Bladen Formation

Last updated
Bladen Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Campanian
~77.5–76  Ma
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Type Formation
Unit of Black Creek Group
Underlies Donoho Creek Formation, Peedee Formation
Overlies Tar Heel/Coachman Formation
Lithology
Primary Sandstone, siltstone
Location
RegionFlag of North Carolina.svg  North Carolina
Flag of South Carolina.svg  South Carolina
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States
Type section
Named for Bladen County, North Carolina

The Bladen Formation is a geologic formation from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) of North Carolina and South Carolina, USA. It is known for a plethora of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate fossils, including dinosaurs and mosasaurs. [1] It appears to be roughly concurrent with the Tuscaloosa Formation of Alabama. [2]

Contents

Unlike many other Cretaceous geologic formations from eastern North America, which were deposited in entirely marine environments, the Bladen Formation appears to have been deposited in a former river delta in an estuarine habitat, allowing for a mixture of freshwater, terrestrial, and marine fauna. [3] An important locality is the former Bladen County landfill annex in Elizabethtown, North Carolina, which contains the richest known fauna from the formation. [4] [5] Another notable locality is near Quinby in Florence County, South Carolina, which also appears to have been deposited in a nonmarine environment with minor marine influence. [6]

It is deposited as a thin layer over the Tar Heel/Coachman Formation, which is often confused with. In North Carolina, it underlies the Maastrichtian-aged Peedee Formation, while in South Carolina it underlies the slightly younger Campanian-aged Donoho Creek Formation. [7]

Vertebrate paleobiota

Based on Crane (2011), Schwimmer et al (2015) and the Paleobiology Database: [3] [6] [8]

Cartilaginous fish

Based on Crane (2011) and Case et al (2019): [3] [9]

The chondrichthyan biota closely resembles that of the Aguja Formation from Texas. [9]

Hybodonts

Hybodonts of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Lonchidion L. babulskiiElizabethtown, NCA lonchidiid. Lonchidion sp. - Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania.jpg
Meristodonoides M. novojerseyensisElizabethtown, NCA hybodontid. Meristodonoides.jpg
M. sp.

Sharks

Sharks of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Archaeolamna A. kopingensisElizabethtown, NCAn archaeolamnid mackerel shark. Archaeolamna.jpg
Cantioscyllium C. clementsiElizabethtown, NCA nurse shark. Type locality of this species.
Cretalamna C. appendiculataElizabethtown, NCA megatooth shark. Cretalamna reconstruction.png
C. sp.
Cretorectolobus C. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA wobbegong.
Galeorhinus G. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA relative of the school shark. Galeorhinus galeus.jpg
Plicatoscyllium P. globidensElizabethtown, NCA nurse shark.
Protolamna P. borodiniElizabethtown, NCAn eoptolamnid mackerel shark. FOS2809.jpg
Scapanorhynchus S. texanusElizabethtown, NCA goblin shark. Scapanorhynchus sp Sahel Alma Santonian.jpg
Squalicorax S. kaupiElizabethtown, NCA crow shark. Squalicorax falcatus.jpg
S. cf. S. pristodontus
Squatina S. sp.Elizabethtown, NCAn angelshark. Sometimes assigned to the dubious species S. hassei. [9] Sand devil.png

Rays

Rays of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Anoxypristis A. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA sawfish. AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
Borodinopristis B. schwimmeriElizabethtown, NCA sclerorhynchid sawskate. Type locality of B. shannoni. [10]
B. shannoni
Brachyrhizodus B. wichitaensisElizabethtown, NCAn eagle ray. Brachyrhizodus.jpg
Dasyatis D. cf. commercensis Elizabethtown, NCA whiptail stingray. Dasyatis akajei.jpg
Ischyrhiza I. avonicolaElizabethtown, NCA sclerorhynchid sawskate. Onchosaurus (Ischyrhiza) marrocanus Arambourg 1935 - Dalpiazia stromeri Checcia-Rispoli, 1933 7100.5122.jpg
I. mira
Onchopristis O. sp.Elizabethtown, NCAn onchopristid sawskate. Onchopristis numida.png
Ptychotrygon P. triangularisElizabethtown, NCA ptychotrygonid sawskate. Ptychotrygon sp.jpg
P. vermiculata
Protoplatyrhina P. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA hypsobatid ray. [11]
Pseudohypolophus P. ellipsisElizabethtown, NCA guitarfish.
Rhinobatos R. casieri Elizabethtown, NCA guitarfish. Rhinobatos sainsburyi csiro.jpg
Rhombodus R. binkhorstiElizabethtown, NCA rhombodontid ray. Rhombodus NT small cropped.png
R. laevis
Schizorhiza S. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA schizorhizid sawskate. Schizorhiza stromeri.jpg

