Yoshitaka) Funakoshi (1906–1945). Gichin Funakoshi was born in Okinawa and is widely credited with popularizing "karate do" through a series of public demonstrations,and by promoting the development of university karate clubs,including those at Keio,Waseda,Hitotsubashi (Shodai),Takushoku,Chuo,Gakushuin,and Hosei.
Shōrin-ryū (少林流) is one of the major modern Okinawan martial arts and is one of the oldest styles of karate. It was named by Choshin Chibana in 1933,but the system itself is much older. The characters 少林,meaning "sparse" or "scanty" and "forest" respectively and pronounced "shōrin" in Japanese,are also used in the Chinese and Japanese words for Shaolin. "Ryū" means "school". Shōrin-ryūcombines elements of the traditional Okinawan fighting styles of Shuri-te.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to martial arts:
Kyū is a Japanese term used in modern martial arts as well as in tea ceremony,flower arranging,Go,shogi,academic tests and other similar activities to designate various grades,levels or degrees of proficiency or experience. In Mandarin Chinese,the same character 級is pronounced jí,and the term is used for academic tests. In Korea,the term geup is used. In Vietnamese martial arts,it is known as cấp (khớp).
ShōrinjiryūKenkōkan Karate (少林寺流拳行館唐手) is a style of karate founded by Kōri Hisataka (1907–1988) shortly after World War II in Japan.
Dobok (Korean: 도복) is the uniform worn by practitioners of Korean martial arts,such as taekwondo. Do means "way" and bok means "clothing". The dobok came from the Japanese keikogi/dōgi,used in Japanese martial arts,such as judo.
The dan ranking system is used by many Japanese,Okinawan,Korean,and other martial art organizations to indicate the level of a person's ability within a given system. Used as a ranking system to quantify skill level in a specific domain,it was originally used at a Go school during the Edo period. It is now also used in most modern Japanese fine and martial arts.
Keikogi (稽古着),also known as dōgi (道着) or keikoi (稽古衣),is a traditional uniform worn for training in Japanese martial arts and their derivatives. Emerging in the late 19th century,the keikogi was developed by judo founder KanōJigorō.
Judogi,also called keikogi or dogi,is the formal Japanese name for the traditional uniform used for Judo practice and competition.
Shuri-ryū (首里流) karate,is an eclectic martial arts system developed by Robert Trias (1923–1989),reportedly the first Hispanic to teach a form of karate in the mainland United States,who opened his public first dojo in 1946 in Phoenix,Arizona.
A red belt is one of several colored belts used in some martial arts to either denote rank or differentiate opponents in a competition. Like the more commonly known black belt,its use varies between arts,with most using it for the style founder,grandmaster or other high rank,while others use it as the immediately pre–black belt rank or even to denote a beginner who holds no rank. In some schools,especially those with lineage related to Kodokan Judo,a red belt signifies ninth or tenth degree Dan rank,the highest ranks attainable.
The Jitsu Foundation or TJF is a national-level association of sports clubs headquartered in the United Kingdom,but also has affiliated organisations in other countries around the world. Focusing on standing throws and locks using weakening strikes to assist,the style taught within the association is known as Shorinji Kan Jiu Jitsu(少林寺完柔術).
Many Japanese martial arts feature an obi as part of their exercise outfit. Such an obi is often made of thick cotton and is about 5 cm wide. The martial arts obi are most often worn in the koma-musubi knot;in practice where a hakama is worn,the obi is tied in other ways.
The Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system signifies a practitioner's increasing level of technical knowledge and practical skill within the art. Colored belts worn as part of the uniform are awarded to the practitioner. The ranking system shares its origins with the judo belt-rank system,but the Brazilian system incorporates some minor differences from Judo such as a division between youths and adults and the issuance of stripes and degrees. Some differences have become synonymous with the art,such as a marked informality in promotional criteria,a focus on competitive demonstration of skill,and conservative promotion.
Yoshukai is a Japanese style of Karate–dō. Karate-do. Karate-do translates as "Way of the Empty Hand." The three kanji that make up the word Yoshukai literally translate as "Training Hall of Continued Improvement." However,the standardized English translation is "Striving for Excellence." Yoshukai Karate has been featured in Black Belt Magazine. Yoshukai karate is a separate Japanese style from Chito-ryu. Kata,kobudo,kumite,and all karate aspects are drawn from the Founder,Mamoru Yamamoto. Yoshukai is a newer derivative Japanese style.
In judo,improvement and understanding of the art is denoted by a system of rankings split into kyū and dan grades. These are indicated with various systems of coloured belts,with the black belt indicating a practitioner who has attained a certain level of competence.
American Tang Soo Do is a hybrid martial art formed in 1966 by Chuck Norris who combined the Korean martial art of Tang Soo Do with Japanese styles of Judo,Shito-ryu Karate and Shotokan Karate. Over the years it has been further developed by former black belts of his and their students.
Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu is a Finnish style of the Japanese martial art jujutsu developed in 1977 by Auvo Niiniketo. The name of the style is Japanese and literally translates as Big Dipper-style,though is more commonly translated as North Star-style. The style uses a Japanese name to show respect to the country of origin of jujutsu. Practitioners of the style can be recognized by the logo of the style on their jujutsugi,a red inversed triangle.
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