Bony fish

Bony fish of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Albula A. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA bonefish. Bonefish Albula vulpes.jpg
Anomoeodus A. phaseolusElizabethtown, NCA pycnodontid pycnodont. Anomoeodus subclavatus.jpg
Cylindracanthus C. spElizabethtown, NCA fish of uncertain affinities. Cylindracanthus rectus.jpg
Enchodus E. cf. petrosusElizabethtown, NCAn enchodontid aulopiform. Enchodus petrosus.png
Hadrodus H. priscusElizabethtown, NCA hadrodontid fish (considered a pycnodont or a semionotiform) MenuhaHadrodusPriscus.jpg
Lepisosteus L. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA gar. Lepisosteus oculatus1.jpg
Paralbula P. caseiElizabethtown, NCA phyllodontid elopomorph.
Protosphyraena P. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA pachycormid. Protosphyraena perniciosa.png
Xiphactinus X. vetusElizabethtown, NCAn ichthyodectid ichthyodectiform. Xiphactinus audax.png

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Albanerpetontidae indet.Elizabethtown, NCAn albanerpetontid. [12] [13]

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Based on Brownstein (2018): [14]

Dinosaurs of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
" Coelosaurus " (="Ornithomimus ")"C." sp.Elizabethtown, NCAn ornithomimosaur. Coelosaurus antiquus tibia.jpg
Hadrosauridae indet.Elizabethtown, NCA hadrosaur.
Tyrannosauroidea indet.Elizabethtown, NCA tyrannosauroid.

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Borealosuchus B. sp.Elizabethtown, NC

Quinby, SC

A eusuchian. Borealosuchus wilsoni HMNS.jpg
Deinosuchus D. rugosusElizabethtown, NC

Quinby, SC

An alligatoroid, one of the largest known crocodilians. Deinosuchus illustration Andrey Atuchin.jpg
Gavialoidea indet.Quinby, SCA gavialoid.

Turtles

Turtles of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Bothremys B. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA bothremydid side-necked turtle.
Chedighaii C. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA bothremydid side-necked turtle.
Euclastes E. wielandiQuinby, SCA pancheloniid sea turtle. Euclastes sp.jpg
" Trionyx " "T." halophilus Quinby, SCA stem-softshell turtle, likely not an actual member of the genus Trionyx. Species names are nomina dubia .
"T." priscus Quinby, SC
"T." sp.Elizabethtown, NC

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Elasmosauridae indet.Elizabethtown, NC

Quinby, SC

An elasmosaurid.

Squamates

Squamates of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Coniophis C. sp.Elizabethtown, NCAn aquatic snake. [15] Coniophis precedens.jpg
Tylosaurus T. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA tylosaurine mosasaur. Tylosaurus-proriger.jpg

Mammals

Mammals of the Bladen Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationNotesImages
Cimolomys C. sp.Elizabethtown, NCA multituberculate. Ptilodus.jpg

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Cimolomys</i> Extinct family of mammals

Cimolomys is a mammal genus from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Cimolomyidae.

<i>Deinosuchus</i> Genus of a giant crocodylian

Deinosuchus is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian, related to modern alligators and caimans, that lived 82 to 73 million years ago (Ma), during the late Cretaceous period. The name translates as "terrible crocodile" and is derived from the Greek deinos (δεινός), "terrible", and soukhos (σοῦχος), "crocodile". The first remains were discovered in North Carolina in the 1850s; the genus was named and described in 1909. Additional fragments were discovered in the 1940s and were later incorporated into an influential, though inaccurate, skull reconstruction at the American Museum of Natural History. Knowledge of Deinosuchus remains incomplete, but better cranial material found in recent years has expanded scientific understanding of this massive predator.

<i>Lophorhothon</i> Genus of dinosaur

Lophorhothon is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alabama and North Carolina. It was the first genus of dinosaur discovered in Alabama, in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two Medicine Formation</span> Geological formation in Montana, United States and Alberta, Canada

The Two Medicine Formation is a geological formation, or rock body, in northwestern Montana and southern Alberta that was deposited between 82.4 Ma and 74.4 Ma, during Campanian time. It crops out to the east of the Rocky Mountain Overthrust Belt, and the western portion of this formation is folded and faulted while the eastern part, which thins out into the Sweetgrass Arch, is mostly undeformed plains. Below the formation are the nearshore deposits of the Virgelle Sandstone, and above it is the marine Bearpaw Shale. Throughout the Campanian, the Two Medicine Formation was deposited between the western shoreline of the Late Cretaceous Interior Seaway and the eastward advancing margin of the Cordilleran Overthrust Belt. The Two Medicine Formation is mostly sandstone, deposited by rivers and deltas.

The Kaiparowits Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in the Kaiparowits Plateau in Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, in the southern part of Utah in the western United States. It is over 2800 feet thick, and is Campanian in age. This Upper Cretaceous formation was formed from alluvial floodplains of large rivers in coastal southern Laramidia; sandstone beds are the deposit of rivers, and mudstone beds represent floodplain deposits. It is fossiliferous, with most specimens from the lower half of the formation, but exploration is only comparatively recent, with most work being done since 1982. It has been estimated that less than 10% of the Kaiparowits formation has been explored for fossils. The Natural History Museum of Utah has conducted most fieldwork.

<i>Coriops</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Coriops is an extinct genus of freshwater osteoglossomorph fish, possibly a hiodontiform, with a single species known from the Late Cretaceous of western North America.

The Demopolis Chalk is a geological formation in North America, within the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The chalk was formed by pelagic sediments deposited along the eastern edge of the Mississippi embayment during the middle Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous. It is a unit of the Selma Group and consists of the upper Bluffport Marl Member and a lower unnamed member. Dinosaur and mosasaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Demopolis Chalk.

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The Hornerstown Formation is a latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene-aged geologic formation in New Jersey. It preserves a variety of fossil remains, including those of dinosaurs, and contains direct evidence of the mass mortality that occurred at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Appalachia (landmass)</span> Mesozoic land mass separated from Laramidia to the west by the Western Interior Seaway

During most of the Late Cretaceous the eastern half of North America formed Appalachia, an island land mass separated from Laramidia to the west by the Western Interior Seaway. This seaway had split North America into two massive landmasses due to a multitude of factors such as tectonism and sea-level fluctuations for nearly 40 million years. The seaway eventually expanded, divided across the Dakotas, and by the end of the Cretaceous, it retreated towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Hudson Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ellisdale Fossil Site</span>

The Ellisdale Fossil Site is located near Ellisdale in the valley of the Crosswicks Creek, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The site has produced the largest and most diverse fauna of Late Cretaceous terrestrial animals from eastern North America, including the type specimens of the teiid lizard Prototeius stageri and the batrachosauroidid salamander Parrisia neocesariensis. The site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, and dates from the Campanian Stage of the Late Cretaceous. The site is classified as a Konzentrat-Lagerstätten resulting from a prehistoric coastal storm.

Chedighaii is an extinct genus of marine bothremydid side-necked turtle that inhabited eastern and south-central North America during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. It is known from two species C. hutchisoni and C. barberi. The genus name is derived from ch’ééh digháhii, the Navajo word for turtle.

The Northumberland Formation is a Late Cretaceous (?Campanian-?Maastrichtian)-aged geologic formation in Canada. It belongs to the larger Nanaimo Group. Indeterminate bird and pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, as well as a potential gladius of Eromangateuthis. An extensive diversity of shark teeth is known from the formation; many appear to be closely allied with modern deep-water shark taxa, suggesting a deep-water environment for the formation. The most well-known exposures of the formation are on Hornby Island.

The Black Creek Group is a Late Cretaceous -aged geologic group in the southeastern United States, where it is known from the coastal plain of North Carolina and South Carolina. Deposited in brackish or nearshore marine conditions, it preserves fossils, including a diversity of dinosaurs and marine reptiles.

The Tar Heel Formation, also known as the Coachman Formation in South Carolina, is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in North Carolina and South Carolina, USA. It preserves fossils, including amber dating back to the Cretaceous period. A locality known as Phoebus Landing, has been dated to 78.5-77.1 Ma, and the formation has been overall dated to the early Campanian based on fossil pollen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peedee Formation</span> Geological formation in the United States

The Peedee Formation is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. A marine deposit, named for exposures along the Great Peedee River, it preserves invertebrate and vertebrate fossils dating to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian).

The Castle Hayne Limestone is a middle Eocene-aged geologic formation in North Carolina, USA. It consists of cobble to pebble sized clasts, usually rounded, coated with phosphate and glauconite in a limestone matrix. The formation has been dated to the middle Eocene, but its exact age remains uncertain; however, it is generally thought to date to the Lutetian or early Bartonian.

The Monmouth Group or Matawan Group is a major Late Cretaceous-aged geologic group in the eastern United States, known from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware, and Maryland. It comprises a number of geological formations dating from the Santonian to nearly the end of the Maastrichtian, deposited in nearshore environments off the coast of eastern Appalachia, including deltaic and marine ecosystems. It is highly fossiliferous and preserves a diverse array of fossils, including some of the most prominent dinosaur-bearing deposits of eastern North America.

<i>Cyclurus</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Cyclurus is an extinct genus of freshwater amiid ray-finned fish known from the Late Cretaceous to the Early Oligocene across much of the Northern Hemisphere. It is thought to be the closest relative of the extant bowfins in the genus Amia, although species of Cyclurus were significantly smaller in size compared to Amia.

References

  1. Various Contributors to the NCSM, et al. 2020. "NCSM Collection: Paleontology Database."
  2. "Geolex — Bladen publications". ngmdb.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  3. 1 2 3 Crane, Cynthia Danielle (2011). VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND TAPHONOMY OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS (CAMPANIAN) BLADEN FORMATION, BLADEN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA (Thesis).
  4. "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
  5. Crane, Cynthia Danielle (2011). Vertebrate paleontology and taphonomy of the late Cretaceous (Campanian) Bladen Formation, Bladen County, North Carolina (Thesis).
  6. 1 2 Schwimmer, David R.; Sanders, Albert E.; Erickson, Bruce R.; Weems, Robert E. (2015). "A Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Reptile Assemblage from South Carolina, Usa". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 105 (2): i–157. ISSN   0065-9746.
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  9. 1 2 3 Case, Gerald R.; Cook, Todd D.; Kightlinger, Taylor (2019-07-31). "A description of a middle Campanian euselachian assemblage from the Bladen Formation of North Carolina, USA". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 7: 69–82. doi:10.18435/vamp29345. ISSN   2292-1389.
  10. Case, Gerard R.; Cook, Todd D.; Wilson, Mark V.H.; Borodin, Paul D. (2012). "A new species of the sclerorhynchid sawfish Borodinopristis from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA". Historical Biology. 24 (6): 592–597. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.663367. ISSN   0891-2963.
  11. "Protoplatyrhina sp. | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
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  13. Gardner, James D.; DeMar, David G. (2013-12-01). "Mesozoic and Palaeocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 93 (4): 459–515. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0130-z. ISSN   1867-1608.
  14. Center~chasethedinosaur@gmail.com, Chase D. Brownstein~Stamford Museum & Nature (2018-02-08). "The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 2024-11-15.
  15. "PBDB Collection". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-11-13.